Name: testing tactile masking between the forearms
Uploaded: 2016-02-10T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 5 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms at JoVE.com

LRH 캐나다의 자연 과학 및 공학 연구위원회 (NSERC)에 의해 지원되었다. SD는 부분적으로 프로그램을 만들 NSERC에서 지원되었다.

실험의 모든 뉴욕 윤리위원회에 의해 승인되었고, 모든 참가자는 동의서 양식에 서명했다. 실험은 헬싱키 협정에 따라 수행 하였다. 1. 자극 <ol><li> 촉각 감지 자극 <ol><li> 100 밀리 초 250 Hz에서 진동 촉각 자극을 제공하기 위해 tactor (1.17 &quot;지름 0.30&quot;두께)를 사용합니다. 특수 제작 tactor 사용 주행 량과인가 전압 사이의 선형 관계를 제공한다. </li><li> 64 비트 사운드 카드와 촉각 자극의 전달을 제어 할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> tactor를 구동하기 위해, 스피커로 취급합니다. 64 비트 컴퓨터 스테레오 사운드 카드 스테레오 오디오 앰프를 연결합니다. 앰프 (예를 들어, &#39;좌측 스피커 아웃&#39;)의 출력 중 하나에 tactor를 연결합니다. 파에 청각 신호를 제공하기 위해 정규 스피커로 증폭기의 제 2 채널 (예를 들어, &#39;오른쪽 스피커 출력&#39;)를 연결, 참가자. </li><li> 실험을 제어하는 컴퓨터 코드 (tactor (기간 100 밀리의 예를 들면, 250 Hz의 사인파)를 진동하도록 사용되는 파형 및 청각 신호의 또 다른 파형을 생성 예와 3000 Hz의 사인파 100 밀리의 기간). 보조 코드 파일에 예제 코드 1을 참조하십시오. </li><li> 2 차원 어레이로 두 파형을 각각 넣는다. tactor 배열의 첫 번째 차원에서 신호를 넣어 모두 0으로 두 번째 차원을 설정합니다. 사운드 어레이의 제 2 영역 신호를 넣어 모두 0 첫번째 세트. 프로그램의 해당 지점에서 사운드 카드에 대한 적절한 배열을 재생합니다. 이 작업을 수행하는 방법의 데모에 대한 보충 코드 파일에 예제 코드 1을 참조하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 기계 기반 체결 제품과 함께 스트랩 tactor를 연결합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 마스킹 자극 <ol><li> 하, 전기에 의해 마스킹 자극을 제공진동기 (4cm 직경 83 Hz의는 &quot;낮은&quot;에 설정 한 경우) ND-개최했다. </li><li> 마스킹 시험되는 지역에 기초하여, 마스킹 자극이 적용되는 위치를 선택한다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 실험 설정 및 디자인 <ol><li> 실험을위한 그것의 앞에 의자와 책상에 컴퓨터와 장비를 정렬합니다. </li><li> 참가자가 자신의 왼쪽 (테스트) 팔을 휴식하는 테이블을 설정합니다. 테이블의 오른쪽에 의자를 배치합니다. 다음 참가자가 자신의 오른쪽 (마스킹 암) 팔꿈치를 휴식하는 의자에 팔걸이 스탠드를 넣습니다. 테이블에 쿠션을 추가하고 편안하게 팔걸이. </li><li> 기계적으로 격리 된 표면에 스피커를 정렬합니다. 참가자의 발 (그림 1) 그들에 편안하게 쉴 수 있도록 (컴퓨터 마우스의 왼쪽 및 오른쪽 버튼에 연결) 풋 페달을 정렬합니다. </li><li> 시험에 필요한 적절한 수를 포함하여, 본 연구의 파라미터를 선택임계 값 (통상적으로, 40 ~ 50 사이의 시험) 및 실험 분할 될되는 블록의 수를 신뢰성있게 추정 얻었다 (예, 실험 조건에 따라 20 내지 25의 두 블록). </li><li> 조건이 실행되는 순서의 목록을 만든다. 여기서 각 블록에 대한 마스킹 자극을 유지하는 결정이 목록을 사용합니다. </li><li> 직접 컴퓨터 프로그램 코드로 시험 번호를 입력 (예 ntrials = 25, 기업 코드 파일 참조). 각 블록은 관심을 유지하기 위해 10 분 이상 더 이상 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 베이지안 적응 정신 물리학 계단 심리 절차 (12) 제어 강도를 자극하는 두 대안 - 강제 선택 촉각 탐지 작업 (11)을 프로그램. <ol><li> 각 시험을 위해, 본 개의 1 초 간격은 간격 중 하나의 중앙에 제공 촉각 자극으로 세 경고음 (5 kHz에서 3 kHz 및 5 kHz의 지속 시간은 100msec)로 표시. 참가자 난이자극이 풋 페달에 의해 발표 된 간격으로 ndicate (오른쪽 두 번째를 들어, 첫 번째 왼쪽). 간격이 실행 펼친되는 방법을 보여줍니다 예제 코드 2를 참조하십시오. 주 : 컴퓨터 점수 &quot;올바른&quot;또는 &quot;잘못된&quot;및 적응 계단으로 응답 따라서 표시 될 다음의 값을 선택한다. 주 :이 방법은, 테스트 사이트에서의 진동을 검출하기위한 임계 값을 결정한다. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53733/53733fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. 실험 설계. 이 그림은 실험의 셋업과 사용되는 재료를 보여줍니다. 자세한 내용은 텍스트를 참조하십시오. 3. 실험 절차 <ol><li> 서면 동의서를 얻습니다. 그들의 발을 응답 페달에 편안하게 휴식과 실험 과정을 설명과 함께 의자에 참가자 좌석. &lt;/ 리&gt; <li> 측정하고 왼쪽 팔뚝의 등면의 길이를 기록합니다. tactor는 팔꿈치 내측 각도 손목 주름 사이 아암 반의 중간에 위치하므로, 스트랩을 적용한다. </li><li> 장소에 tactor를 개최 팔 주위에 느슨하게 여러 번 텐서 붕대를 감 쌉니다. </li><li> 테이블에 자신의 왼쪽 팔을 배치하고 팔걸이에 자신의 오른쪽 팔꿈치를 휴식 참가자를 지시한다. 참가자 눈가리개하면 자극을보고 또는 위치를 마스킹을 방지하고 똑바로 실험을 통해보고하도록 지시합니다. </li><li> 촉각 탐지 작업과 참가자에 익숙해 지도록 (마스킹 자극없이) 20 연습 시험의 블록으로 시작하고는 촉각 자극에 익숙해 질 수 있도록. </li><li> 연습 시험 후, 무작위, 카운터 위해 조건 블록을 실행하고, 실험을 시작한다. 각 블록을 시작하기 전에 확인이 팔과 마스킹 stimuLU를 올바른 위치에 있습니다. <ol><li> 각 조건의 경우, 이전에 만든 조건 목록을 참조하여, 선택한 사이트의 마스킹 자극을 개최합니다. 그것이 실행되는 각 조건을 교차. 거의 일정한 압력을 유지 데이터 수집 시험의 각 블록에 걸쳐 마스킹 자극을 잡으십시오. 마스킹 자극은 얇은 옷을 통해 적용 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 이전에 선택한으로 시험 세트 번호를 통해 실행되는 실험적인 프로그램을 실행합니다. 시험의 각 단 블록 후 2 분 휴식 기간을 소개합니다. 시험 주어진 블록이 완료되면, 마스킹 자극의 다음 위치를 선택하고 프로그램을 다시 실행. 모든 시험이 완료 될 때까지 반복합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 누적 가우스의 누적 가우스와 공식 참가자의 데이터에 맞게, 시각화 및 적응 계단 프로그램 (12)에 의해 반환 된 임계 값의 추정치를 확인하려면50 %에서 진행 (S 자형) (기회 레벨 - 동일 0의 수 - 잘못과 1&#39;s- 올바른) 100 % (전체 1의 모든 올바른) 인로 : 올바른 응답의 확률 = 0.5 + 0.5 / (+ 특급 (1 - (X-X0) / 표준)) X는 테스트 강도 값이고, X0은 75 %의 임계 값이며, STD는 추정치의 표준 편차이다. 이 수식은 임의의 곡선 피팅 소프트웨어를 사용하여 데이터 및 적응 계단 값과 비교 X0 결과 값에 맞추어 질 수있다. <ol><li> 곡선이 50 % (기회 성능) 100 % 사이 간다 있는지 확인합니다. 시험 조건 사이의 차이가 있는지를 결정하는 (다른 마스킹 사이트 사이 예) 각 실험의 조건 하에서 얻어진 75 %의 임계 값에 대해 통계적 분석 (예, t-시험 또는 ANOVAs)을 실시한다. </li></ol></li><li> , 아웃 라이어를 식별 평균과 주어진 조건에 대해 표준 편차를 계산하기 위해. 평균과 각 참가자의 점수를 비교하고개인 점수는 그 특이점으로이 점수를 생각하고 분석에서 제거 후 의미에서 2 개 이상의 표준 편차는 경우. 원하는 경우, 다른 기준이 사용될 수있다. </li><li> (임의의 단위에서) tactors의 강도 값을 표준화 (마스킹 자극 제어 사이트 등, 어깨에인가 될 때 측정)들을 제어 임계 값에 대하여 데시벨 변환한다. 이 수식을 사용하여 dB = 10 × 10 (임계치 / 제어 임계치)를 기록. </li></ol>

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Neurosci. 24 (12), 2306-2320 (2012).</li><li>Tam&#232;, L., Farn&#232;, A., Pavani, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vision+of+the+body+and+the+differentiation+of+perceived+body+side+in+touch.">Vision of the body and the differentiation of perceived body side in touch.</a> Cortex. 49 (5), 1340-1351 (2013).</li><li>Tam&#232;, L., Pavani, F., Papadelis, C., Farn&#232;, A., Braun, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+integration+of+bilateral+touch+in+the+primary+somatosensory+cortex.">Early integration of bilateral touch in the primary somatosensory cortex.</a> Hum. Brain. Mapp. 36 (4), 1506-1523 (2015).</li><li>Gilson, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrotactile+masking:+Some+spatial+and+temporal+aspects.">Vibrotactile masking: Some spatial and temporal aspects.</a> Percept. Psychophys. 5 (3), 176-180 (1969).</li><li>Alliusi, E., Morgan, B., Hawkes, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Masking+of+cutaneous+sensations+in+multiple+stimulus+presentations.">Masking of cutaneous sensations in multiple stimulus presentations.</a> Percept. Motor. Skill. 20, 39-45 (1965).</li><li>Geldard, F. A., Sherrick, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+cutaneous+stimulation:+The+discrimination+of+vibratory+patterns.">Multiple cutaneous stimulation: The discrimination of vibratory patterns.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 797-801 (1965).</li><li>Craig, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrotactile+loudness+addition.">Vibrotactile loudness addition.</a> Percept. Psychophys. 1, 185-190 (1966).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이해 관계가 없음을 선언합니다.

여기서, 반대측 촉각 마스킹 상세한 프로토콜 설명 촉각 검출 임계 값을 테스트하는 기술을 사용하여 이전에 출판 된 결과를 나타낸다. 이 방법의 이점은 한계가 psychophysically 엄격한 방법으로 측정된다는 것이다. 두 대안 강제 선택 (2AFC) 절차는 응답 바이어스에 상대적으로 영향을받지 때문에 주의력 효과에서입니다. 대부분의 데이터는 임계 레벨에 가까운 자극 강도로 수집된다로서 실제 임계 ?...

본체에 하나의 위치에서 촉각 자극을 다른 위치에서 터치 위치를 인식 변경 택트 마스크이다. 이 신체 표면에 인접하는 피부 영역 사이의 상호 작용의 위치, 특히 측면 억제를 공개 Bekesy 폰 (1)에 의해 최초로 기술이다. 촉각 마스킹 수년간 광범위하게 연구되어 왔지만, 연구는 주로 전기 자극 (2, 3), (4)의 압력 및 촉각 자극 (5, 6)을 사용 동측 촉각 마스킹을 조사했다. 반대로, 몇몇 연구는 마스킹 및 프로브 사이트까지 제거 할 수있는 촉각 반대측 마스킹 살펴 보았다. 장거리 촉각 마스킹 효과는 손에 거울 대칭 점 사이 도시 팔 5, 7되었습니다 - 9 그러나 이러한 연구는 주로 손과 손가락 (7)보고로 제한되어, (10)는 몸 전체의 더 광범위한 부분과 크게 무시. 이러한 장거리 마스킹 실험 목표는 뇌의 신체의 표현 구성 요소는 기능적으로 결합 될 수있는 방법을 지시한다. 여기서, 장거리 촉각 마스킹 현상은 하나의 팔뚝인가 진동 대향 팔뚝 촉각 감도 임계 값에 영향을 미칠 수있는 방법을 모색함으로써 조사된다. 임계 자극을 감지하는 데 필요한 최소한의 자극을 말한다. 우리는 자극이 시간의 75 %를 검출하는 강도로 이것을 정의한다. 우리는 1 팔뚝 촉각 감도 (임계 값의 역수)가 신체의 다른 부분에 진동 자극 (마스크)의 존재 하에서 측정 된 촉각 마스킹 기술을 사용했다. 효과적인 마스킹 검출 임계치, 즉 증가, 감도의 저하에 의해 공개되어있다. 이러한 기술은 오 다양한 사지 위치로서 다른 조작과 함께 사용될 수있다R 운동은 마스킹의 효과에 미치는 영향을 탐구한다. 여기에서 우리는 마스킹 자극으로 촉각 자극을 사용했다. 이것의 장점은 자극 주파수, 따라서 수용체 유형을 제어 할 수 있다는 것이다. 이 기술은 프로브 또는 마스크 또는 두 가지 모두 같은 전기 자극을 이용하여 고통을보고하도록 확장 될 수있다. 또한, 임의의 사이트는, 예를 들면 침 위치의 조사를 허용 마스킹 사이트로 사용될 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>C-2 tactor</td><td>ATAC Technology; Engineering Acoustics, Inc.</td><td></td><td>http://www.atactech.com/PR_tactors.html</td></tr><tr><td>Magic Wand</td><td>Hitachi</td><td></td><td>http://magicwandoriginal.com/magic-wand-original/</td></tr><tr><td>FC5 Foot Pedals</td><td>Yamaha Corporation</td><td></td><td>http://ca.yamaha.com/en/products/music-production/accessories/footpedals/fc5/?mode=model</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB</td><td>The Mathworks, Inc.</td><td></td><td>http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td></tr><tr><td>Velcro</td><td>Velcro Industries B.V.</td><td></td><td>http://www.velcro.com/</td></tr></tbody></table>

testing tactile masking between the forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

데이터의 분석은 (13)에보고되었다. 팔뚝 (제어 조건에서 측정 한 임계 값을 기준으로 표시) 촉각 감도는 크게 팔뚝과 반대측 마스킹 효과를 입증 (임계 값이 크게 증가 하였다) 촉각 마스킹 자극이 대향 암 (도 2A)에인가 될 때 감소되었다. 마스크 및 테스트 사이트 대응 때 효과가 큰 효과가 발생하여, 마스킹 팔 마스킹 자극의 위치에 의존한다.도...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms at JoVE.com

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

팔뚝 사이의 테스트 촉각 마스킹

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

testing-tactile-masking-between-the-forearms

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.3K 조회수.  York University. Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain. 

비디오: Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

인간 주제에 진동 감지 임계 값과 촉각 공간 시력 측정

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

연구

행동분석학

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional rubber-hand illusion or the more recently discovered enfacement illusion. However, these examples require rather artificial experimental setups, in which the artificial effector needs to be stroked in synchrony with the participants&#39; real hand or face&#8212;a situation in which participants have no control over the stroking or the movements of their real or artificial effector. Here, we describe a technique to establish ownership illusions in a setup that is more realistic, more intuitive, and of presumably higher ecological validity. It allows creating the virtual-hand illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual hand presented on a screen or in virtual space in front of them. If the virtual hand moves in synchrony with the participants&#39; own real hand, they tend to perceive the virtual hand as part of their own body. The technique also creates the virtual-face illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual face in front of them, again with the effect that they tend to perceive the face as their own if it moves in synchrony with their real face. Studying the circumstances that illusions of this sort can be created, increased, or reduced provides important information about how people create and maintain representations of themselves.

Here, we describe virtual-hand and virtual-face illusion paradigms that can be used to study body-related self-perception/-representation. They have already been used in various studies to demonstrate that, under specific conditions, a virtual hand or face can be incorporated into one&#39;s body representation, suggesting that body representations are rather flexible.

가상-손과 가상 얼굴 환상을 만드는 것은 자기 표현을 조사하기

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

상 지 Proprioception의 임시 최저에 대 한 간단한 비-침략 적 방법

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

진동 촉각 피드백을 통해 개체 전송 중 부조리 한 시각적 촉각 자극 적용

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering controlled spatially structured stimuli to the skin. Consequently, investigators often apply tactile stimuli manually. Manual stimulus application is time consuming, requires great care and concentration on the part of the investigator, and leaves many stimulus parameters uncontrolled. We describe here a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system, the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS), that applies spatially structured stimuli to the skin, controlling for onset velocity, contact force, and contact duration. TAPS is a versatile, programmable system, capable of efficiently conducting a variety of psychophysical procedures. We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.
Corresponding Author: Daniel Goldreich

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

We describe a computer-controlled device for investigating the sense of touch: the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS). We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.

촉각 자동 수동 - 핑거 자극기 (탭)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering ...

생물학

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Proprioception is an important component of controlled movement. The threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM) is a commonly used method for quantifying the proprioceptive submodality of kinesthesia in research settings. The TDPM paradigm has been found to be valid and reliable; however, the equipment and methods used for TDPM vary between studies. In particular, the research laboratory apparatuses for producing passive movement of an extremity are often custom designed by individual laboratories or inaccessible due to high cost. There is a need for a standardized, valid, and reliable method for measuring TDPM using readily available equipment. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a standardized method for measurement of TDPM at the elbow that is economical, easy to administer, and that produces quantitative results for measurement purposes in research-based settings. This method was tested on 20 healthy adults without neurological impairment, and eight adults with chronic stroke. The results obtained suggest this method is a reliable way to quantify elbow TDPM in healthy adults, and provides initial support for validity. Researchers seeking a balance between equipment affordability and measurement precision are most likely to find this protocol of benefit.

Here, we present a standardized method for measurement of elbow passive kinesthesia using the threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM) that is appropriate for a research setting.

팔꿈치 운동성 측정을 위한 표준화된 방법

Proprioception is an important component of controlled movement. The threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM) is a commonly used method for ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries unique challenges in children. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in adults but has only recently been applied to children. The use of tDCS and emerging techniques like high&#8211;definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) require special methodological considerations in the developing brain. Robotic TMS motor mapping may confer unique advantages for mapping, particularly in the developing brain. Here, we aim to provide a practical, standardized approach for two integrated methods capable of simultaneously exploring motor cortex modulation and motor maps in children. First, we describe a protocol for robotic TMS motor mapping. Individualized, MRI-navigated 12x12 grids centered on the motor cortex guide a robot to administer single-pulse TMS. Mean motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes per grid point are used to generate 3D motor maps of individual hand muscles with outcomes including map area, volume, and center of gravity. Tools to measure safety and tolerability of both methods are also included. Second, we describe the application of both tDCS and HD-tDCS to modulate the motor cortex and motor learning. An experimental training paradigm and sample results are described. These methods will advance the application of non-invasive brain stimulation in children.

We demonstrate protocols for the modulation (tDCS, HD-tDCS) and mapping (robotic TMS) of the motor cortex in children.

개발 뇌에서 모터 피질의 비 침습적 변조 및 로봇 매핑

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...

신경과학

Capturing Dynamic Finger Gesturing with High-resolution Surface Electromyography and Computer Vision

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for state-of-the-art prosthetics and optimized rehabilitation. Surface electromyography (sEMG), in conjunction with deep learning methods, is considered a promising method in this domain. However, current methods often rely on cumbersome recording setups and the identification of static hand positions, limiting their effectiveness in real-world applications. The protocol we report here presents an advanced approach combining a wearable surface EMG and finger&#160;tracking system to capture comprehensive data during dynamic hand movements. The method records muscle activity from soft printed electrode arrays (16 electrodes) placed on the forearm as subjects perform gestures in different hand positions and during movement. Visual instructions prompt subjects to perform specific gestures while EMG and finger positions are recorded. The integration of synchronized EMG recordings and finger tracking data enables comprehensive analysis of muscle activity patterns and corresponding gestures. The reported approach demonstrates the potential of combining EMG and visual tracking technologies as an important resource for developing intuitive and responsive gesture recognition systems with applications in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and interactive technologies. This protocol aims to guide researchers and practitioners, fostering further innovation and application of gesture recognition in dynamic and real-world scenarios.

The paper presents a comprehensive protocol for simultaneously recording hand-electromyography (EMG) and visual finger tracking during natural finger gesturing. The visual data is designed to serve as the ground truth for the development of accurate EMG-based computational models for finger gesture recognition.

고해상도 표면 근전도 및 컴퓨터 비전을 사용한 동적 손가락 제스처 캡처

Finger gestures are a critical element in human communication, and as such, finger gesture recognition is widely studied as a human-computer interface for ...

생체공학

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral manipulations, there remain significant gaps in the understanding of the neural processes involved in reach planning, execution, and control. The novel approach described here combines a two-dimensional reaching task with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and concurrent electromyography (EMG) recording from multiple muscles. This method allows for the noninvasive detection of corticospinal activity at precise time points during the unfolding of reaching movements. The example task code includes a delayed response reaching task with two possible targets displayed &#177; 45&#176; off the midline. Single pulse TMS is delivered on the majority of task trials, either at the onset of the preparatory cue (baseline) or 100 ms prior to the imperative cue (delay). This sample design is suitable for investigating changes in corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The sample code also includes a visuomotor perturbation (i.e., cursor rotation of &#177; 20&#176;) to investigate the effects of adaptation on corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The task parameters and TMS delivery can be adjusted to address specific hypotheses about the state of the motor system during reaching behavior. In the initial implementation, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were successfully elicited on 83% of TMS trials, and reach trajectories were recorded on all trials.

Reaching is a fundamental skill that allows humans to interact with the environment. Several studies have aimed to characterize reaching behavior using a variety of methodologies. This paper offers an open-source application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the state of corticospinal excitability in humans during reaching task performance.

목표 지향적 도달 행동 중 피질 척수 흥분성 평가

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...