Name: a two-step protocol for umpolung functionalization of ketones via enolonium species
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1. preparação da espécie Enolonium
Atenção: Antes de executar o protocolo, consulte o MSDS para todos os reagentes e solventes.
Nota: Todos os reagentes novos foram usados como recebido da fonte comercial. Se o eterato foi armazenado, destilá-lo antes de usar.
<ol><li>Em um seco redondo com fundo balão equipado com um septo e um ímã para agitação magnética, adicionar o reagente do Koser (1.5 equiv) e lavar o balão com nitrogênio ou argônio.</li>
	<li>Adicione o diclorometano seco para dar uma suspensão de 0.234 concentração formal de mol/L.</li>
	<li>Legal a suspensão de-78 ° C utilizando um banho de gelo seco/acetona ou um banho de instrumento/acetona do dedo frio.</li>
	<li>Adicionar puro BF3OEt2 (1,5 equiv) lentamente.</li>
	<li>Aquecer a mistura heterogênea à temperatura ambiente até a formação da solução amarela. Normalmente, isso acontece dentro de 5 min.</li>
	<li>Esfriar a solução a-78 º C.</li>
	<li>Para a solução de refrigeração, adicionar o trimetilsilil-enolether (1 equiv, 0.313 mol/L) em seco diclorometano gota a gota mais de 2-10 min (dependendo da escala). Após concluir a adição de éter enol de silil, a formação da espécie enolonium é completa. Nota: A solução de enolonium de espécies pode ser deixada a-78 ° C durante pelo menos 30 min com nenhuma deterioração no rendimento. A espécie enolonium é estável durante este tempo, conforme indicado pelo relatado NMR estudos6.</li>
</ol>2. functionalization das espécies Enolonium
<ol><li>Cloração com o ânion cloreto
	<ol>
<li>Para a solução preparada de espécies enolonium, adicionar o cloreto de benzil-dimetil-decylammonium (2.0 equiv, 1,25 mol/L) em diclorometano seco de forma sábia de gota. Adicionar a solução a um ritmo tal que a temperatura permanece abaixo de-55 ° C. No 2-0.5 mmol de escala, além de mais de 5 min é satisfatória.</li>
		<li>Deixe a mistura reacional-78 º C por 5 min.</li>
		<li>Remova o banho de resfriamento e permita que a mistura de reação atingir a temperatura.</li>
		<li>Deixe a reação em temperatura ambiente por 20 min.</li>
		<li>Adicione água a mistura de reacção (metade do volume de diclorometano, utilizado na preparação das espécies enolonium).</li>
		<li>Extrair três vezes com diclorometano. Normalmente, usar 2 - 3 vezes o volume de reação em cada extracção no 0,5-2 mmol de pequena escala.</li>
		<li>Lave as camadas orgânicas combinadas duas vezes com salmoura. Normalmente, use o mesmo volume de água salgada como o volume combinado de reação.</li>
		<li>Seco com sulfato de sódio anidro por 30 min.</li>
		<li>Filtrar fora o sulfato de sódio (por exemplo, através de uma ficha de Celite).</li>
		<li>Remover o solvente no evaporador rotativo com pressão reduzida e a 40 ° C.</li>
		<li>Purifica o produto bruto por cromatografia em coluna de sílica gel usando de eluentes hexano e acetato de etila para pagar, após a remoção dos solventes, a puro correspondente α-azido cetona. Nota: Em escalas de 0,5 mmol de 2 mmol de trimetilsilil enolato, proceder a cromatografia de coluna em uma coluna de vidro de 2 cm de diâmetro usando padrão do gel de sílica 60 em altura de 15 cm (comprimento). O volume precisa ser variado para outras escalas.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Azidation com TMS-azida Cuidado: Azidas orgânicas em geral são explosivas e deve ter cuidado na manipulação e na preparação dos produtos. TMS-azida é tóxica. Consulte MSDS antes do uso.<ol>
<li>Para a solução preparada de espécies enolonium a-78 º C, adicionar azidotrimethylsilane puro (2.5 equiv) em forma de gota a gota. Adicionar a solução a uma taxa para que a temperatura permanece abaixo de-55 ° C. No 2-0.5 mmol de escala, além de mais de 2-3 min é satisfatória.</li>
		<li>Agitar a mistura de reação por 15 min a-78 º C.</li>
		<li>Aqueça a mistura reaccional-55 ° C e deixe a esta temperatura durante 2 a 3 h.</li>
		<li>Adicione água a mistura de reacção (metade do volume de diclorometano, utilizado na preparação das espécies enolonium).</li>
		<li>Extrair três vezes com diclorometano. Normalmente, usar 2 - 3 vezes o volume de reação em cada extracção no 0,5-2 mmol de pequena escala.</li>
		<li>Lave as camadas orgânicas combinadas duas vezes com salmoura. Normalmente, use o mesmo volume de água salgada como o volume combinado de reação.</li>
		<li>Seque os extratos com sulfato de sódio anidro por 30 min.</li>
		<li>Filtrar fora o sulfato de sódio.</li>
		<li>Remover o solvente no evaporador rotativo com pressão reduzida e a 40 ° C.</li>
		<li>Purifica o produto bruto por cromatografia em coluna de sílica gel usando de eluentes hexano e acetato de etila para pagar, após a remoção dos solventes, a puro correspondente α-azido cetona.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Reação com azóis
	<ol>
<li>Para a solução preparada de espécies enolonium a-78 º C, adicionar azólicos (4 a 5 equiv, 1 mol/L) dissolvido em 5 mL de diclorometano em forma de gota a gota. No 2-0.5 mmol de escala, além de mais de 5 min é satisfatória. Nota: No caso de azóis pouco solúveis como Tetrazóis, use acetonitrilo numa concentração de 0,5 mol/L em vez de diclorometano. Adicionar a solução a uma taxa para que a temperatura permanece abaixo de-55 ° C.</li>
		<li>Agitar a mistura de reação por 15 min a-78 º C.</li>
		<li>Aqueça a mistura reaccional-55 ° C e deixe a esta temperatura durante 4 a 8 h.</li>
		<li>Adicione água a mistura de reacção (metade do volume de solventes orgânicos usados na preparação da espécie enolonium).</li>
		<li>Extrair três vezes com diclorometano. Normalmente, usar 2 - 3 vezes o volume de reação em cada extracção no 0,5-2 mmol de pequena escala.</li>
		<li>Lave as camadas orgânicas combinadas duas vezes com salmoura. Normalmente, use o mesmo volume de água salgada como o volume combinado de reação.</li>
		<li>Seque os extratos com sulfato de sódio anidro por 30 min.</li>
		<li>Filtrar fora o sulfato de sódio.</li>
		<li>Remover o solvente no evaporador rotativo com pressão reduzida e a 40 ° C.</li>
		<li>Purifica o produto bruto por cromatografia de coluna em sílica gel usando de eluentes hexano e acetato de etila para pagar, após a remoção dos solventes, a acetona pura de α-azólicos correspondente.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Allylation, crotylation, cinnamylation e Prenilação usando alil-silanos
	<ol>
<li>Adicionar alilo puro, Crotil, Cinamil-, ou prenyl-trimetilsilano (2 equiv) lentamente a-78 º C. Adicionar a solução a uma taxa para que a temperatura permanece abaixo de-55 ° C. Em um 2-0.5 mmol de escala, além de mais de 2-3 min é satisfatória.</li>
		<li>Agitar a mistura de reação por 10 min a-78 º C.</li>
		<li>Permita que a mistura de reação aquecer lentamente a temperatura removendo o banho de arrefecimento. Deixe a reação em temperatura ambiente por 20 min.</li>
		<li>Adicione água a mistura de reacção (metade do volume de diclorometano, utilizado na preparação das espécies enolonium).</li>
		<li>Extrair três vezes com diclorometano. Normalmente, usar 2 - 3 vezes o volume de reação em cada extracção no 0,5-2 mmol de pequena escala.</li>
		<li>Lave as camadas orgânicas combinadas duas vezes com salmoura. Normalmente, use o mesmo volume de água salgada como o volume combinado de reação.</li>
		<li>Seque os extratos com sulfato de sódio anidro por 30 min.</li>
		<li>Filtrar fora o sulfato de sódio.</li>
		<li>Remover o solvente no evaporador rotativo com pressão reduzida e a 40 ° C.</li>
		<li>Purifica o produto bruto por cromatografia em coluna de sílica gel usando de eluentes hexano e acetato de etila para pagar, após a remoção dos solventes, o produto puro de α-allyl correspondente.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Arylation Nota: Para arylation, use 3 equivalentes de BF3OEt2 durante a preparação das espécies enolonium para evitar a tosylation das espécies enolonium como uma reação do lado maior. Em geral, apenas 1,6 equivalente do substrato aromático é necessária. No entanto, se o substrato aromático é um pyrane, tiofeno ou pirrol, os melhores resultados são obtidos usando 5 equivalentes do substrato aromático.<ol>
<li>Para a solução de enolonium preparado espécies adicionar uma solução de substrato aromático em diclorometano seco (1.6 equiv, 0,5 mol/L) de forma gota a gota. Adicionar a solução a uma taxa para que a temperatura permanece abaixo de-55 ° C. No 2-0.5 mmol de escala, além de mais de 5-10 min é satisfatória.</li>
		<li>Após concluir a adição do substrato aromático, aumentar a temperatura da mistura de-55 ° C e deixe a mistura a esta temperatura por 20 min.</li>
		<li>Adicione água a mistura de reacção (metade do volume de diclorometano, utilizado na preparação das espécies enolonium).</li>
		<li>Extrair três vezes com diclorometano. Normalmente, usar 2 - 3 vezes o volume de reação em cada extracção no 0,5-2 mmol de pequena escala.</li>
		<li>Lave as camadas orgânicas combinadas duas vezes com salmoura. Normalmente, use o mesmo volume de água salgada como o volume combinado de reação.</li>
		<li>Seque os extratos com sulfato de sódio anidro por 30 min.</li>
		<li>Filtrar fora o sulfato de sódio.</li>
		<li>Remover o solvente no evaporador rotativo com pressão reduzida e a 40 ° C.</li>
		<li>Purifica o produto bruto por cromatografia em coluna de sílica gel usando de eluentes hexano e acetato de etila para pagar, após a remoção dos solventes, a puro correspondente α-arylated cetona.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Mizar, P., Wirth, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flexible+stereoselective+functionalizations+of+ketones+through+umpolung+with+hypervalent+iodine+reagents.">Flexible stereoselective functionalizations of ketones through umpolung with hypervalent iodine reagents.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (23), 5993-5997 (2014).</li><li>Yoshimura, A., Zhdankin, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+synthetic+applications+of+hypervalent+iodine+compounds.">Advances in synthetic applications of hypervalent iodine compounds.</a> Chemical Reviews. 116 (5), 3328-3435 (2016).</li><li>Zhdankin, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry: Preparation, Structure, and Synthetic Applications of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds. , (2013).</li><li>Wirth, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Topics in Current Chemistry. 373, (2016).</li><li>Merritt, E. A., Olofsson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#945;-functionalization+of+carbonyl+compounds+using+hypervalent+iodine+reagents.">&#945;-functionalization of carbonyl compounds using hypervalent iodine reagents.</a> Synthesis. 4 (4), 517-538 (2011).</li><li>Arava, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enolonium+Species-Umpoled+Enolates.">Enolonium Species-Umpoled Enolates.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (10), 2599-2603 (2017).</li><li>Parida, K. N., Maksymenko, S., Pathe, G. K., Szpilman, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-Coupling+of+Dissimilar+Ketone+Enolates+via+Enolonium+Species+to+afford+Nonsymmetrical+1,4-Diketones.">Cross-Coupling of Dissimilar Ketone Enolates via Enolonium Species to afford Nonsymmetrical 1,4-Diketones.</a> Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 14, 992-997 (2018).</li><li>Zhdankin, V. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon-carbon+bond+formation+in+reactions+of+PhIO&#183;HBF4-silyl+enol+ether+adduct+with+alkenes+or+silyl+enol+ethers.">Carbon-carbon bond formation in reactions of PhIO&#183;HBF4-silyl enol ether adduct with alkenes or silyl enol ethers.</a> Journal of Organic Chemistry. 54 (11), 2605-2608 (1989).</li><li>Maksymenko, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition-metal-free+intermolecular+&#945;-arylation+of+ketones+via+enolonium+species.">Transition-metal-free intermolecular &#945;-arylation of ketones via enolonium species.</a> Organic Letters. 19 (23), 6312-6315 (2017).</li><li>Vita, M. V., Waser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Azidation+of+&#946;-keto+esters+and+silyl+enol+ethers+with+a+benziodoxole+reagent.">Azidation of &#946;-keto esters and silyl enol ethers with a benziodoxole reagent.</a> Organic Letters. 15 (13), 3246-3249 (2013).</li><li>More, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#945;-N-Heteroarylation+and+&#945;-azidation+of+ketones+via+enolonium+species.">&#945;-N-Heteroarylation and &#945;-azidation of ketones via enolonium species.</a> Journal of Organic Chemistry. 83, 2442-2447 (2018).</li><li>Xie, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold-catalyzed+hydration+of+haloalkynes+to+&#945;-halomethyl+ketones.">Gold-catalyzed hydration of haloalkynes to &#945;-halomethyl ketones.</a> Journal of Organic Chemistry. 78 (18), 9190-9195 (2013).</li><li>Patonay, T., Juh&#225;sz-T&#243;th, &. #. 2. 0. 1. ;., B&#233;nyei, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Base-induced+coupling+of+&#945;-azido+ketones+with+aldehydes+&#8722;+An+easy+and+efficient+route+to+trifunctionalized+synthons+2-azido-3-hydroxy+ketones,+2-acylaziridines,+and+2-acylspiroaziridines.">Base-induced coupling of &#945;-azido ketones with aldehydes &#8722; An easy and efficient route to trifunctionalized synthons 2-azido-3-hydroxy ketones, 2-acylaziridines, and 2-acylspiroaziridines.</a> European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2002 (2), 285-295 (2002).</li><li>Li, C., Breit, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhodium-catalyzed+chemo-+and+regioselective+decarboxylative+addition+of+&#946;-ketoacids+to+allenes:+Efficient+construction+of+tertiary+and+quaternary+carbon+Centers.">Rhodium-catalyzed chemo- and regioselective decarboxylative addition of &#946;-ketoacids to allenes: Efficient construction of tertiary and quaternary carbon Centers.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (3), 862-865 (2014).</li></ol>

Nós não temos nada para divulgar.

A preparação bem sucedida das espécies de enolonium da TMS-enolatos é dependente de uma série de fatores. A reação do lado maior na etapa de preparação é o acoplamento homo das matérias-primas pela reação de uma molécula de espécies enolonium formado com uma molécula de TMS-enolato. Assim, a exigência das condições de reação é evitar este dimerização, garantindo a rápida reação do reagente iodo Lewis ácido hipervalente registrados com TMS-enolato adicionado em relação a taxa de dimerização...

Enolatos são nucleófilos clássica carbono em química orgânica e entre os mais utilizados. Umpolung de enolatos criar espécie eletrofílica enolonium permite valiosas formas alternativas para produzir cetonas α-acrescida bem como para permitir novas reações não possíveis via química clássica enolato. Espécies de Enolonium foram propostas como intermediários em várias reações, em particulares reações envolvendo reagentes de iodo hipervalente. Estas reações incluem α-halogenação, oxigenação e aminação1 , bem como outras reações2,3,4,5.
No entanto, os escopos destas reações foram sempre limitados pela natureza transitória das espécies reativas de enolonium. Essa transiência exigido qualquer nucleófilo para estar presentes na mistura reacional durante a reação dos enolatos de carbonila com o reagente de iodo hipervalente fortemente oxidante. Assim, qualquer nucleófilo propenso à oxidação, tais como compostos aromáticos rico (heterocíclicos) de elétrons e alcenos, não puderam ser usado.
No ano passado, nós ter superar essas limitações, desenvolvendo as condições em que as espécies de enolonium é formada como um intermediário discreto em uma única etapa, seguido por adição do nucleófilo em uma segunda etapa. Este protocolo permite não só o tipo clássico de functionalization tais como cloração6, mas também o uso de nucleófilos carbono oxidável, como allylsilanes6,8, enolatos1,6, 7e o elétron rico compostos aromáticos9, resultando na formação de ligação C-C. O método allylation é favorável à formação de centros quaternários e terciários. O método de arylation de cetona constitui functionalization formal de C-H do composto sem a necessidade de um diretor do grupo9o aromático. Recentemente, informamos a adição de azóis e azidas10 como bem11. A apresentação detalhada do protocolo deverá ajudar a introdução desses métodos na caixa de ferramentas do dia-a-dia do químico orgânico sintético.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Chlorotrimethylsilane, 98+%</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>A13651</td><td>TMS-Cl</td></tr><tr><td>Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, 98+%</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>A15275</td><td>BF3*Et2O</td></tr><tr><td>2-Methylindole, 98+%</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>A10764</td><td>2-Me-indole</td></tr><tr><td>Hydroxy(tosyloxy) iodobenzene, 97%</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L15701</td><td>Koser&#039;s reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Acetophenone, &gt;98%</td><td>Merck</td><td>800028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>n-Butyllithium solution 1.6M in hexanes</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>186171</td><td>nBuLi</td></tr><tr><td>BIS(ISOPROPYL)AMINE</td><td>Apollo</td><td>OR1090</td><td>DIPA</td></tr><tr><td>Trimethylsilyl azide, 94%</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L00173</td><td>TMS-N3</td></tr></tbody></table>

a two-step protocol for umpolung functionalization of ketones via enolonium species

Α-Functionalization de cetonas através de umpolung de enolatos por reagentes de iodo hipervalente é um conceito importante em química orgânica sintética. Recentemente, temos desenvolvido uma estratégia de duas etapas para cetona enolato umpolung que permitiu o desenvolvimento de métodos para cloração, azidation e aminação usando azóis. Além disso, temos desenvolvido C-C vínculo – formando reações de arylation e allylation. No coração desses métodos é a preparação das espécies intermediárias e altamente reativo enolonium antes da adição de um nucleófilo reativa. Esta estratégia é, portanto, uma reminiscência da preparação e da utilização de enolatos metais em química sintética clássica. Esta estratégia permite o uso de nucleófilos que seriam incompatíveis com os reagentes de iodo hipervalente fortemente oxidante. Neste trabalho apresentamos um protocolo detalhado para cloração, azidation, N-heteroarylation, arylation e allylation. Os produtos incluem motivos prevalentes em produtos medicinalmente ativos. Este artigo ajudará grandemente outros usando esses métodos.

Resultados representativos, alcançados seguindo o protocolo, são apresentados na Figura 1 e são discutidos na seção de discussão. Nomeadamente, uma gama muito grande de cetonas diferentes pode ser utilizada com sucesso na reação a ceder os produtos bons rendimentos, como pode ser visto para o azidation11. O escopo da reação para a introdução de azóis na α-posição de cetonas inclui a maioria do nitrogênio mono-cíclico ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species at JoVE.com

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Um protocolo de um pot-dois passos para a umpolung de cetona enolatos de espécies enolonium e adição de um nucleófilo na α-posição é descrito. Nucleófilos incluem cloreto de azida, azóis, alil-silanos e compostos aromáticos.

Um Protocolo em Duas Etapas para Funcionalização de Umpolung de Cetonas via Espécies de Enolonium

&#945;-Functionalization of ketones via umpolung of enolates by hypervalent iodine reagents is an important concept in synthetic organic chemistry. ...

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9.9K visualizações.  Ariel University. Um protocolo de um pot-dois passos para a umpolung de cetona enolatos de espécies enolonium e adição de um nucleófilo na α-posição é descrito. Nucleófilos incluem cloreto de azida, azóis, alil-silanos e compostos aromáticos.

Vídeo: A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides

The conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls represents an important method to generate C&#8211;C bonds in the preparation of all-carbon quaternary centers. Though conjugate additions of organometallic reagents are typically performed utilizing highly reactive organolithium or Grignard reagents, organozinc reagents have garnered attention for their enhanced chemoselectivity and mild reactivity. Despite numerous recent advances with more reactive diorganozinc and mixed diorganozinc reagents, the generation of all-carbon quaternary centers via the conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc reagents remains a challenge. This protocol details a convenient and mild &#8220;one-pot&#8221; preparation and copper mediated conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc bromides to cyclic &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to afford a broad scope of all-carbon quaternary centers in generally excellent yield and diastereoselectivity. Key to the development of this technology is the utilization of DMA as a reaction solvent with TMSCl as a Lewis acid. Notable advantages to this methodology include the operational simplicity of the organozinc reagent preparation afforded by the utilization of DMA as a solvent, as well as an efficient conjugate addition mediated by various Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts. Moreover, an intermediate silyl enol ether can be isolated utilizing a modified workup procedure. The substrate scope is limited to cyclic unsaturated ketones, and the conjugate addition is impeded by stabilized (e.g., allyl, enolate, homoenolate) and sterically encumbered (e.g., neopentyl, o-aryl) monoorganozinc reagents. Conjugate additions to five- and seven-membered rings were effective, albeit in lower yields compared with six-membered ring substrates.

A simple and practical protocol for the efficient conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc bromides to cyclic &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to furnish all-carbon quaternary centers was developed.

Síntese eficiente de todos os centros quaternários de carbono através da adição conjugada de brometos Monoorganozinc funcionalizados

The conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls represents an important method to generate C&#8211;C bonds in the ...

Química

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

CO2 transformations using a one-pot two-step method are presented herein. The purpose of the method is to give access to a variety of value-added products and notably to generate chiral carbon centers. The crucial first step consists in the selective double hydroboration of CO2 catalyzed by an iron hydride complex. The product obtained with this 4 e- reduction is a rare bis(boryl)acetal, compound 1, which is subjected in situ to three different reactions in a second step. The first reaction concerns a condensation reaction with (diisopropyl)phenylamine affording the corresponding imine 2. In the second and third reaction, intermediate 1 reacts with triazol-5-ylidene (Enders&#39; carbene) to afford compounds 3 or 4, depending on the reaction conditions. In both compounds, C-C bonds are formed, and chiral centers are generated from CO2 as the only source of carbon. Compound 4 exhibits two chiral centers obtained in a diastereoselective manner in a formose-type mechanism. We proved that the remaining boryl fragment plays a key role in this unprecedented stereocontrol. The interest of the method stands on the reactive and versatile nature of 1, giving rise to various complex molecules from a single intermediate. The complexity of a two-step method is compensated by the overall short reaction time (2 h for the larger reaction time), and mild reaction conditions (25 &#176;C to 80 &#176;C and 1 to 3 atm of CO2).

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

CO2 transformations are conducted in a one-pot two-step procedure for the synthesis of complex molecules. The selective 4 e- reduction of CO2 with a hydroborane reductant affords a reactive and versatile bis(boryl)acetal intermediate which is subsequently involved in condensation reaction or carbene-mediated C-C coupling generation.

Transformações versáteis de CO2 em produtos complexos: uma estratégia de duas etapas de um pote

CO2 transformations using a one-pot two-step method are presented herein. The purpose of the method is to give access to a variety of value-added products ...

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal catalysis, the literature on direct heteroarylation is scarce. The presence of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen often make heteroarylation a challenging research field due to catalyst poisoning, product decomposition and the rest. This protocol details a highly efficient direct &#945;-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones under microwave irradiation. Key factors for successful heteroarylation include the use of XPhos Palladacycle Gen. 4 Catalyst, excess base to suppress side reactions and the high temperature and pressure achieved in a sealed reaction vial under microwave irradiation. The heteroarylation compounds prepared by this method were fully characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This methodology has several advantages over literature precedents including broad substrate scope, rapid reaction time, greener procedure and operational simplicity by eliminating the preparation of intermediates such as silyl enol ether. Possible applications for this protocol include, but are not limited to, diversity-oriented synthesis for the discovery of biologically active small molecules, domino synthesis for the preparation of natural products and ligand development for new transition metal catalytic systems.

Heteroaryl compounds are important molecules utilized in organic synthesis, medicinal and biological chemistry. A microwave-assisted heteroarylation using palladium catalysis provides a rapid and efficient method to attach heteroaryl moieties directly to ketone substrates.

Uma Heteroaryação Direta assistida por micro-ondas de cetonas usando catalisisa metálica de transição

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal ...

Reactivity of Enols

Enols are a class of compounds where a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon&#8211;carbon double bond, which implies that it is a vinyl alcohol. A carbonyl compound with an &#945; hydrogen undergoes keto&#8211;enol tautomerism and remains in equilibrium with its tautomer, the enol form. Usually, the keto tautomer is present in a higher concentration than the enol tautomer due to the higher bond energy of C=O compared to C=C. Moreover, the direction of the keto&#8211;enol equilibrium is governed by factors like conjugation, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and aromatic energy. Recall that tautomers are constitutional isomers with distinct atomic arrangements, while resonance forms are different representations of one molecule. This tautomerization is reversibly catalyzed by both acids and bases involving protonation and deprotonation steps. While protonation precedes deprotonation in presence of an acid leading to enols, the reverse order is followed in base-catalyzed enolization that yields enolates.
Enols are electron-rich and hence nucleophilic in nature, like other compounds containing carbon&#8211;carbon double bonds. Due to the strong electron-donating resonance effect of the hydroxyl group, a second resonance structure of the enol can be drawn where the negative charge is on the &#945; carbon. Consequently, this carbon atom is especially nucleophilic and reacts with electrophiles (E+) to form a new C&#8211;E bond. Loss of a proton in the next step leads to a neutral product. The net result amounts to the substitution of hydrogen by an electrophile on the &#945; carbon. Therefore, carbonyl compounds are halogenated at the &#945; position by halogens, such as bromine, in both acidic and basic solutions. This results in the formation of different products under various reaction conditions.
When a carbonyl compound with at least one &#945; hydrogen is dissolved in D2O, to which DCl or NaOD are added, the &#945; hydrogens are gradually replaced by deuterium (D) atoms via enol formation. If this carbonyl compound is chiral owing to a stereogenic center at the &#945; carbon, its chirality is destroyed by rapid interconversion between keto and enol forms through a planar, achiral enol intermediate. The spontaneous racemization prevents the synthesis of chiral &#42933;-keto esters whose only stereogenic center lies in between the two keto groups.

Reatividade de Enóis

Enols are a class of compounds where a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon&#8211;carbon double bond, which implies that it is a vinyl alcohol. A ...

Química orgânica

Unidade 1

Química do Carbono α: Enóis, Enolatos e Enaminas

TERMOS E CONCEITOS CHAVE

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

Enolate ions are formed by the acid&#8211;base reaction of a carbonyl compound with a base. This leads to deprotonation of the &alpha; hydrogen atom, leading to a resonance-stabilized enolate ion where one of the contributing structures is an oxyanion, which imparts additional stability. Therefore, the proton on the &alpha; carbon is more acidic in nature than that of other sp3-hybridized C&#8211;H bonds but less acidic than those in O&#8211;H bonds where the negative charge in the conjugate base is localized on the oxygen atom. This is reflected in their trend of pKa values. For example, acetic acid, ethanol, acetone, 1-propene, and ethane have pKa values of 4.8, 16, 19.2, 43, and 50, respectively.
The enolate ion is an example of an ambident nucleophile&#8212;i.e., a nucleophile with two reactive sites. The contributing structures of enolate ions show that both carbon and oxygen atoms can bear the negative charge. Hence, the enolate ion is the conjugate base of both keto and enol forms. In theory, it can react with a particular electrophile to form two different products by bond formation at the two different sites. However, an enolate ion usually reacts at the carbon end, as this is more nucleophilic than the oxygen site.
As enolate ions are Br&#248;nsted bases, they react with Br&#248;nsted acids, like protons. This leads to hydrogen exchange at the &alpha; position of carbonyl compounds with that of solvent, leading to isotope exchange in the presence of D2O and an aqueous base. An optically active aldehyde or ketone undergoes racemization if there is an asymmetric &alpha; carbon in the molecule. The loss in stereogenicity owes to the formation of an achiral enolate intermediate where all three atoms are trigonal planar due to sp2 hybridization and conjugation through p-orbital overlap. Since the pKa of an &alpha; hydrogen is very high in the case of esters, the various consequences of enolate ion formation is observed specifically for aldehydes and ketones.
Enolate ions also react as Lewis bases, where they act as nucleophiles. Therefore, they can undergo two types of reaction leading to the formation of new bonds at the &alpha; carbon:
<ol>
	<li>Substitution reactions with electrophiles to yield halogenated and alkylated products with molecular halogen (X2) in the presence of an acid or base and an alkyl halide (RX) or sulfonate ester (RSO3&#8722;), respectively.</li>
	<li>Addition reactions with carbonyl groups at the electrophilic carbon center followed by nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions depending on the structure of the carbonyl group.</li>
</ol>

Reatividade de Íons Enolato

Enolate ions are formed by the acid&#8211;base reaction of a carbonyl compound with a base. This leads to deprotonation of the &alpha; hydrogen atom, ...

Regioselective Formation of Enolates

As depicted in the figure below, the unsymmetrical ketones can form two possible enolates:&#160; less substituted or more substituted enolates. Usually, the thermodynamic enolates are formed from the more substituted &#945;-carbon atom, while the kinetic enolates are formed faster by deprotonation from the less substituted position. The thermodynamic enolates have lower energy, so they are&#160; more stable. But the energy required to form kinetic enolates is less.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12381/12381_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 172px;" />
This regioselectivity in enolate formation is essentially an acid-base reaction and is controlled by various factors such as solvent, base, cation, and temperature. Protic solvents and weaker bases favor the formation of thermodynamic enolates, while aprotic solvents and stronger bases favor the kinetic enolates. Thermodynamic enolates are formed at higher temperatures and have longer reaction times because of the higher energy barrier. On the other hand, kinetic enolates are formed at lower temperatures with short reaction times. The conditions favoring thermodynamic enolates encourage a reversible reaction which is not the case with conditions involved for kinetic enolates intermediate.

Formação Regiosseletiva de Enolatos

As depicted in the figure below, the unsymmetrical ketones can form two possible enolates:&#160; less substituted or more substituted enolates. Usually, ...

Acid-Catalyzed &alpha;-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

By replacing an &#945;-hydrogen with a halogen, acid-catalyzed &#945;-halogenation of aldehydes or ketones yields a monohalogenated product
In the first step of the mechanism, the acid protonates the carbonyl oxygen resulting in a resonance-stabilized cation, which subsequently loses an &#945;-hydrogen to form an enol tautomer. The C=C bond in an enol is highly nucleophilic because of the electron-donating nature of the &#8211;OH group. Consequently, the double bond attacks an electrophilic halogen to form a monohalogenated carbocation. In the final step, deprotonation of the carbocation yields the &#945;-halo aldehydes or ketones.
Note that the enol formation is the rate-determining step of the reaction, and the halogen is not involved in the rate-limiting step. Therefore, the initial rates of the &#945;-halogenation are independent of the type and concentration of halogen. Overall, the reaction follows second-order kinetics, wherein the rates depend on the concentration of the carbonyl and the acid.
The addition of a second halogen is unfavorable as the carbocation intermediate formed by the reaction of a monohalogenated enol with halogens is highly destabilized by the electron-withdrawing polar effect of two halogen atoms. Interestingly, the acid formed as a by-product of this reaction can ultimately catalyze the first step of enolization, thus turning the reaction autocatalytic. The unsymmetrical ketones undergo &#945;-halogenation at the more substituted carbon by the preferential formation of a thermodynamic enol. As shown below, the acid-catalyzed &#945;-halogenation reaction also works well to convert ketones to &#945;,&beta;&#8210;unsaturated ketones via E2 elimination reactions forming a new &#960; bond.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12382/12382_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 110px;" />

Acid-Catalyzed &amp;#945;-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

α-Halogenação de Aldeídos e Cetonas Catalisada por Ácido

By replacing an &#945;-hydrogen with a halogen, acid-catalyzed &#945;-halogenation of aldehydes or ketones yields a monohalogenated product
In the first ...

Dehydration of Aldols to Enones: Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

As shown in Figure 1, under acidic conditions, the &#946;-hydroxy ketone undergoes dehydration via an E1 elimination reaction to form an enone.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/13063/13063-PT_Figure1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 85px;" />
Figure 1. The dehydration reaction of a &#946;-hydroxy ketone.
Figure 2 depicts the sequential processes involved in the mechanism of the reaction. Here, the acid protonates the hydroxyl group in the &#946;-hydroxy ketone to form a hydrated hydroxyl group, which then departs to form a tertiary carbocation intermediate. Subsequently, the loss of the hydrogen atom from the &alpha; carbon yields an enone as the final product.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/13063/13063-PT_Figure2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 95px;" />
Figure 2. The mechanism of the dehydration reaction of a &#946;-hydroxy ketone.

Desidratação de Aldóis para Enonas: Condensação Aldólica Catalisada por Ácido

As shown in Figure 1, under acidic conditions, the &#946;-hydroxy ketone undergoes dehydration via an E1 elimination reaction to form an enone.

Figure 1. ...

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation of carbinolamine, a nucleophilic attack followed by several proton transfer reactions. The hydroxyl group of the carbinolamine is converted into water to make a better leaving group that can push the reaction forward by eliminating a water molecule. In enamine formation, the last step involves the abstraction of a proton from the &alpha; carbon to form a C=C bond in the enamine. This differs from the last step of imine formation, where the N&#8211;H proton was abstracted to give the imine.
Enamines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the first step&#8212;when the lone pair on the nitrogen atom of the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the substrate. A low pH indicates a high concentration of the protonated form of amine. The protonated amine cannot function as a nucleophile, slowing down this step&rsquo;s rate.
If the pH is high or the solution is too basic, the fourth step of the reaction mechanism is affected. This is when the hydroxyl group of the carbinolamine is protonated to generate the leaving group, water. Highly basic conditions inhibit the process of water elimination by making the protonated amine, the proton donor in this step, less available for the reaction.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/13216/13216_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 275px;" />

Aldeídos e Cetonas com Aminas: Mecanismo de Formação de Enamina

Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation ...

Aldeídos e Cetonas

&alpha;-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

Ketones with &alpha; protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the &#945; carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the &#945;&nbsp;carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the strong interaction of the positive counterpart of the base with the anionic oxygen, which restricts the approaching electrophile, making the reaction less favorable. Also, the product obtained through C-attack is more stable than that obtained through O-&NoBreak;attack, as the stronger C=O &#960; bond is retained in the former, whereas a weaker C=C &#960; bond is preserved in the latter.
A subsequent reaction of the enolate with electrophiles such as alkyl halides produces an &#945;-alkylated ketone via the SN2 pathway. The &#945;-alkylation of ketones is achieved with the halides of primary alkyl, benzyl, and allylic groups. With secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination predominates over substitution.

Um Protocolo em Duas Etapas para Funcionalização de Umpolung de Cetonas via Espécies de Enolonium

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