Name: real-time quaking-induced conversion assay for detection of cwd prions in fecal material
Uploaded: 2017-09-29T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 50 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Quaking-induced Conversion Assay for Detection of CWD Prions in Fecal Material at JoVE.com

We are grateful to Dr. Byron Caughey (NIH Rocky Mountain Laboratories) for providing training and the cervid PrP bacterial expression plasmid. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chair program. We acknowledge funding for this research to SG from Genome Canada, Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture and Forestry through Genome Alberta, and the University of Calgary in support of this work. We acknowledge a research grant from the Margaret Gunn Foundation for Animal Research.

1. RT-QuIC Using Fecal Material
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of cervid feces extracts
	<ol>
		<li>Make fecal homogenate by adding 1 g of fecal material to 10 mL of feces extract buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.1, 130 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20, 1 mM PMSF and 1x complete protease inhibitors, EDTA-free) to give a final concentration of 10% (w/v). The homogenization buffer can be prepared prior to the utilization and stored at -20 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Homogenize fecal pellets (1 g) and buffer (10 mL) in tubes (e.g., gentleMACS M tubes) using a dissociator with a pre-set program from the manufacturer for proteins for 1 min at room temperature. Repeat this step two to three times until the fecal samples are completely homogenized in the buffer.</li>
		<li>Seal the tubes with parafilm and place them onto a rocking platform or rotary shaker for a 1 h incubation at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the tubes at 18,000 x g for 5 min at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Collect the supernatants which contain the protein extracts and aliquot them into 1.5 mL tubes. Aliquots can be stored at -80 &#176;C for further applications.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Concentration of PrPSc in feces extracts 
	NOTE: In order to concentrate CWD prions in the feces extract samples, thereby improving the sensitivity of detection by RT-QuIC, a protein precipitation step is added to the protocol.
	<ol>
		<li>NaPTA precipitation method</li>
		<li>Add 250 &#181;L of 10% (w/v) of N-lauryl sarcosinate (sarkosyl) to 1 mL of fecal protein extract to give a final concentration of sarkosyl of 2% (v/v).</li>
		<li>Seal the tubes which contain the samples with parafilm and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 30 min under constant shaking at 1,400 rpm in a thermomixer.</li>
		<li>Adjust the mix of fecal protein extract and sarkosyl with a stock solution containing 10% (w/v) of sodium phosphotungstic acid and 170 mM of magnesium chloride, pH 7.4 to obtain a final concentration of 0.3% (w/v) sodium phosphotungstic acid in the samples.</li>
		<li>Incubate the samples at 37 &#176;C for 2 h with constant shaking at 400 rpm.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the samples at 14 &#176;C for 30 min at 15,800 x g. Remove the supernatants carefully.</li>
		<li>Wash the pellets by resuspending them in wash buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton-X 100, 10 mM EDTA, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate (w/v), and 0.1% sarkosyl (w/v)).</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the samples at 14 &#176;C for 15 min at 15,800 x g. Remove the supernatants carefully.</li>
		<li>Resuspend the pellets in 100 &#181;L (1/10 of the original volume of the fecal protein extract) of RT-QuIC dilution buffer. 
		NOTE: RT-QuIC dilution buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.9, 130 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS (w/v) and 1 X N2 supplement) is prepared prior to the utilization. A total volume of 10 mL is filtered through a 0.2 &#181;m acrodisc syringe filter using a syringe and then stored at -20 &#176;C until use.</li>
		<li>Store the NaPTA treated samples at -20 &#176;C until utilizing them in RT-QuIC assay.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>RT-QuIC assay
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a fresh 10 mM Th-T stock solution (0.032 g of Th-T in 10 mL of double distilled H2O).</li>
		<li>Make a dilution of 1:10 of the Th-T stock solution in double distilled H2O to make a final concentration of Th-T of 1 mM the filter it through a 0.2 &#181;m acrodisc syringe filter using a syringe.</li>
		<li>Thaw mouse recombinant PrP (rPrP, aa 23-231) substrate (10 &#181;g/mL per RT-QuIC reaction) stored at -80 &#176;C on ice.</li>
		<li>Load 500 &#181;L of rPrP substrate at a time into 100 kDa size exclusion filter microtubes and centrifuge at 14,000 x g for 5 min at room temperature (one tube/filter can be used up to two times).</li>
		<li>Transfer the eluted substrate into a sterile 1.5 mL tube and keep it at 4 &#176;C until use.</li>
		<li>Thaw RT-QuIC dilution buffer stored at -20 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Make dilutions of the seed (fecal protein extract) in RT-QuIC dilution buffer: 
		Undiluted sample: use the fecal protein extract undiluted 
		Diluted 2 x 10-1 
		Diluted 2 x 10-2 
		Diluted 2 x 10-3</li>
		<li>Prepare stock solutions for RT-QuIC reaction mixture: 
		Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS): 5X 
		NaCl: 2 M stock solution of NaCl prepared in double distilled H2O. 
		EDTA: 100 mM stock solution of EDTA prepared in double distilled H2O.</li>
		<li>Prior to utilization of all the solutions (step 1.3.8), filter each solution separately through a 0.2 &#181;m acrodisc syringe filter using a syringe and keep them sterile at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Prepare a total volume of RT-QuIC reaction mixture according to the number of samples (98 &#181;L volume of reaction per sample and four replicates per sample) to be used plus 10% of this volume to make sure to have enough mixture for all the reactions.
		<ol>
			<li>Use a 15 mL tube to prepare the RT-QuIC reaction mixture (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.9, 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10 &#181;M Th-T, 10 &#181;g/mL rPrP substrate, and double distilled water to adjust the rPrP final concentration in the reaction) using the stock solutions.</li>
			<li>Mix all the solutions well by pipetting up and down using a pipette with a filter tip. Avoid as much as possible the use of vortex.</li>
			<li>Pour the mixture into a 50 mL disposable pipetting reservoir.</li>
			<li>Use a multichannel pipette to load 98 &#181;L of RT-QuIC reaction mixture into each well of a 96-well optical bottom plate.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Add to each RT-QuIC reaction 2 &#181;L of undiluted or 10-fold serially diluted fecal protein extract. Test each sample in four replicates. 
		NOTE: In each experiment, serial dilutions of fecal samples (ranging from undiluted to 2 x 10-3) from CWD-negative and verified CWD-positive animals are used as negative and positive controls, respectively.</li>
		<li>Seal the plate with a sealing tape before incubating in a plate reader at 42 &#176;C for 25 h with repeated cycles of 1 min double orbital shaking (700 rpm) and 1 min resting throughout the incubation.</li>
		<li>Define fluorescence measurement settings: 
		Excitation: 450 nm 
		Emission: 480 nm 
		Bottom read, number of flashes: 20 
		Manual gain: 1000 (depends on the machine) 
		Integration time: 20 &#181;s</li>
		<li>Remove the plate from the plate reader at the end of the 25 h.</li>
		<li>Spin down the plate at 3,000 x g for 3 min to avoid potential contamination between the wells.</li>
		<li>Remove the seal from the plate.</li>
		<li>Prepare a new 96-well plate by adding 90 &#181;L of RT-QuIC reaction mixture containing fresh substrate and fresh fluorescence dye Th-T as described in section 1.3.1 to 1.3.6.</li>
		<li>Transfer 10 &#181;L from each well of the first plate to the newly prepared 96 well plate.</li>
		<li>Seal the new plate and continue the RT-QuIC assay for additional 50 h following the steps described in step 1.3.13. This additional step of 50 h will make the total reaction time of 75 h. 
		NOTE: All the procedures of RT-QuIC assay are done under biosafety cabinet.</li>
		<li>Collect the data.
		<ol>
			<li>Read and document the Th-T fluorescence signal of each well every 15 min.</li>
			<li>Collect data of total cycles using Data Analysis software and transfer into a spreadsheet with the average of quadruplicate reactions.</li>
			<li>Plot the averages of data. The x-axis corresponds to the reaction time of RT-QuIC (h) and the y-axis corresponds to the relative fluorescence units (RFU). Each curve corresponds to a dilution of a known sample.</li>
			<li>In each experiment, demarcate a threshold by calculating the highest mean values of the negative control plus 5 standard deviations as described in current published literature 41. 
			NOTE: All replicates which crossed the defined threshold are considered positive. If at least two out of four replicates cross the threshold, the sample is then considered positive.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Purification of Recombinant Prion Protein (rPrP)
<ol>
	<li>Growth of bacterial stock and expression of rPrP 
	NOTE: The Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain Rosetta (DE3) transformed with vector pET-24 encoding the mouse PrP (residues 23-231) was used to prepare the rPrP.
	<ol>
		<li>Thaw glycerol stock of Rosetta (DE3) transformed with pEt-24 mPrP(23-231) on ice.</li>
		<li>Streak LB (Luria Bertani) plates with a final concentration of kanamycin of 50 &#181;g/mL and incubate overnight in a 37 &#176;C incubator. Make sure that the plates are upside down to avoid humidity condensation in the solid media containing the bacteria. Prepare two plates to make sure to have growth in at least one of the two plates.</li>
		<li>Prepare 1 L of LB and autoclave it to make it sterile.</li>
		<li>Supplement 1 L of sterile LB media with 1 mL of kanamycin (50 mg/mL) and 1 mL of chloramphenicol (34 mg/mL).</li>
		<li>Pick one colony of each plate by using a disposable inoculation loop to inoculate 3 mL of LB medium containing kanamycin and chloramphenicol.</li>
		<li>Place the mini-cultures in an incubator at 37 &#176;C with constant shaking at 225 rpm for 5-6 h.</li>
		<li>Add the mini-cultures to the rest of the original 1 l of LB media together with Express Autoinduction System 1 for induction of protein expression.</li>
		<li>Place the culture in 2 L flask, or larger, in an incubator at 37 &#176;C with constant shaking at 200 rpm for 20-24 h.</li>
		<li>Split the 1 L culture into 4 x 250 mL centrifuge tubes.</li>
		<li>Spin down the tubes containing the culture at 3,750 x g for 20 min at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Discard the supernatant and collect the bacterial pellets in 50 mL centrifuge tubes, then freeze them at -80 &#176;C until further processing. The resulting pellets have weighed 3 to 4 g for a good protein yield.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of inclusion body
	<ol>
		<li>Thaw the frozen pellet (3 to 4 g) at 37 &#176;C for few minutes.</li>
		<li>Freeze the pellet one more time for 10 min at -80 &#176;C and thaw again. Repeat this step of freezing and thawing two more times.</li>
		<li>Resuspend the bacterial pellet in 1X&#160;lysis reagent (e.g. BugBuster Master Mix) by pipetting thoroughly. Use 5 mL of the reagent for 1 g of bacterial pellet. Make sure to completely homogenize the mix.</li>
		<li>Incubate the homogenate on a rocker for 20 min at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the homogenate at 16,000 x g for 20 min at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Discard the supernatants by carefully pouring it off.</li>
		<li>Homogenize the pellets in the same volume of 1X lysis reagent as used in the previous step.</li>
		<li>Incubate the homogenate for 15 min on a rocker at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Add a sufficient volume of 1:10 (0.1x) lysis reagent to get a total homogenate volume of 40 mL. Mix by inversion to make sure to homogenize well.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the homogenate at 7,900 x g for 15 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Discard the supernatant by carefully pouring it.</li>
		<li>Resuspend the pellet in 40 mL of 0.1x lysis reagent.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the homogenate at 16,000 x g for 15 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Discard the supernatant carefully by pouring it and store the pellet containing the inclusion bodies at -20 &#176;C until further processing.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Protein purification
	<ol>
		<li>Thaw the inclusion bodies at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Dissolve the thawed inclusion bodies in 14 mL of 8 M guanidine-HCl (38 g Guanidine hydrochloride in 0.1 M NaPO4 pH 8.0 and fill the suspension with H2O to 50 mL; do not adjust pH at final solution) to solubilize proteins.</li>
		<li>Make sure to homogenize well by pipetting up and down.</li>
		<li>Incubate the lysate on a rocker at room temperature for 50 min.</li>
		<li>Prepare 18 g of Ni-NTA resin beads (18 g for 3 to 4 g bacterial pellet); rinse them with 100 mL of water using vacuum and a 100 mL 0.22 &#181;m bottle top filter.
		<ol>
			<li>Place the 18 g of Ni-NTA resin beads in 50 mL tube and add sufficient volume of denaturing buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8) to make the final volume up to 50 mL.</li>
			<li>Equilibrate the beads in the denaturing buffer for 50 min on a rocker at room temperature.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the inclusion body lysate at 16,000 x g for 5 min to remove insoluble debris.</li>
		<li>Add the supernatant to the equilibrated beads and discard the pellets.</li>
		<li>Put the mix on a rocker for 40 min at room temperature to allow protein binding to Ni-NTA resin. 
		NOTE: Nickel chelate beads are used to purify PrP by its nickel affinity. The histidine-rich N-terminal region of PrP renders the affinity to nickel(II), which allows the protein to bind to nickel ions without any his-tag.</li>
		<li>Wash FPLC with water to clean out both lines (A and B).</li>
		<li>Run denaturing buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8) through both lines (A and B) to prime the system (the column is not yet attached.)</li>
		<li>Load the resin onto column. Make sure to minimize air bubbles.</li>
		<li>Attach the column to the FPLC and run a linear gradient from 100% denaturing buffer A and 0% of refolding buffer B (100 mM sodium phosphate, 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0) at first to 0% denaturing buffer and 100% refolding buffer by the end. This gradual shift is run at a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min for 240 min and is needed for proper folding of PrP. 
		NOTE: During the chromatographic purification process, the denatured PrP is first slowly refolded on the resin by applying a linear gradient of refolding buffer to replace the denaturing buffer. This step also removes the chaotropic guanidine-HCl.</li>
		<li>Make sure 100% refolding buffer continues to flow through the column for an additional 30 min at 0.75 mL/min.</li>
		<li>Rinse line A with water followed by elution buffer (100 mM sodium phosphate, 10 mM Tris, 500 mM imidazole, pH 5.8) bypassing the column. This will clean out the denaturing buffer which has been replaced now by the elution buffer in the AKTA system.</li>
		<li>Elute protein at 2 mL/min by running a linear gradient for 40 min from 100% refolding buffer B and 0% elution buffer A at first to 0% refolding buffer and 100% elution buffer. 
		NOTE: The high concentration of imidazole in elution buffer will compete PrP&#39;s binding to the nickel(II). The primary protein peak should start to elute about 1/3 of the way through the gradient.
		<ol>
			<li>Watch chromatogram for OD 280 nm to increase.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Collect only the tubes containing the protein at the center of the large peak. 
		NOTE: The eluted fractions of 2 mL each are collected into 15 mL tubes.</li>
		<li>Dilute the protein contained in the tubes immediately with about 1/3 volume (1 mL) of dialysis buffer (10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 5.8).</li>
		<li>Immediately place the tubes on ice.</li>
		<li>Pool the eluted protein contained in the tubes.</li>
		<li>Poor the protein into Dialysis Cassettes (molecular weight cut-off 10 kDa).</li>
		<li>Put the cassettes in pre-chilled dialysis buffer (3.6 L) for 2 h at 4 &#176;C, then transfer the cassettes into a fresh dialysis buffer (3.6 L) for overnight. Make sure that the dialysis buffer is under constant agitation.</li>
		<li>Filter protein after dialysis through a 0.2 &#181;m acrodisc syringe filter using a syringe.</li>
		<li>Measure the protein concentration using a BCA protein assay kit.</li>
		<li>Concentrate or dilute if necessary to adjust the protein concentration to 0.3 mg/mL. 
		NOTE: Confirm purity by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie Blue staining.</li>
		<li>Make 1 mL aliquots of protein in microcentrifuge tubes and immediately store at -80 &#176;C until further use as described in the RT-QuIC protocol.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

RT-QuIC was previously employed to detect CWD prions in urine and fecal extracts of orally infected white-tailed deer and mule deer 38. The system shown in this manuscript is an adapted method of the RT-QuIC assay. Additional steps were incorporated into the &#34;classical&#34; RT-QuIC assay to improve the detection and sensitivity of the assay for CWD prions in fecal material of infected animals.
The low sensitivity of detection in feces extracts led us to the improvement of the RT-QuIC protocol. To achieve sensitive in vitro detection of prions in feces, critical steps were added for sample preparation in order to remove components which interfere with prion conversion and/or propagation and enhance the sensitivity of detection. Incorporating substrate replacement in the protocol of RT-QuIC and NaPTA/sarkosyl treatment was critical for detecting seeding activity in pre-clinical and clinical CWD-infected elk, and for enhancing the detection limits of prion conversion in feces extracts.
NaPTA precipitation is a common technique usually accompanied by sarkosyl extraction to isolate and concentrate PrPSc to a detectable level. NaPTA is known to preferably precipitate PrPSc over PrPC 43 while sarkosyl is a detergent known to facilitate prion conversion at low concentrations in a cell free system 44. In alignment with this, using a combination of NaPTA and sarkosyl might generate a higher yield of fibrillar aggregates in vitro as shown before 45,46,47. This methodology has been incorporated previously into RT-QuIC assay to detect peripheral CWD prions successfully in specimen such as purified saliva 39 and whole blood 40. Our study provides first evidence that incorporating NaPTA/sarkosyl purification in the protocol of fecal sample preparation enables CWD prion detection by RT-QuIC. Moreover, with this methodology we were able to reduce spontaneous conversion of rPrP substrate in CWD-negative fecal homogenates in RT-QuIC assay.
A potential mechanism has been proposed to explain the effect of substrate replacement 30. In the first rounds of reaction (before the addition of fresh substrate), only a small amount of seeds is added to RT-QuIC reactions. While only a portion of rPrP is incorporated into the seeded reactions, the rest of the substrate could either be used up by interacting with the walls of reaction plate wells to form non-amyloid aggregates, or be altered to a form which is less prone to be converted by seeded RT-QuIC products rather than the original seeds. As a result, the incorporation rate of rPrP to the seeds is slow, and the fibril formation is not detectable in the lag phase. As the seeded RT-QuIC products grown in the lag phase are finally elongated to reach a &#34;fast assembly stage&#34;, prions can be amplified rapidly by segmentation through shaking or lateral addition of smaller aggregates. At this stage, the fresh substrate added to the reaction is readily incorporated into the seeded products rather than forming unspecific aggregates. The incorporation of the substrate replacement step in our protocol was a modification that increased sensitivity; it was useful to detect prion seeds in samples with a very low amount of PrPSc from pre-clinical animals and/or containing inhibitory compounds.
Using RT-QuIC assay rather than PMCA, which is the first in vitro protein misfolding amplification assay described 21, has several advantages. In PMCA the tubes are incubated and sonicated in a water bath contained within the sonicator; the tubes positioned at the periphery of the sonicator show less efficacy of amplification compared to the tubes positioned in the center 48. The RT-QuIC system quaking seems to be easier to control. The use of a 96 well format is a real advantage of RT-QuIC, however, the mb-PMCA developed by Moudjo et al. 49,50, showed similar benefits but still is less used in PMCA.
As substrate, RT-QuIC uses recombinant rPrP for conversion; in contrast, PMCA in most cases uses normal brain homogenate. In addition, in RT-QuIC no sequence homology is required between seed and substrate 51-53.
The presence of cofactors is necessary for prion replication in PMCA and the resulting product is infectious. However, in RT-QuIC assay, the amplified PrP is not infectious. In in vitro amplification assays the occurrence of false positive reactions most probably because of spontaneous conversion of PrPC is a recurring problem. Therefore, the assay and conditions used in this study were tailored to minimize such disturbances to maximize the difference between seeded rPrP-conversion and spontaneous conversion.
In conclusion, NaPTA/sarkosyl treatment enables removal of assay inhibitors in feces and reduces spontaneous conversion. Interestingly, the treatment did not hamper seeding activity of precipitatedPrPSc. In addition, the sensitivity of detection was significantly improved when substrate replacement was concomitantly adopted.

Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats, and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids 1,2. TSEs are characterized by distinctive spongiform appearance and loss of neurons in the brain. According to the &#34;protein only&#34; hypothesis, prions are mainly composed of PrPSc (&#39;Sc&#39; for scrapie) 3, a misfolded isoform of the host-encoded cellular prion protein, PrPC. PrPSc results from the conversion of PrPC into a conformation enriched in &#7526;-sheets 4,5,6 which can act as a seed to bind and convert other PrPC molecules. The newly generated PrPSc molecules are incorporated into a growing polymer 7,8 which breaks into smaller oligomers, resulting in higher numbers of infectious nuclei. PrPSc is prone to aggregation and is partially resistant to proteases 9,10.
CWD affects wild and farmed elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus), moose (Alces alces), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) 11,12,13. It is considered the most contagious prion disease with horizontal transmission favored by cervid interactions and environmental persistence of infectivity 14,15. Unlike other prion diseases where PrPSc accumulation and infectivity are confined to the brain, in CWD these are also found in peripheral tissues and body fluids e.g. saliva, urine, and feces 16,17,18.
Immunohistochemistry is considered the gold standard for CWD diagnosis to detect PrPSc distribution and spongiform lesions 19,20. ELISA and in more rare cases, western blot are also used for CWD diagnostics. Thus, current prion disease diagnosis is mainly based on detecting prions in post-mortem tissues. Ante-mortem diagnosis for CWD is available by taking tonsils or recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) biopsies; however, this procedure is invasive and requires the capture of the animals. Thus, the use of easily accessible specimens, such as urine and feces, would be a practical way for CWD prion detection. However, those excreta harbor relatively low concentrations of prions below the detection limit of current diagnostic methods. Consequently, a more sensitive and high throughput diagnostic tool is needed. In vitro conversion systems, such as protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay (PMCA) 21, amyloid seeding assay, and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay 22,23,24 are very powerful tools to exploit the self-propagating ability of PrPSc to mimic in vitro the prion conversion process and thereby amplify the presence of minute amounts of PrPSc to detectable levels 25,26. The RT-QuIC method, however, takes advantage of the fact that the conversion product enriched in &#946;-sheet secondary structure can specifically bind thioflavin T (Th-T). Therefore, recombinant PrP (rPrP) upon seeded conversion grows into amyloid fibrils which bind Th-T and thus can be detected in real time by measuring the fluorescence of Th-T expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU) over time. Once monitored, the RFU can be used to evaluate relative seeding activities, and quantitative parameters such as the lag phase. The lag phase represents the time (h) required to reach the threshold, during which rPrP conversion at the early stage of the reaction is below the detection limit of Th-T fluorescence. The end of the apparent lag phase, concomitant to the formation of a sufficient amyloid nucleus (nucleation/elongation), occurs when the Th-T fluorescence exceeds the threshold level and becomes positive. The growth of amyloid fibrils can be detected in real time and the initial PrPSc or seeding activity contained in the sample is amplified by segmentation which generates more seeds. These seeds in turn induce a rapid exponential phase of amyloid fiber growth.
Because this assay is able to detect as low as 1 fg of PrPSc 24, the high sensitivity qualifies this technique to achieve ante mortem or non-invasive diagnosis by detecting PrPSc in various peripheral tissues, excreta or other kinds of specimen harboring low levels of infectivity. RT-QuIC definitely provides advantages over other assays for its reproducibility, practicality, rapidity (less than 50 h) and low costs compared to bioassays. It avoids the technical complexities such as sonication used in PMCA; also, it is performed in a tape-sealed microplate which minimizes the risk of aerosol contamination of each well. The multi-well format enables the analysis of up to 96 samples in the same experiment. To counter the recurrent problem of false positives and spontaneous conversion of rPrP in the in vitro conversion assays the implementation of a threshold (cut-off) in RT-QuIC is very useful. Indeed, based on the results of the negative control (average RFU of negative samples +5 SD 27), a baseline is set up from which discrimination between positive and negative samples can be done. The use of four replicates for each sample can thus help to define a sample as positive when at least 50% of the replicates show a positive signal, i.e. cross the cut-off 28. The homology between seed and substrate is not required in RT-QuIC, as e.g. in a previous study, hamster rPrP was found to be a more sensitive substrate compared to the homologous substrate in human PrPvCJD seeded and sheep scrapie seeded reactions 29. Hamster-sheep chimeric rPrP was also suggested to be a more well-suited substrate than human rPrP to detect human variant CJD prions 30. Thus, the use of rPrP substrates from different species is very common in this assay. This assay has been successfully applied to several prion diseases, such as sporadic CJD 31,32,33, genetic prion diseases 34, BSE 35,36,37, scrapie 23,36, and CWD 38,39,40,41,42. Studies using processed cerebrospinal fluid, whole blood, saliva, and urine as seeds in RT-QuIC were all successful to detect PrPSc 38,39,40,41,42. To foster the detection ability in samples such as blood plasma that may contain inhibitors of amyloid formation, Orr&#250; et al. (2011) developed a strategy to remove potential inhibitors of amyloid formation by combing PrPSc immunoprecipitation (IP) step and RT-QuIC, named &#34;enhanced QuIC&#34; assay (eQuIC). In addition, a substrate replacement step was employed after ~24 h of reaction time in order to improve the sensitivity. Ultimately, as low as 1 ag of PrPSc was detectable by eQuIC 30.
In order to purify feces extracts and remove possible assay inhibitors in feces, fecal samples collected at preclinical and clinical stages from elk upon experimental oral infection were homogenized in buffer containing detergents and protease inhibitors. The feces extracts were further submitted to different methodologies to concentrate PrPSc in the samples utilizing protein precipitation via sodium phosphotungstic acid (NaPTA) precipitation. The NaPTA precipitation method, first described by Safar et al.43, is used to concentrate PrPSc in test samples. The incubation of NaPTA with the sample results in preferential precipitation of PrPSc rather than PrPC. However, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. This step also helped containing and preventing the spontaneous conversion of rPrP, which is observed in some cases. Finally, the feces extracts were tested by optimized RT-QuIC using mouse rPrP (aa 23-231) as a substrate and including substrate replacement in the protocol to improve the sensitivity of detection.
The results here demonstrate that this improved method can detect very low concentrations of CWD prions and increases the sensitivity of detection and specificity in fecal samples compared to a protocol without NaPTA precipitation and substrate replacement. This method potentially can be applied to other tissues and body fluids and can be of great use for CWD surveillance in wild and captive cervids.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acrodisc seringe filters</td><td>PALL</td><td>4652</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal filter Unit</td><td>Millipore</td><td>UCF901024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD 10 ml seringe</td><td>VWR</td><td>CA75846-842</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloramphenicol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C0378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning bottle-top vacuum filters</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>431118</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E4884</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>gentleMACS M Tube</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-093-236</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guanidine hydrochloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G4505</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Imidazole</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I5513</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isopropanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I9516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin sulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>60615</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Luria-Bertani (LB) broth</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>12780029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M9272</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N2 supplement (100X)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>15502048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt (sarkosyl)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>ML9150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanosep centrifugal devices with omega membrane 100K</td><td>PALL</td><td>OD100C34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nunc sealing tapes</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>232702</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm M</td><td>VWR</td><td>52858-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P7626</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitor tablet</td><td>Roche</td><td>4693159001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S3014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium deoxycholate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D6750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>7910-OP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium phosphate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>342483</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9763</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9638</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphotungstate hydrate (NaPTA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>496626</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thioflavin T</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T3516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-Hydroxy-Methyl-Amino-Methan (Tris)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T6066</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton-100</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>9410-OP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P7949</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Commercial buffers and solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BugBuster Master Mix</td><td>Nogagen</td><td>71456-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ni-NTA superflow</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>1018401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 (1X)</td><td>Life Technoligies</td><td>P5493</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UltraPure Distilled Water</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10977015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Standards and commercial kits&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Express Autoinduction System 1</td><td>Novagen</td><td>71300-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>23227</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment setup&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AKTA protein purification systems FPLC</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beckman Avanti J-25 Centrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beckman rotor JA-25.50</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beckman rotor JA-10</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FLUOstar Omega microplate reader</td><td>BMG Labtech</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>gentleMACS Dissociator</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-093-235</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Sofware&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MARS Data Analysis</td><td>BMG Labtech</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism6</td><td>GraphPad software</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

real-time quaking-induced conversion assay for detection of cwd prions in fecal material

The RT-QuIC technique is a sensitive in vitro cell-free prion amplification assay based mainly on the seeded misfolding and aggregation of recombinant prion protein (PrP) substrate using prion seeds as a template for the conversion. RT-QuIC is a novel high-throughput technique which is analogous to real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Detection of amyloid fibril growth is based on the dye Thioflavin T, which fluoresces upon specific interaction with &#7526;-sheet rich proteins. Thus, amyloid formation can be detected in real time. We attempted to develop a reliable non-invasive screening test to detect chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in fecal extract. Here, we have specifically adapted the RT-QuIC technique to reveal PrPSc seeding activity in feces of CWD infected cervids. Initially, the seeding activity of the fecal extracts we prepared was relatively low in RT-QuIC, possibly due to potential assay inhibitors in the fecal material. To improve seeding activity of feces extracts and remove potential assay inhibitors, we homogenized the fecal samples in a buffer containing detergents and protease inhibitors. We also submitted the samples to different methodologies to concentrate PrPSc on the basis of protein precipitation using sodium phosphotungstic acid, and centrifugal force. Finally, the feces extracts were tested by optimized RT-QuIC which included substrate replacement in the protocol to improve the sensitivity of detection. Thus, we established a protocol for sensitive detection of CWD prion seeding activity in feces of pre-clinical and clinical cervids by RT-QuIC, which can be a practical tool for non-invasive CWD diagnosis.

The CWD fecal extracts prepared at 10% (w/v) were able to seed RT-QuIC reaction, yet the sensitivity of detection was low 27. Using a specific buffer for fecal homogenization was a critical step to avoid high background fluorescence in RT-QuIC reactions concomitant to the use of mouse rPrP substrate rather than deer rPrP which allowed to get more specific results 27. The addition of NaPTA precipitation reduced the spontaneous conversion of rPrP in RT-QuIC (Figure 1) without inhibiting amplification of the seeding activity of the reactions (Figure 2). Although better amplification was observed upon NaPTA treatment, resulting fluorescence signals of CWD-positive fecal samples were still low (Figure 1). In addition, the prion amplification of some samples reached a constant plateau at low fluorescence levels. This indicates the saturation of reactions, which can be due to the degradation/denaturation of rPrP or the formation of off-pathway aggregates which consume the rPrP pool 30. To further improve the amplification of prions and enhance the sensitivity of detection, a substrate replacement step was incorporated into the protocol. The introduction of substrate replacement to the RT-QuIC protocol (Figure 2) increased the sensitivity (77%; 14 out of 18 samples in RT-QuIC were positive) and specificity (100%; none of the negative controls in RT-QuIC turned positive) of detection (see Table 1 from Cheng et al. 27). Finally, all these steps (Figure 3) led to the optimization of a reliable and sensitive protocol for RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions, using specimen containing low levels of infectivity.
Substrate replacement was introduced after the first 25 h of RT-QuIC reaction, by replenishing reaction buffer containing fresh substrate and fresh fluorescence dye Th-T. By introducing the substrate replacement step in the protocol, the RT-QuIC reaction time was extended from 50 h to 75 h. As shown in Figure 2 with the incorporation of substrate replacement, a significant improvement of prion amplification was observed.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56373/56373fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Reduced spontaneous conversion of mouse rPrP substrate in RT-QuIC seeded with purified CWD-negative fecal homogenate. Fecal homogenates of non-infected elk (C181-006) or mule deer were homogenized in feces extract buffer to obtain a final concentration of 10% (w/v). For purification, these fecal homogenates were processed and 10-times concentrated by NaPTA precipitation. The unpurified fecal homogenates (a), NaPTA-purified and concentrated forms (b) diluted as indicated were used to seed quadruplicate RT-QuIC reactions with mouse rPrP as a substrate. The y-axes show relative Th-T fluorescence units, the x-axes depict the reaction time. A reduction of spontaneous conversions was seen in NaPTA-purified fecal samples (b). Data used from Cheng et al. 27. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/56373/56373fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56373/56373fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Improved detection of CWD prions in feces using substrate replacement. Fecal homogenates of individual elk (C051-05, C052-05) orally infected with CWD prions were purified and concentrated by NaPTA precipitation. NaPTA-treated samples were diluted between 2 x 10-1 to 2 x 10-3 used to seed quadruplicate RT-QuIC reactions with mouse rPrP substrate. The RT-QuIC assay was performed without substrate replacement (a) in a regular period of 50 h or with the incorporation of substrate replacement for an extended incubation period of 75 h (b). For the latter, substrate replacement was introduced after the first 25 h of RT-QuIC reaction. Ninety percent of the reaction volume was removed and replaced by freshly prepared RT-QuIC reaction mixture containing rPrP substrate and Th-T. By introducing the substrate replacement step in the protocol, the RT-QuIC reaction time was extended from 50 h to 75 h. Data used from Cheng et al. 27. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/56373/56373fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56373/56373fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Flow diagram describing PrPSc fecal extraction from CWD-infected cervids and seeding activity and prion amplification using RT-QuIC assay. Fecal samples from CWD-infected animals are homogenized in a fecal extraction buffer, submitted to NaPTA precipitation method and tested by RT-QuIC assay. The latter was performed by introducing a substrate replacement step. The incorporation of NaPTA and substrate replacement steps resulted in a reduction of spontaneous conversion and strong improvement in seeding activity and prion amplification. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/56373/56373fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Quaking-induced Conversion Assay for Detection of CWD Prions in Fecal Material at JoVE.com

Real-time Quaking-induced Conversion Assay for Detection of CWD Prions in Fecal Material

Here, we present a protocol to describe a simple, fast and efficient prion amplification technique, the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) method.

The RT-QuIC technique is a sensitive in vitro cell-free prion amplification assay based mainly on the seeded misfolding and aggregation of recombinant ...

real-time-quaking-induced-conversion-assay-for-detection-cwd-prions

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.5K Views.  University of Calgary. Here, we present a protocol to describe a simple, fast and efficient prion amplification technique, the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) method.

Video: Real-time Quaking-induced Conversion Assay for Detection of CWD Prions in Fecal Material

Monitoring Immune Cells Trafficking Fluorescent Prion Rods Hours after Intraperitoneal Infection

Presence of an abnormal form a host-encoded prion protein (PrPC) that is protease resistant, pathologic and infectious characterizes prion diseases such as Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) of cervids and scrapie in sheep. The Prion hypothesis asserts that this abnormal conformer constitutes most or all of the infectious prion. The role of the immune system in early events in peripheral prion pathogenesis has been convincingly demonstrated for CWD and scrapie 1-3. Transgenic and pharmacologic studies in mice revealed an important role of the Complement system in retaining and replicating prions early after infection 4-6. In vitro and in vivo studies have also observed prion retention by dendritic cells 7-10, although their role in trafficking remains unclear 11-16. Macrophages have similarly been implicated in early prion pathogenesis, but these studies have focused on events occurring weeks after infection 3,11,17. These prior studies also suffer from the problem of differentiating between endogenous PrPC and infectious prions. Here we describe a semiquantitative, unbiased approach for assessing prion uptake and trafficking from the inoculation site by immune cells recruited there. Aggregated prion rods were purified from infected brain homogenate by detergent solubilization of non-aggregated proteins and ultracentrifugation through a sucrose cushion. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, coomassie blue staining and western blotting confirmed recovery of highly enriched prion rods in the pelleted fraction. Prion rods were fluorochrome-labeled then injected intraperitoneally into mice. Two hours later immune cells from peritoneal lavage fluid, spleen and mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes were assayed for prion rod retention and cell subsets identified by multicolor flow cytometry using markers for monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages and B and T cells. This assay allows for the first time direct monitoring of immune cells acquiring and trafficking prions in vivo within hours after infection. This assay also clearly differentiates infectious, aggregated prions from PrPC normally expressed on host cells, which can be difficult and lead to data interpretation problems in other assay systems. This protocol can be adapted to other inoculation routes (oral, intravenous, intranervous and subcutaneous, e.g.) and antigens (conjugated beads, bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens and proteins, egg) as well.

Here we describe a novel assay for monitoring prion uptake and trafficking by immune cells immediately following intraperitoneal inoculation by purifying and fluorescently labeling aggregated prion rods from infected brain material then monitoring their uptake and movement from the injection site and characterizing the cells mediating these events.

Presence of an abnormal form a host-encoded prion protein (PrPC) that is protease resistant, pathologic and infectious characterizes prion diseases such ...

Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification of Prions

Prions are infectious agents that cause the inevitably fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in animals and humans9,18. The prion protein has two distinct isoforms, the non-infectious host-encoded protein (PrPC) and the infectious protein (PrPSc), an abnormally-folded isoform of PrPC 8.
One of the challenges of working with prion agents is the long incubation period prior to the development of clinical signs following host inoculation13. This traditionally mandated long and expensive animal bioassay studies. Furthermore, the biochemical and biophysical properties of PrPSc are poorly characterized due to their unusual conformation and aggregation states.
PrPSc can seed the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc in vitro14. PMCA is an in vitro technique that takes advantage of this ability using sonication and incubation cycles to produce large amounts of PrPSc, at an accelerated rate, from a system containing excess amounts of PrPC and minute amounts of the PrPSc seed19. This technique has proven to effectively recapitulate the species and strain specificity of PrPSc conversion from PrPC, to emulate prion strain interference, and to amplify very low levels of PrPSc from infected tissues, fluids, and environmental samples6,7,16,23 .
This paper details the PMCA protocol, including recommendations for minimizing contamination, generating consistent results, and quantifying those results. We also discuss several PMCA applications, including generation and characterization of infectious prion strains, prion strain interference, and the detection of prions in the environment.

Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is an in vitro assay for the study of prion conversion and strain and species barriers. It can also be used as a prion detection assay.

Prions  are infectious agents that cause the inevitably fatal transmissible spongiform  encephalopathy (TSE) in animals and humans9,18. The prion protein ...

Procedures for Identifying Infectious Prions After Passage Through the Digestive System of an Avian Species

Infectious prion (PrPRes) material is likely the cause of fatal, neurodegenerative transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases1. Transmission of TSE diseases, such as chronic wasting disease (CWD), is presumed to be from animal to animal2,3 as well as from environmental sources4-6. Scavengers and carnivores have potential to translocate PrPRes material through consumption and excretion of CWD-contaminated carrion. Recent work has documented passage of PrPRes material through the digestive system of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), a common North American scavenger7.
We describe procedures used to document passage of PrPRes material through American crows. Crows were gavaged with RML-strain mouse-adapted scrapie and their feces were collected 4 hr post gavage. Crow feces were then pooled and injected intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice. Mice were monitored daily until they expressed clinical signs of mouse scrapie and were thereafter euthanized. Asymptomatic mice were monitored until 365 days post inoculation. Western blot analysis was conducted to confirm disease status. Results revealed that prions remain infectious after traveling through the digestive system of crows and are present in the feces, causing disease in test mice.

Scavengers have potential to translocate infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions in their feces to disease-free areas. We detail methods used to determine if mouse-adapted scrapie prions remain infectious after passage though the digestive tract of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), a common consumer of dead animals.

Infectious prion (PrPRes) material is likely the cause of fatal, neurodegenerative transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases1. Transmission ...

Assessing Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Species Barriers with an In Vitro Prion Protein Conversion Assay

Studies to understanding interspecies transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs, prion diseases) are challenging in that they typically rely upon lengthy and costly in vivo animal challenge studies. A number of in vitro assays have been developed to aid in measuring prion species barriers, thereby reducing animal use and providing quicker results than animal bioassays. Here, we present the protocol for a rapid in vitro prion conversion assay called the conversion efficiency ratio (CER) assay. In this assay cellular prion protein (PrPC) from an uninfected host brain is denatured at both pH 7.4 and 3.5 to produce two substrates. When the pH 7.4 substrate is incubated with TSE agent, the amount of PrPC that converts to a proteinase K (PK)-resistant state is modulated by the original host&#8217;s species barrier to the TSE agent. In contrast, PrPC in the pH 3.5 substrate is misfolded by any TSE agent. By comparing the amount of PK-resistant prion protein in the two substrates, an assessment of the host&#8217;s species barrier can be made. We show that the CER assay correctly predicts known prion species barriers of laboratory mice and, as an example, show some preliminary results suggesting that bobcats (Lynx rufus) may be susceptible to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) chronic wasting disease agent.

Assessing Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Species Barriers with an In Vitro Prion Protein Conversion Assay

Measuring the barrier to the interspecies transmission of prion diseases is challenging and typically involves animal challenges or biochemical assays. Here, we present an in vitro prion protein conversion assay with the ability to predict species barriers.

Studies to understanding interspecies transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs, prion diseases) are challenging in that they ...

Medicine

Measuring Dengue Virus RNA in the Culture Supernatant of Infected Cells by Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

At present, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is an indispensable tool for the detection and quantification of viral genomes in research laboratories, as well as for molecular diagnosis, because of its sensitivity, specificity, and convenience. However, in most cases, the quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay generally used to detect virus infection has relied on the purification of viral nucleic acid prior to the PCR step. In this study, the fluorescence-based reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) assay is developed through the combination of a processing buffer and a one-step RT-PCR reagent so that the whole process, from the harvest of the culture supernatant of virus-infected cells until real-time detection, can be performed without viral RNA purification. The established protocol enables the quantification of a wide range of RNA concentrations of dengue virus (DENV) within 90 min. In addition, the adaptability of the direct RT-qPCR assay to the evaluation of an antiviral agent is demonstrated by an in vitro experiment using a previously reported DENV inhibitor, mycophenolic acid (MPA). Moreover, other RNA viruses, including yellow fever virus (YFV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and measles virus (MeV), can be quantified by direct RT-qPCR with the same protocol. Therefore, the direct RT-qPCR assay described in this report is useful for monitoring RNA virus replication in a simple and rapid manner, which will be further developed into a promising platform for a high-throughput screening study and clinical diagnosis.

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis combined with reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) has been widely used to measure the level of RNA virus infections. Here we present a direct RT-qPCR assay, which does not require an RNA purification step, developed for the quantification of several RNA viruses, including dengue virus.

At present, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is an indispensable tool for the detection and quantification of viral genomes in ...

Quantitation of Rabies Virus in Various Bovine Brain Structures

Bovine paralytic rabies (BPR) is a form of viral encephalitis that is of substantial economic importance throughout Latin America, where it poses a major zoonotic risk. Here, our objective was to utilize a laboratory protocol to determine the relative copy number of the rabies virus (RABV) genome in different bovine brain anatomical structures using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). qRT-PCR quantifies the specific number of gene copies present in a sample based on fluorescence emitted after amplification that is directly proportional to the amount of target nucleic acid present in the sample. This method is advantageous owing to its short duration, reduced risk of contamination, and potential to detect viral nucleic acids in different samples more easily compared to other techniques. The brains of six rabid animals were divided into six anatomical structures, namely the Ammon&#8217;s horn, cerebellum, cortex, medulla, pons, and thalamus. All brains were identified as positive for RABV antigens based on a direct immunofluorescence test. The same anatomical structures from the brains of four RABV-negative bovines were also assessed. RNA was extracted from each structure and used for qRT-PCR. An assay was performed to determine the copy numbers of RABV genes using an in vitro transcribed nucleoprotein gene. The standard curve used to quantify viral RNA exhibited an efficiency of 100% and linearity of 0.99. Analysis revealed that the cortex, medulla, and thalamus were the ideal CNS portions for use in RABV detection, based on the observation that these structures possessed the highest levels of RABV. The test specificity was 100%. All samples were positive, no false positives were detected. This method can be used to detect RABV in samples that contain low levels of RABV during diagnosis of BPR.

This protocol presents a qRT-PCR-based approach for determining the rabies virus nucleoprotein (N) gene copy number within various bovine brain anatomical structures using in vitro transcription.

Bovine paralytic rabies (BPR) is a form of viral encephalitis that is of substantial economic importance throughout Latin America, where it poses a major ...

qPCR Is a Sensitive and Rapid Method for Detection of Cytomegaloviral DNA in Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Biopsy Tissue

It is crucial to identify cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of immunosuppressed patients, given their greater risk for developing severe infection. Many laboratory methods for the detection of CMV infection have been developed, including serology, viral culture, and molecular methods. Often, these methods reflect systemic involvement with CMV and do not specifically identify local tissue involvement. Therefore, detection of CMV infection in the GI tract is frequently done by traditional histology of biopsy tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&#38;E) staining in conjunction with immunohistochemistry (IHC) have remained the mainstays of examining these biopsies. H&#38;E and IHC sometimes result in atypical (equivocal) staining patterns, making interpretation difficult. It was shown that quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for CMV can successfully be performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy tissue for very high sensitivity and specificity. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to perform qPCR testing for the detection of CMV in FFPE biopsy tissue in a clinical laboratory setting. This method is likely to be of great benefit for patients in cases of equivocal staining for CMV in GI biopsies.

This protocol describes qPCR detection of cytomegalovirus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy tissue, which is rapid, sensitive, specific, and useful for interpreting equivocal hematoxylin and eosin or immunohistochemical staining patterns.

It is crucial to identify cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of immunosuppressed patients, given their greater risk for ...

Biology

Development of a Quantitative Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay with an Internal Positive Control

It was recently demonstrated that recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal amplification platform for pathogen detection, may be used to quantify DNA sample concentration using a standard curve. In this manuscript, a detailed protocol for developing and implementing a real-time quantitative recombinase polymerase amplification assay (qRPA assay) is provided. Using HIV-1 DNA quantification as an example, the assembly of real-time RPA reactions, the design of an internal positive control (IPC) sequence, and co-amplification of the IPC and target of interest are all described. Instructions and data processing scripts for the construction of a standard curve using data from multiple experiments are provided, which may be used to predict the concentration of unknown samples or assess the performance of the assay. Finally, an alternative method for collecting real-time fluorescence data with a microscope and a stage heater as a step towards developing a point-of-care qRPA assay is described. The protocol and scripts provided may be used for the development of a qRPA assay for any DNA target of interest.

Provided is a protocol for developing a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay to quantify initial concentration of DNA samples using either a thermal cycler or a microscope and stage heater. Also described is the development of an internal positive control. Scripts are provided for processing raw real-time fluorescence data.

It was recently demonstrated that recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal amplification platform for pathogen detection, may be used to ...

Prion Safety Laboratory Swipe Test

Transmission of iatrogenic prion disease has occurred from contaminated neurosurgical tools, transplant materials, and occupational exposure to prion-contaminated laboratory tools. Prions cause disease by the templated misfolding of the normal cellular form of the prion protein, PrPC, into the misfolded and pathogenic form PrPSc and are invariably fatal. Reducing iatrogenic and occupational prion transmission is challenging. First, prions can bind to and persist on surfaces for long periods of time. Second, prions are highly resistant to inactivation. Given this, surfaces can retain infectivity for long periods of time following ineffective decontamination. Not only can this pose a potential occupational risk for prion laboratory workers, but it could potentially cross-contaminate laboratory experiments utilizing sensitive prion amplification techniques. The protocol described here for a prion safety laboratory swipe test includes steps for the identification and documentation of high-traffic laboratory areas, recommended swabbing controls to ensure the validity of results, steps to identify proper responses to positive surface swabbing sites, representative results from prion swipe testing, as well as potential artifactual results. Overall, the prion safety laboratory swipe test can be implemented as part of a broader prion safety program to assess decontamination of surfaces, monitor common spaces for prion contamination, and implement the documentation of prion decontamination status.

A method to assess commonly used areas in laboratory settings for prion contamination and effective decontamination is lacking. The protocol described here provides key fundamentals for implementing a laboratory prion safety swipe test that can easily be modified to meet the individual needs of specific laboratories.

Transmission of iatrogenic prion disease has occurred from contaminated neurosurgical tools, transplant materials, and occupational exposure to ...

Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry

Abnormal prion proteins (PrPSc) are the disease-associated isoform of cellular prion protein and diagnostic markers of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These neurodegenerative diseases affect humans and several animal species and include scrapie, zoonotic bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), chronic wasting disease of cervids (CWD), and the newly identified camel prion disease (CPD). Diagnosis of TSEs relies on immunodetection of PrPSc by application of both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western immunoblot methods (WB) on encephalon tissues, namely, the brainstem (obex level). IHC is a widely used method that uses&#160;primary antibodies (monoclonal or polyclonal) against antigens of interest in cells of a tissue section. The antibody-antigen binding can be visualized by a color reaction that remains localized in the area of the tissue or cell where the antibody was targeted. As such, in prion diseases, as in other fields of research, the immunohistochemistry techniques are not solely used for diagnostic purposes but also in pathogenesis studies. Such studies involve detecting the PrPSc patterns and types from those previously described to identify the new prion strains. As BSE can infect humans, it is recommended that biosafety laboratory level-3 (BSL-3) facilities and/or practices are used to handle cattle, small ruminants, and cervid samples included in the TSE surveillance. Additionally, containment and prion-dedicated equipment are recommended, whenever possible, to limit contamination. The PrPSc IHC procedure consists of a formic acid epitope-demasking step also acting as a prion inactivation measure, as formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues used in this technique remain infectious. When interpreting the results, care must be taken to distinguish non-specific immunolabeling from target labeling. For this purpose, it is important to recognize artifacts of immunolabeling obtained in known TSE-negative control animals to differentiate those from specific PrPSc immunolabeling types, which can vary between TSE strains, host species, and prnp genotype, further described herein.

Immunolabeling abnormal prion protein using immunohistochemistry protocols requires specific sample and anti-PrP antibody preparation methodologies. The present protocol describes the key steps in epitope demasking to ensure proper PrP immunolabeling and to minimize non-specific background staining. Also, this approach considers biosafety measures when conducting immunohistochemistry studies with the prion-infected tissues.

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Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry