We would like to acknowledge financial support from the MRC UK (G0800498). We would also like to thank Professor J-M Fritschy, University of Zurich, for providing the GABAA-R subunit-specific &#947;2 antibody and Professor R. Harvey, UCL School of Pharmacy, for providing the pcDNA&#160;3.1(+) expression vectors containing antibiotic resistance genes for production of stably transfected HEK293 cell lines.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Although this protocol is not technically difficult to perform, there are several critical steps that must be followed to achieve the most accurate and repeatable co-culture assays. Firstly, cultured medium spiny neurons must be seeded at an optimal density. If seeded too sparsely, neurons tend to develop very slowly and survival is greatly reduced. On the other hand, if seeded too densely, neurons tend to aggregate which compromises the analysis of contacts with HEK293 cells. Secondly, it is recommended to transiently express a fluorescent reporter, GFP or mCherry in HEK293 cells stably expressing GABAARs, prior to platting them into the co-culture. This allows reliable recognition of HEK293 cells, which can be compromised by similarity in shape and size between these cells and rare surviving glia cell in neuronal cultures. To achieve the efficient transfection with GFP or mCherry cDNA, HEK293 cell lines have to be in the exponential growth phase and seeded at the appropriate density in 6-well plates. Sparse seeding followed by transfection will cause cells to grow poorly, while over-seeding will prevent the cells from taking up the cDNA. Ideally, cells should be seeded so that they are between 70 - 90% confluent on the day of transfection. Thirdly, transfection must be optimized for each cell line used, as some cell lines are more sensitive than the others. This is because constitutive GABAAR expression in HEK293 cells reduces cell survival and the ability of cells to recover after transfection. Moreover, survival depends on the type of GABAARs expressed in HEK293 cells, with some cell lines being significantly more sensitive than the others. Transfection using liposomal reagent is an optimal method for expressing foreign proteins in fast growing cell lines, providing both the high transfection efficiency and level of expression. However, this reagent causes too much damage to slowly growing cell lines, for which we regularly use a non-liposomal transfection reagent. This works in a similar way to the liposomal reagent but the amount of DNA required for efficient transfection is significantly reduced. This allows greater cell survival (roughly 80 - 90% compared with 60% using liposomal reagent) but with lower transfection efficiency (60%). Lastly, the number of control HEK293 or &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2 HEK293 expressing cells added to neuronal cultures needs to be optimized. Adding too few cells compromises the successful analysis of contacts between HEK293 cells and neurons, because they become very rare. Conversely, adding too many HEK293 cells causes neuronal cell death within few hours.
Embryonic medium spiny neuron cultures should ideally be prepared using striatal tissue dissected from embryonic age 15 - 17. However, it often happens that embryos are slightly younger or older than the optimal age. In this case, the number of neurons seeded in culture will need to be varied. Tissue that is younger than E15 may need to be seeded at a slightly lower density, whilst tissue that is older than E17 may need to be seeded at a higher density, to allow optimal cell survival. Furthermore, cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) may need to be added to older cultures to prevent growth of glia, which is more abundant in older tissue.
When creating co-cultures, it is important to plate the optimized number of transfected HEK293 or &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2 HEK293 expressing cells, as mentioned above. However, it may be necessary to determine this for each individual cell line, because of differences in their survival. Typically 30,000 cells in a maximum volume of 50 &#956;l should be added to each well of a 24-well dish, which already contains 500 &#956;l of neuronal culture medium, as this ensures that the conditioned neuronal medium is not diluted too much and that the conditions within each well remain fairly constant, e.g. the concentration of growth factors. Adding volumes greater than 50 &#956;l to each well would generally kill the neurons.
One of the major disadvantages of the co-culture technique is that the neuronal cultures are created from dissociated cells grown as a monolayer, which means that the neurons have been removed from their normal microenvironment and are unable to establish their normal anatomical organization. Therefore they lack the appropriate connections, inputs and secreted molecules from other cells that may influence the initial stages of synapse development. For example, in vivo medium spiny neurons are densely innervated by glutamatergic inputs from the cortex, thalamus and other brain regions34, however, in our neuronal cultures glutamatergic synapses do not form because these inputs are damaged during dissection of the striatal tissue. How the absence of functional glutamatergic synapses in cultured medium spiny neurons affects their ability to form GABAergic synapses with each other and/or HEK293 cells expressing GABAARs remains an open question. This question could be easily addressed by culturing medium spiny neurons together with cortical glutamatergic neurons thereby allowing them to form functional synapses35 prior to the addition of HEK293 cells. An alternative approach would be to design a co-culture model system based on organotypic slice cultures, which maintain some of the cytoarchitecture which may be important for maturation and synapse formation. However, organotypic slice cultures have dense and heterogeneous neuropil which can compromise the analysis performed here. Another important disadvantage of using co-culture assays is that GABAARs expressed at the surface of HEK293 cells are not clustered as they are in neurons, although this appears not to be necessary for synapse formation given a high enough surface expression30. For example, in the rodent brain and in hippocampal cultures, the &#945;1 GABAAR subunit is found in most GABAergic synapses on all postsynaptic domains of pyramidal cells. However, the &#945;2 is specifically located in a subset of synapses on the somata and dendrites but is highly enriched in the axon initial segment, as revealed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy36. Given that synapse formation in the co-cultures can still be reliably detected and analyzed30, this suggests that the density of GABAARs at the cell surface of HEK293 cells may be similar to, or even higher than the density of these receptors within synaptic clusters in neurons. This can explain, at least in part, why synaptic adhesion proteins, such as neuroligin, and postsynaptic density proteins, such as gephyrin, are not necessary for synapse formation in the co-cultures, if the appropriately assembled GABAARs are present at sufficient density.
It is well documented that GABAARs are structurally and functionally heterogeneous, and that the receptor subunit composition determines their subcellular localization and pharmacological properties. For example, incorporation of the 2 subunits is known to be a prerequisite for the synaptic localization of GABAARs while the subunit is almost exclusively present in extrasynaptic GABAARs. The receptors that incorporate only &#945;&#946; combinations are also thought to be predominantly localized to the extrasynaptic domains12-14. Whether this specificity is maintained in our co-culture system can be easily tested by transiently transfecting 2 or subunit cDNAs into HEK293 cell lines stably expressing &#945; and &#946; subunits, before adding them to neuronal cultures. Our preliminary experiments using this approach have suggested that synaptic contacts are readily formed only in the presence of the 2 subunit, indicating that the specificity observed in vivo is likely to be preserved in vitro (data not shown).
Furthermore, GABAARs incorporating different &#945; subunits are selectively localized to synaptic contacts formed with specific types of presynaptic neurons. For example, in the globus pallidus, the &#945;1-GABAARs are generally found at striatopallidal (str-GP) and palliopallidal (GP-GP) synapses, which are located on dendrites and somatic regions of the medium spiny neurons, respectively. The &#945;3-GABAARs are located in perisomatic regions of medium spiny neurons and are contacted by local GP axon collaterals, whilst the &#945;2-GABAARs are located on distal dendrites of these neurons and contacted primarily by inputs from the striatum32. Expression of specific &#945; subunits in different types of synapses and in different neuronal compartments has also been demonstrated in other brain areas such as hippocampus21 and neocortex18,20. These findings raise the question as to how the specific inhibitory synapses are formed in the brain. Does the adhesion of a specific type of presynaptic terminal induce the insertion of specific GABAAR subtypes into the points of contact? Are the receptors trafficked to specific subcellular locations according to their subunit composition, where their plasma membrane insertion is a prerequisite for the adhesion of axonal terminals of specific origin? To date, these questions remain unanswered. The use of reduced model systems such as the co-culture model system, allow us to start answering this complex questions because the system is easily amenable to transfection of DNA constructs and application of reagents and, importantly, it is suitable for live cell imaging analysis30. Thus, using this model system we can start testing the role of individual molecules, including different types of GABAARs, known to be present at synaptic contacts. Another advantage is that synapses in this model system form rapidly, within minutes to hours, reducing the duration of experiments. Similar co-culture model systems were successfully employed in the past to screen for the novel synaptogenic molecules27,37,38.
Understanding how the central nervous system develops, matures and forms connections between neurons so intricately to control, for example, behavior or cognition, is of fundamental importance. This distant aim will only be achieved by delineating the molecular mechanisms that govern the individual steps of recognition and cell-to-cell communication during development. Due to sheer complexity, the molecular details of these multiple cellular interactions can currently be studied with precision only in reduced systems. However, the ability to increase the complexity of these systems by expressing multiple combinations of proteins and studying how they interact has some advantages in comparison with, for example, genetic deletion approaches. This is because the accurate interpretation of the effects of a single gene deletion is often compromised by changes associated with compensatory mechanisms masking the effects of original lesions, particularly in the developing brain. The simple yet informative co-culture technique described here has allowed a discovery of the structural role of GABAARs in synapse formation and opened a possibility to investigate how GABAARs and other cell adhesion molecules and/or synaptic matrix proteins interact with each other during synaptogenesis. Synaptic matrix proteins are of particular interest given that they have recently been demonstrated to play a key role in glutamatergic synapse formation39. Further development of co-culture models is important because they have the potential to advance our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms which guide the &#8216;normal&#8217; brain development and thus increase our understanding of how these mechanisms are altered in many neurodevelopmental diseases, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and many others.

GABA is one of the earliest neurotransmitters found in the embryonic brain, preceding the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate1. During development, GABA depolarizes and excites immature neurons, playing a key role in regulating cell proliferation, migration and formation of neuronal networks without inducing excitotoxicity. In the adult brain, the reversal potential for GABAA receptor channels is shifted to more negative potentials due to a decrease in the intracellular concentration of chloride. This shift is caused by up-regulation of the potassium-chloride co-transporter (KCC2), which transports chloride out of the cell, and, in parallel, down-regulation of the sodium-potassium-chloride transporter (NKCC1), which has the opposite effect2.
In the brain, GABA primarily binds to either GABAA or GABAB receptors to mediate fast or slow synaptic inhibition, respectively. GABAARs are a class of receptors also known as heteropentameric ionotropic or ligand-gated Cys-loop ion channels. Two molecules of GABA are required for activation of the receptor, which is permeable to chloride ions and to a lesser degree, bicarbonate ions. The increase in chloride conductance decreases the effectiveness of depolarizing, excitatory events in activating the postsynaptic neuron3.
Structural diversity of GABAARs has long been recognized as a key factor in determining their wide range of functional and pharmacological properties. Native GABAARs are hetero-pentamers composed of subunits with multiple isoforms classified as: &#945;(1-6), &#946;(1-3), &#947;(1-3), &#948;, &#949;, &#960; and &#952;3, with a common transmembrane topology comprising a large N-terminal extracellular domain, four transmembrane domains (TMs), and a major intracellular domain between TMs 3 and 44. The &#946;3 and &#947;2 subunits are essential for synaptic inhibition and organism survival, because mice bearing genetic deletion of these subunits die after birth5,6. In contrast, individual isoforms of &#945; subunit are important for the function of specific synaptic connections in the brain associated with different behaviors such as anxiety, sedation, arousal, and others, but are not, individually, essential for life7-9. GABAARs are the main sites of action for a variety of drugs with potent sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, neurosteroids and anesthetics7,10,11.
Synaptic GABAARs typically contain a &#947;2 subunit, two &#946; subunits (most commonly &#946;2 or &#946;3) and two &#945; subunits (&#945;1, &#945;2, &#945;3 or &#945;5)12,13. The predominant class of extra-synaptic receptors contains the &#948; subunit in combination with two &#945; subunits (&#945;4 or &#945;6), and two &#946; subunits (&#946;2 or &#946;3)14. Subcellular localization of GABAARs to axons, dendrites or soma, and insertion into the plasma membrane are dependent on the presence of &#946;-subunits15,16. However, selective incorporation of different GABAAR subtypes into distinct types of synapses correlates well with the presence of specific &#945; subunits (&#945;1, &#945;2, &#945;3 or &#945;5)7,17,18. Importantly, deletion of &#945;1 or &#945;2 subunit in mice causes ultrastructural changes at inhibitory synapses19. This suggests that GABAARs themselves may play a direct role in regulating synapse formation.
Evidence indicates that GABAergic synapse development is a precisely co-ordinated sequence of events, in which both the neuronal targets contacted by different types of inhibitory axons and the receptors that are clustered at each class of inhibitory synapse are selective and functionally attuned17,20-22. This fundamental principle of specificity at GABAergic synapses raises the question as to how the pre- and postsynaptic partners recognize each other during the initiation of synaptic contacts.
In vitro co-culture assays have been applied successfully to study some of the mechanisms of synapse formation and to test the role of individual synaptic cleft-spanning proteins in this process. One of the common trans-synaptic interacting protein combinations that function bi-directionally to mediate synapse formation and maturation, are the Neurexins (Nrxns) and Neuroligins (NLs). Nrxns are presynaptic proteins that exhibit alternative splicing within their laminin-neurexin-sex hormone-binding protein domains, giving rise to many different isoforms23. While the Nrxns also interact with other proteins, NLs are thought to be their ubiquitous postsynaptic partners24. Together these proteins contribute to holding the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes in close and rigid apposition25. The two most abundant isoforms are NL-1 and NL-2 which are present at excitatory and inhibitory synapses, respectively26. One of the earliest co-culture model systems, designed to investigate trans-synaptic protein interactions, employed different types of non-neuronal cells, most commonly immortal cell lines such as Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells, to over-express NL-2. When these cells were cultured with pontine neurons, an accumulation of presynaptic proteins in close proximity to the surface of the HEK cells was observed, indicating formation of synapse-like contacts. Addition of soluble &#946;-neurexin to these co-cultures inhibited the formation of contacts, suggesting that trans-synaptic interactions between Nrxns and NLs are necessary for synaptic contact formation27. Moreover, transient expression of &#946;-neurexin in COS (CV-1 (simian) in Origin, and carrying the SV40 genetic material) cells co-cultured with dissociated hippocampal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons induced expression of the postsynaptic protein gephryin and of GABAAR subunits &#947;2 and &#945;2 at points of contact between these two cells types28. Another example of a co-culture model used to study synapse formation involved HEK293 cells, transiently transfected with GABAAR subunits &#945;2/&#946;3/&#947;2 and NL-2, and a mixed population of hypothalamic neurons29. This study concluded that the expression of NL-2 is an absolute requirement for formation of inhibitory synapses.
However, in the recent co-culture study, stably transfected &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2 GABAARs in HEK293 cells were found to be sufficient to induce functional synapses when co-cultured with GABAergic medium spiny neurons, without the need for additional trans-synaptic or postsynaptic adhesion proteins. However, a prominent increase in synapse formation and strength was observed when NL-2 was co-expressed with GABAARs30. This indicates that this co-culture model system has advantages over previously described model systems, most evidently an increased sensitivity and reliability of synaptic contact detection. Two important factors contributing to the overall improvement in detection of synaptic contacts are: i) The use of stably transfected HEK293 cell lines with high and consistent expression of GABAAR subunits at the surface of individual cells. This consistency facilitates quantitative comparisons between different co-culture conditions. ii) The use of a pure population of GABAergic medium spiny neurons cultured from the embryonic striatum31 removes complications and ambiguities resulting from the use of mixed neuronal populations and allows, for example, selection of the most appropriate postsynaptic GABAAR types that can be compared with each other during synapse formation.
Formation of synapses is thought to involve many trans-synaptic signals within pre- and postsynaptic cell adhesion complexes. Due to the bi-directional nature of synaptic signaling and the sheer numbers of cell adhesion molecules, it is difficult to identify key components involved in synapse formation. Thus, transfecting a single cell adhesion protein into a non-neuronal cell (in this case, the two most prevalent postsynaptic targets for GABAergic medium spiny neurons in vivo,&#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2 or &#945;1/&#946;3/&#947;2 GABAARs32) greatly reduces the complexity of trans-synaptic signals available at the postsynaptic surface and allows precise quantitative analysis of the efficacy of this protein in promoting synapse formation.

<table><tbody><tr><td>DMEM (Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle Medium)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11960-044</td><td>Warm in water bath at 37 &amp;deg;C before use</td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25030-024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15070-063</td><td>Danger: irritant</td></tr><tr><td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10106-169</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neuralbasal</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>21103-049</td><td>Warm in water bath at 37 &amp;deg;C before use</td></tr><tr><td>B27 Supplement</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>17504-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G8769</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HBSS (10X)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14180-046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES (1M)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15630-056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS (1X)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10010-031</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pcDNA 3.1&lt;sup&gt;(+)&lt;/sup&gt; Mammalian Expression Vector (Geneticin-selection)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>V790-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pcDNA 3.1&lt;sup&gt;(+)&lt;/sup&gt; Mammalian Expression Vector (Zeocin-selection)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>V860-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pcDNA 3.1&lt;sup&gt;(+)&lt;/sup&gt; Mammalian Expression Vector (Hygromycin-selection)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>V870-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stable HEK&amp;alpha;1&amp;beta;2&amp;gamma;2 line</td><td>Sanofi-Synthelabo, Paris</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-lysine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P1149</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>G418 disulfate salt (Geneticin)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5013</td><td>Danger: irritant</td></tr><tr><td>Phleomycin D1 (Zeocin)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>R25001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hygromycin B</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10687-010</td><td>Danger: toxic, irritant and corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25300-054</td><td>Warm in water bath at 37 &amp;deg;C before use. Danger: irritant.</td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P6282</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laminin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L2020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;mu;m Nylon Cell Strainer</td><td>VWR</td><td>734-0004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cytosine &amp;beta;-D-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C1768</td><td>Danger: Irritant</td></tr><tr><td>Chelating agent (Versene)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15040-033</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Liposomal transfection reagent (Lipofectamine LTX) with liposomal transfection buffering reagent (PLUS reagent).</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15338-100</td><td>Alternative transfection method: Effectene Reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Non-liposomal transfection reagent (Effectene reagent)</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>301425</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reduced serum medium (Opti-MEM)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11058-021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-Synaptotagmin antibody conjugated to Cy5</td><td>Synaptic Systems</td><td>105311C5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal A</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10888-022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td><td>VWR</td><td>27810.364</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G1726</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A3294</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guinea pig anti-&amp;gamma;2 GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt; receptor antibody</td><td>Prof. Jean Marc Fritschy</td><td>N/A</td><td>(Institute of Zurich, Switzerland) Fritschy, JM and Mohler, H. &lt;em&gt;J. Comp. Neurol.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;359&lt;/strong&gt; (1), 154-194 (1995).</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Promega</td><td>H5141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD)65 antibody</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>MAB351</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-synapsin antibody</td><td>Synaptic Systems</td><td>106-011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-&amp;beta;2/3 antibody (BD17)</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>MAB341</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti-&amp;alpha;1 GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt; receptor antibody</td><td>Professor Anne Stephenson</td><td>N/A</td><td>(UCL School of Pharmacy, London) FA Stephenson &lt;em&gt;et al. J. Comp. Neurol.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;416&lt;/strong&gt; (2), 158-172</td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-guinea pig conjugated to Cy5 antibody</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>AP1085</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 antibody</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>AP124S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 405 antibody</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A31553</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 555 antibody</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A21422</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 antibody</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mounting reagent (Prolong Gold)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P36930</td><td>Use at room temperature</td></tr></tbody></table>

inhibitory synapse formation in a co-culture model incorporating gabaergic medium spiny neurons and hek293 cells stably expressing gabaa receptors

Inhibitory neurons act in the central nervous system to regulate the dynamics and spatio-temporal co-ordination of neuronal networks. GABA (&#947;-aminobutyric acid) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is released from the presynaptic terminals of inhibitory neurons within highly specialized intercellular junctions known as synapses, where it binds to GABAA receptors (GABAARs) present at the plasma membrane of the synapse-receiving, postsynaptic neurons. Activation of these GABA-gated ion channels leads to influx of chloride resulting in postsynaptic potential changes that decrease the probability that these neurons will generate action potentials. 
During development, diverse types of inhibitory neurons with distinct morphological, electrophysiological and neurochemical characteristics have the ability to recognize their target neurons and form synapses which incorporate specific GABAARs subtypes. This principle of selective innervation of neuronal targets raises the question as to how the appropriate synaptic partners identify each other. 
To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, a novel in vitro co-culture model system was established, in which medium spiny GABAergic neurons, a highly homogenous population of neurons isolated from the embryonic striatum, were cultured with stably transfected HEK293 cell lines that express different GABAAR subtypes. Synapses form rapidly, efficiently and selectively in this system, and are easily accessible for quantification. Our results indicate that various GABAAR subtypes differ in their ability to promote synapse formation, suggesting that this reduced in vitro model system can be used to reproduce, at least in part, the in vivo conditions required for the recognition of the appropriate synaptic partners and formation of specific synapses. Here the protocols for culturing the medium spiny neurons and generating HEK293 cells lines expressing GABAARs are first described, followed by detailed instructions on how to combine these two cell types in co-culture and analyze the formation of synaptic contacts.

The protocol for this neuron-HEK293 cell co-culture model system has been finely tuned to allow optimal cell survival. In this system, formation of synapse-like contacts and their analysis relies on stable and consistent expression of all three GABAAR subunits which assemble into a functional receptor. It is therefore important to use immunocytochemical analysis to test for subunit expression at the surface of HEK293 cell before adding them to neuronal cultures. In these experiments, cell surface expression of &#945;1, &#946;2 and &#947;2 subunits (Figure 1A), or &#945;1, &#946;3 and &#947;2 subunits (Figure 1B), was detected using subunit-specific antibodies which bind to the extracellular epitopes of these subunits. A high degree of co-localization between these subunits at the HEK293 surface was demonstrated.
After confirming the surface expression and co-localization of GABAAR subunits in HEK293 cells, co-cultures were prepared using HEK293 cells expressing &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2 GABAAR subunits and medium spiny neurons cultured for 14 days (14 days in vitro (DIV)). Cells in co-culture were incubated for 24 hr, fixed and analyzed using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. Analysis of contacts indicated that GAD65-positive GABAergic axon terminals formed only sporadic contacts with the control HEK293 cells (Figure 2A, 2B). The number of contacts detected at 4 hr was 7.3 &#177; 0.9 per HEK293 cell, and this number was reduced to 5.5 &#177; 0.5 connections (mean &#177; SEM) per HEK293 cell at 24 hr after adding HEK293 cells to the cultured neurons. In contrast, GAD65-positive GABAergic axon terminals formed numerous synapse-like contacts with HEK293 cells expressing GABAARs. The number of contacts obtained at 4 hr after adding HEK293 cells was 28.3 &#177; 4.7 per HEK293 cell, and this number was further increased to 52.1 &#177; 6.3 (mean &#177; SEM) per HEK293 cell at 24 hr in co-culture (Figure 2A, 2B).
To determine whether these synapse-like contacts were &#8216;active,&#8217; i.e. supported vesicular transmitter release, a vesicle-luminal domain-specific anti-synaptotagmin Cy5-conjugated antibody was added to the co-culture medium after 23 hours of incubation. This antibody is only incorporated into presynaptic nerve terminals when a pore forms between the synaptic vesicle lumen and the extracellular fluid in the synaptic cleft during neurotransmitter release. Following release, the pore closes, leaving the synaptotagmin Cy5-conjugated fluorescent antibody attached to synaptotagmin inside the vesicle. In this way, only the vesicles actively engaged in neurotransmitter release are labeled with the antibody. In these experiments few if any contacts between the control HEK293 cells and the medium spiny neuron terminals were &#8216;active&#8217; as shown by the lack of co-localization between the presynaptic GAD65/synaptotagmin fluorescence and mCherry fluorescence in HEK293 cells (Figure 3A). In contrast, many &#8216;active&#8217; contacts were formed between the medium spiny neuron terminals and &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2-expressing HEK293 cells, as revealed by a high degree of co-localization between GAD65/synaptotagmin and mCherry, expressed specifically in HEK293 cells (Figure 3B).
To test whether a different subtype of GABAAR can also promote synapse-like formation in vitro, we have co-cultured &#945;1/&#946;3/&#947;2 expressing HEK293 cells with medium spiny neurons. Again, control HEK293 cells rarely received contacts with synapsin-positive presynaptic terminals reaching 10.8 &#177; 0.48 (mean &#177; SEM) contacts per HEK293 cell after 24 hr in co-culture (Figure 4A left, 4B). However, HEK293 cells expressing &#945;1/&#946;3/&#947;2 GABAARs form significantly more synapse-like contacts with synapsin-positive presynaptic terminals of medium spiny neurons reaching 25.3 &#177; 0.27 (mean &#177; SEM) contacts per HEK293 cell after 24 hr in co-culture (Figure 4A right, 4B). This indicates that &#945;1/&#946;3/&#947;2 GABAARs expressed in HEK293 cells are also able to promote synaptic contact formation, albeit their potency is lower than the potency of &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2-containing GABAARs.
These experiments indicate that the co-culture model system developed in our laboratory permits quantitative analysis of synaptic contact formation in vitro as well as evaluation of the efficacy of different subtypes of GABAARs in this process. These experiments further demonstrate that GABAARs, in addition to being critical functional components of GABAergic synapses, may play a key role in the process of recognition and formation of synaptic contacts between inhibitory neurons and the appropriate neuronal target cells, independently of other synaptic adhesion proteins.
<img alt="Figure 1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52115/52115fig1highres.jpg" width="600" /> 
Figure 1. Immunocytochemical analysis of expression of GABAAR &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2 or &#945;1/&#946;3/&#947;2 in stable HEK293 cell lines. Antibodies recognizing the extracellular domains of GABAAR subunits were used to label receptors expressed at the cell surface. (A) HEK293 cell line expressing &#945;1 (Alexa Fluor 488), &#946;2 (Alexa Fluor 555) and &#947;2 (Cy5) at high levels. (B) HEK293 cell line expressing &#945;1 (Alexa Fluor 488), &#946;2 (Alexa Fluor 555) and &#947;2 (Cy5) subunits at high levels. Scale bar: 10 &#956;m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52115/52115fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52115/52115fig2highres.jpg" width="600" /> 
Figure 2. GABAergic medium spiny neurons form synapse-like contacts with &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2- expressing HEK293 cells in co-culture. (A) Fluorescent labeling of presynaptic terminals with anti-GAD65 antibodies (in green) and HEK293 cells with mCherry (in red, left) or the GABAAR &#947;2 subunit (in blue, right), revealed points of co-localization between these markers indicating formation of synapse-like contacts after 4 or 24 hr in co-culture. Scale bar: 10 &#956;m. (B) Quantitative analysis of synapse-like contacts. HEK293 cells were identified based on their shape as revealed by DIC imaging and/or mCherry expression, and the number of contacts between GAD-65 positive puncta (in green) and the surface of HEK293 cells was counted by eye in each optical section of a Z-stack series (8 - 10) per cell using the imaging software, and expressed as the number of contacts/cell. The graph shows the number of contacts between medium spiny neurons and control HEK293 cells (light grey) or &#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2-HEK293 cells(black) after 4 and 24 hr in co-culture (mean &#177; SEM, n = 8 in each condition from two independent experiments). This figure has been modified from Fuchs et al. (2013)30. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52115/52115fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52115/52115fig3highres.jpg" width="600" /> 
Figure 3. GABAARs promote formation of active synaptic contacts. Immunolabeling of synapse-like contacts formed after 24 hours in co-culture between medium spiny neuron terminals positive for GAD65 (Alexa Fluor 405 cyan) and (A) control HEK293 cells, or (B) HEK293-&#945;1/&#946;2/&#947;2 cells, both transiently transfected with mCherry construct (red). Active contacts are identified by co-localization between the vesicle luminal domain-specific anti-synaptotagmin antibody (Cy5) and GAD65-specific antibody both in presynaptic terminals, and mCherry expressed in HEK293 cells. Scale bar: 10 &#956;m. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52115/52115fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52115/52115fig4highres.jpg" width="600" /> 
Figure 4. GABAergic medium spiny neurons form synapse-like contacts with &#945;1/&#946;3/&#947;2- subunit expressing HEK293 cells in co-culture. (A) Fluorescent labeling of presynaptic terminals with anti-synapsin I antibodies (in green), and control HEK293 cells (left), or &#945;1/&#946;3/&#947;2 expressing HEK293 cells, both transiently transfected with mCherry (in red), revealed points of co-localization between these markers indicating the formation of synapse-like contacts after 24 hr in co-culture. Scale bar: 10 &#956;m. (B) Quantitative analysis of synapse-like contacts. HEK293 cells were identified by mCherry expression, and the number of contacts between synapsin I-positive puncta (in green) and the surface of HEK293 cells was counted by eye in each optical section of a Z-stack series (8 - 10) per cell using imaging software, and expressed as the number of contacts/cell. The graph shows the number of contacts between medium spiny neurons and control HEK293 cells (light grey) or &#945;1/&#946;3/&#947;2-HEK293 cells(black) after 24 hr in co-culture (mean &#177; SEM, n = 8-12 cells in each condition, from two independent experiments). <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52115/52115fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors at JoVE.com

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

The molecular mechanisms that co-ordinate the formation of inhibitory GABAergic synapses during ontogeny are largely unknown. To study these processes,we have developed a co-culture model system which incorporates embryonic medium spiny GABAergic neurons cultured together with stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing functional GABAA receptors.

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Inhibitory neurons act in the central nervous system to regulate the dynamics and spatio-temporal co-ordination of neuronal networks. GABA ...

inhibitory-synapse-formation-co-culture-model-incorporating-gabaergic

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

17.3K Views.  University College London. The molecular mechanisms that co-ordinate the formation of inhibitory GABAergic synapses during ontogeny are largely unknown. To study these processes,we have developed a co-culture model system which incorporates embryonic medium spiny GABAergic neurons cultured together with stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing functional GABAA receptors.

Video: Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Synaptic Microcircuit Modeling with 3D Cocultures of Astrocytes and Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

A barrier to our understanding of how various cell types and signals contribute to synaptic circuit function is the lack of relevant models for studying the human brain. One emerging technology to address this issue is the use of three dimensional (3D) neural cell cultures, termed &#39;organoids&#39; or &#39;spheroids&#39;, for long term preservation of intercellular interactions including extracellular adhesion molecules. However, these culture systems are time consuming and not systematically generated. Here, we detail a method to rapidly and consistently produce 3D cocultures of neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. First, pre-differentiated astrocytes and neuronal progenitors are dissociated and counted. Next, cells are combined in sphere-forming dishes with a Rho-Kinase inhibitor and at specific ratios to produce spheres of reproducible size. After several weeks of culture as floating spheres, cocultures (&#39;asteroids&#39;) are finally sectioned for immunostaining or plated upon multielectrode arrays to measure synaptic density and strength. In general, it is expected that this protocol will yield 3D neural spheres that display mature cell-type restricted markers, form functional synapses, and exhibit spontaneous synaptic network burst activity. Together, this system permits drug screening and investigations into mechanisms of disease in a more suitable model compared to monolayer cultures.

In this protocol, we aim to describe a reproducible method for combining dissociated human pluripotent stem cell derived neurons and astrocytes together into 3D sphere cocultures, maintaining these spheres in free floating conditions, and subsequently measuring synaptic circuit activity of the spheres with immunoanalysis and multielectrode array recordings.

A barrier to our understanding of how various cell types and signals contribute to synaptic circuit function is the lack of relevant models for studying ...

Developmental Biology

Using an &#945;-Bungarotoxin Binding Site Tag to Study GABA A Receptor Membrane Localization and Trafficking

It is increasingly evident that neurotransmitter receptors, including ionotropic GABA A receptors (GABAAR), exhibit highly dynamic trafficking and cell surface mobility1-7. To study receptor cell surface localization and endocytosis, the technique described here combines the use of fluorescent &#945;-bungarotoxin with cells expressing constructs containing an &#945;-bungarotoxin (Bgt) binding site (BBS). The BBS (WRYYESSLEPYPD) is based on the &#945; subunit of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which binds Bgt with high affinity8,9. Incorporation of the BBS site allows surface localization and measurements of receptor insertion or removal with application of exogenous fluorescent Bgt, as previously described in the tracking of GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptors2,10. In addition to the BBS site, we inserted a pH-sensitive GFP (pHGFP11) between amino acids 4 and 5 of the mature GABAAR subunit by standard molecular biology and PCR cloning strategies (see Figure 1)12. The BBS is 3&#39; of the pH-sensitive GFP reporter, separated by a 13-amino acid alanine/proline linker. For trafficking studies described in this publication that are based on fixed samples, the pHGFP serves as a reporter of total tagged GABAAR subunit protein levels, allowing normalization of the Bgt labeled receptor population to total receptor population. This minimizes cell to cell Bgt staining signal variability resulting from higher or lower baseline expression of the tagged GABAAR subunits. Furthermore the pHGFP tag enables easy identification of construct expressing cells for live or fixed imaging experiments.

Here we demonstrate the use of fluorescent Alexa dye coupled to &#945;-bungarotoxin to measure GABA A receptor surface localization and endocytosis in hippocampal neurons. Through the use of constructs bearing a short extracellular tag that binds &#945;-bungarotoxin, analysis of plasma membrane protein endocytic trafficking can be achieved.

It is increasingly evident that neurotransmitter receptors, including ionotropic GABA A receptors (GABAAR), exhibit highly dynamic trafficking and cell ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic hippocampal neurons can often grow successfully on glass coverslips at high density under serum-free conditions, but low density cultures typically require a supply of trophic factors by co-culturing them with a glia feeder layer, preparation of which can be time-consuming and laborious. In addition, the presence of glia may confound interpretation of results and preclude studies on neuron-specific mechanisms. Here, a simplified method is presented for ultra-low density (~2,000 neurons/cm2), long-term (&#62;3 months) primary hippocampal neuron culture that is under serum free conditions and without glia cell support. Low density neurons are grown on poly-D-lysine coated coverslips, and flipped on high density neurons grown in a 24-well plate. Instead of using paraffin dots to create a space between the two neuronal layers, the experimenters can simply etch the plastic bottom of the well, on which the high density neurons reside, to create a microspace conducive to low density neuron growth. The co-culture can be easily maintained for &#62;3 months without significant loss of low density neurons, thus facilitating the morphological and physiological study of these neurons. To illustrate this successful culture condition, data are provided to show profuse synapse formation in low density cells after prolonged culture. This co-culture system also facilitates the survival of sparse individual neurons grown in islands of poly-D-lysine substrates and thus the formation of autaptic connections.

Low density cultures of primary hippocampal neurons usually require glia feeder layer to supply neurotrophic factors and sustain longevity. We describe here a simplified method to culture ultra-low density neurons on glass coverslips in the presence of a high density neuronal feeder layer, which facilitates investigation of specific neuronal-autonomous mechanisms.

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic ...

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly controlled formation and maintenance of complex neuronal networks are not completely understood thus far. The open questions concerning neurons in health and disease are diverse and reaching from understanding the basic development to investigating human related pathologies, e.g.,&#160;Alzheimer&#39;s disease and&#160;Schizophrenia. The most detailed analysis of neurons can be performed in vitro. However, neurons are demanding cells and need the additional support of astrocytes for their long-term survival. This cellular heterogeneity is in conflict with the aim to dissect the analysis of neurons and astrocytes. We present here a cell-culture assay that allows for the long-term cocultivation of pure primary neurons and astrocytes, which share the same chemically defined medium, while being physically separated. In this setup, the cultures survive for up to four weeks and the assay is suitable for a diversity of investigations concerning neuron-glia interaction.

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

This protocol describes the indirect neuron-astrocyte coculture for compartmentalized analysis of neuron-glia interactions.

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly ...

Methods for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Modulating a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Neurotransmission

This manuscript presents a step-by-step protocol for screening compounds at gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and its use towards the identification of novel molecules active in preclinical assays from an in vitro recombinant receptor to their pharmacological effects at native receptors in rodent brain slices. For compounds binding at the benzodiazepine site of the receptor, the first step is to set up a primary screen that consists of developing radioligand binding assays on cell membranes expressing the major GABAA subtypes. Then, taking advantage of the heterologous expression of rodent and human GABAA receptors in Xenopus oocytes or HEK 293 cells, it is possible to explore, in electrophysiological assays, the physiological properties of the different receptor subtypes and the pharmacological properties of the identified compounds. The Xenopus oocyte system will be presented here, starting with the isolation of the oocytes and their microinjection with different mRNAs, up to the pharmacological characterization using two-electrode voltage clamps. Finally, recordings conducted in rodent brain slices will be described that are used as a secondary physiological test to assess the activity of molecules at their native receptors in a well-defined neuronal circuit. Extracellular recordings using population responses of multiple neurons are demonstrated together with the drug application.

Here, we present protocols to discover compounds active at GABAA receptors, from the binding to the physiology and pharmacology.

This manuscript presents a step-by-step protocol for screening compounds at gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and its use towards the ...

Primary Cell Culture of Purified GABAergic or Glutamatergic Neurons Established through Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

The overall goal of this protocol is to generate purified neuronal cultures derived from either GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons. Purified neurons can be cultured in defined media for 16 days in vitro and are amenable to any analyses typically performed on dissociated cultures, including electrophysiological, morphological and survival analyses. The major advantage of these cultures is that specific cell types can be selectively studied in the absence of complex external influences, such as those arising from glial cells or other neuron types. When planning experiments with purified cells, however, it is important to note that neurons strongly depend on glia-conditioned media for their growth and survival. In addition, glutamatergic neurons further depend on glia-secreted factors for the establishment of synaptic transmission. We therefore also describe a method for co-culturing neurons and glial cells in a non-contact arrangement. Using these methods, we have identified major differences between the development of GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal networks. Thus, studying cultures of purified neurons has great potential for furthering our understanding of how the nervous system develops and functions. Moreover, purified cultures may be useful for investigating the direct action of pharmacological agents, growth factors or for exploring the consequences of genetic manipulations on specific cell types. As more and more transgenic animals become available, labeling additional specific cell types of interest, we expect that the protocols described here will grow in their applicability and potential.

This protocol describes a cell sorting based method for the purification and culture of fluorescent GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons from the neocortex and hippocampus of postnatal mice or rats.

The overall goal of this protocol is to generate purified neuronal cultures derived from either GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons. Purified neurons can ...

Establishment of an Electrophysiological Platform for Modeling ALS with Regionally-Specific Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes and Neurons

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) and neurons (hiPSC-N) provide a powerful tool for modeling Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) pathophysiology in vitro. Multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings are a means to record electrical field potentials from large populations of neurons and analyze network activity over time. It was previously demonstrated that the presence of hiPSC-A that are differentiated using techniques to promote a spinal cord astrocyte phenotype improved maturation and electrophysiological activity of regionally specific spinal cord hiPSC-motor neurons (MN) when compared to those cultured without hiPSC-A or in the presence of rodent astrocytes. Described here is a method to co-culture spinal cord hiPSC-A with hiPSC-MN and record electrophysiological activity using MEA recordings. While the differentiation protocols described here are particular to astrocytes and neurons that are regionally specific to the spinal cord, the co-culturing platform can be applied to astrocytes and neurons differentiated with techniques specific to other fates, including cortical hiPSC-A and hiPSC-N. These protocols aim to provide an electrophysiological assay to inform about glia-neuron interactions and provide a platform for testing drugs with therapeutic potential in ALS.

We describe a method for differentiating spinal cord human induced pluripotent-derived astrocytes and neurons and their co-culture for electrophysiological recording.

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) and neurons (hiPSC-N) provide a powerful tool for modeling Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) ...

Easy and Reproducible Low-Density Primary Culture using Frozen Stock of Embryonic Hippocampal Neurons

Neuronal culture is a valuable system for evaluating synaptic functions and drug screenings. In particular, a low-density culture of primary hippocampal neurons allows the study of individual neurons or subcellular components. We have shown subcellular protein localization within a neuron by immunocytochemistry, neuronal polarity, synaptic morphology, and its developmental change using a low-density primary hippocampal culture. Recently, ready-to-use frozen stocks of neurons have become commercially available. These frozen stocks of neurons reduce the time needed to prepare animal experiments and also contribute to the reduction of the number of animals used. Here, we introduce a reproducible low-density primary culture method using a 96-well plate. We used a commercially available frozen stock of neurons from the rat embryonic hippocampus. The neurons can be stably cultured long-term without media changes by reducing the growth of glial cells at particular timepoints. This high-throughput assay using low-density culture allows reproducible imaging-based evaluations of synaptic plasticity.

A ready-to-use frozen stock of neurons is a powerful tool for evaluating synaptic functions. Here, we introduce an easy low-density primary culture from frozen stock using a 96-well plate.

Neuronal culture is a valuable system for evaluating synaptic functions and drug screenings. In particular, a low-density culture of primary hippocampal ...

Assessing Glutamatergic Neurons and Glioma Cells Interactions in a Co-Culture

Source: Fuchs, Q. et. al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/62748">Co-culture of Glutamatergic Neurons and Pediatric High-Grade Glioma Cells Into Microfluidic Devices to Assess Electrical Interactions.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2021)
This video demonstrates the assessment of neuronal electrical activity in a co-culture of hiPSC-derived cortical glutamatergic neurons and glioma cells using a microfluidic device with multielectrode arrays.

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.&#160;
1. Co-culture protocol

	...

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABA_A Receptors

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Chapters in this video

Synaptic Microcircuit Modeling with 3D Cocultures of Astrocytes and Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Using an α-Bungarotoxin Binding Site Tag to Study GABA A Receptor Membrane Localization and Trafficking

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

Methods for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Modulating a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Neurotransmission

Primary Cell Culture of Purified GABAergic or Glutamatergic Neurons Established through Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Establishment of an Electrophysiological Platform for Modeling ALS with Regionally-Specific Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes and Neurons

Easy and Reproducible Low-Density Primary Culture using Frozen Stock of Embryonic Hippocampal Neurons

Assessing Glutamatergic Neurons and Glioma Cells Interactions in a Co-Culture