5.9 : 強化

Reinforcement can be positive or negative. Positive reinforcement adds something desirable, and negative reinforcement removes something undesirable.

Rewards as a form of positive reinforcement are a common aspect of everyday life, including paychecks, high grades, and praise for achievements. 

Positive and negative reinforcements are powerful tools in various settings, such as educational institutions and workplaces. For example, in a workplace, an employee might receive praise or a bonus for consistently meeting deadlines, which encourages them to maintain their productivity.

Similarly, in an educational setting, a teacher might reduce homework for students who actively participate in class, encouraging more students to engage during lessons.

Understanding reinforcement principles helps to encourage and maintain desired behaviors effectively.

Skinner invented a teaching machine to reward small learning steps, an early form of computer-assisted learning.

The machine provided immediate positive reinforcement for correct answers. Incorrect answers received no reinforcement, encouraging more study to increase the chances of reinforcement.