Name: measurement of vibration detection threshold and tactile spatial acuity in human subjects
Uploaded: 2016-09-01T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 32 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects at JoVE.com

The research and development leading to the above described vibration test was funded by the European Research Council (ERC, ADG 294678) and the German Research Council (grant, SFB665). Thanks go to the Max-Delbr&#252;ck-Center technical and support staff, Mr. R. Fischer, B. Neumann, and Mr. M. Pflaume, who provided invaluable assistance with the project.

시험 프로토콜은 샤리 테-Universitätsmedizin 윤리위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 1. 진동 감지 임계 값 (VDT) <ol><li> 장치 및 테스트 프로토콜 조립 - 사전 테스트 <ol><li> 도 1A에 따른 디바이스의 부품을 조립한다. 테이블에 매끄러운 표면이 보드 (40cm X 80cm)를 놓습니다. 보드의 황동 줄을 놓습니다. </li><li> 제어부에 압전 액츄에이터 (진동 자극)을 연결한다. </li><li> 응답 상자 및 데이터 수집 시스템에 모니터 장치를 연결 (기업 코드 파일 참조). </li><li> 컴퓨터 (노트북)로 데이터 수집 시스템을 연결하고, 액추에이터 제어부 피에조. </li><li> 사용자 정의 만든 압전 액추에이터의 가동 부분에 프로브를 자극 (프로브의 특성은 재료를 볼에 대한)를 나사. </li><li> 균형 황동 바의 프로브와 압전 액추에이터를 탑재합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 테스트 프로토콜 <ol><li> 스크립트 최대 및 방법 아래 두 간격 강제 선택과 변화 - 규칙을 구현하는 테스트 프로토콜입니다. 스크립트의 개요에 대한 보충 코드 파일을 참조하십시오. </li><li> 상승과 특성을 넘어, 정현파로 진동 자극의 파형을 구축하고 자극 지속 시간을 지정합니다. <ol><li> 오픈 소프트웨어 (예를 들어, LabChart). 설정&gt; 자극기. </li><li> 사용자 정의 파형을 선택하고 자극 옵션을 구성합니다. 각 간격 (STIM1 및 stim2)에 관한 2 자극 파형을 생성합니다. 주 : 4 초 지연 시간 1.8 초, 정현파, 1.8 초 (NO 자극)의 지연 하였다 : 파형 STIM1이 세 부분으로 구성되어있다. 파형 STIM 2 세 부분으로 구성된다 : 4 초 지연은 1.8 초 (NO 자극)의 지연 시간 후, 1.8 초 정현파로. </li><li> 정현파 파형, 주파수 및 진폭에 대한 새로운 변수 매개 변수를 만들 수 있습니다. ModifY의 상승과 하강으로 다음과 같은 기능을 입력함으로써 정현파 함수. 파형을 상승 : (1-E -bt) ∙ 진폭 ∙ 사인 (주파수), B = 9.1 (전자 -bt) ∙ 진폭 ∙ 사인 (주파수), B = 9.1 : 파형 가을 </li><li> 실험실 차트의 데이터 패널에서 진동 자극의 35 진폭 강도 (또는 수준)에 관한 (35) 전압 출력의 세트를 만들 수 있습니다. 표 1을 참조하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 시험 절차는 매크로 스크립트의 테스트 진동 주파수의 진동 자극의 시작 / 기본 진폭 (보충 코드 파일 섹션을 참조)을 설정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 준비 및 주제의 교육 - 테스트 세션 <ol><li> 시험 절차에 대한 시험 과목을 통보하고 서면 동의서에 서명했다. 익명 성을 보장하고 데이터 보호 요구 사항을 충족, 각 참가자에게 번호를 할당합니다. </li><li> 편안 주제 좌석20 ~ 30 °에 C의 온도에서 조용한 방입니다. 피사체가 테스트 중에 무엇을 기대해야하는지 알 수 있도록 간단하고 명확한 방법으로 시험에 관하여 그 지시합니다. </li><li> 보드에 피사체의 팔을 놓습니다. 패드의 움직임을 최소화하기 위해 의료 반죽 새끼 손가락. 그냥 못 침대 아래의 테스트 손의 새끼 손가락에 프로브의 위치를​​ 칠판에 황동 막대를 놓습니다. 프로브와 피부 사이의 적절한 접촉을 보장하고 물 수준을 사용하여 수평 상태로 상기 프로브의 위치를​​ 조절한다. 원형 평면 프로브의 가장자리 피부 접촉을 피하십시오. 주 :이 프로브의 평탄면은 피부 표면에 30g (0.3 N)의 주위에 적용되는 것을 보장한다. 날카로운 모서리가 감소 감지 임계 값으로 이어질 수 있습니다. 황동 막대의 무거운 질량 장치에 주위로부터 방해가 진동의 전달을 방지하고,인가 된 정현파의 손실을 최소화한다. </li><li> 테스트에 앞서 참가자를 얻을설치에 익숙 s의. 피사체가 실험 절차 이해되도록 진동을 감지 할 때까지 시험 주파수에 따라 본 둘 쉬운 (레벨 23), 하드 (레벨 7)의 진폭을 변화시킴으로써 진동 자극을 인식한다. </li><li> 필요한 경우 시험 프로토콜 착공 (1.2.3 참조) 또는 피사체 쉽게 자극을 감지 할 수 있도록, 상기 선택된 주파수에서 시작 (디폴트) 진폭을 재설정. </li><li> 시험 중 제목과 심사관 사이의 상호 작용을 최소화합니다. </li><li> 업 - 다운 적응 방법 (22) 두 대안 강제 선택 절차를 사용하는 스크립트를 실행하여 테스트를 시작합니다. 참고 : 1.3.7-1.3.12의 작업은 프로그램 스크립트에 의해 자동화되어 있습니다. </li><li> 각 시험에서, 무작위 시각 모니터 (도 1b)의 화면에 &quot;1&quot;과 &quot;2&quot;로 시험 대상으로 지시되는 두 구간 중 하나의 진동 자극을 관리.피사체가 상기 제 2 시퀀스 또는 간격이 두 버튼 &quot;1&quot;또는 응답 상자 &quot;2&quot;중 하나를 누름으로써 진동 자극을 포함하는 경우 표시하게한다. 자극이 제시 될 때 그 또는 그녀가 확실하지 않은 경우 피사체가 추측을 만들어 보자. 주 : 강제 선택 기술은 피사체가 진동이 감지되지 않는 경우에도 응답 할 것을 요구한다. </li><li> 9 단일 시험에서 최대 6로 구성되어 재판 시리즈에서, 적어도 6 번 연속적으로 하나의 진폭 레벨에서 동일한 진동 자극을 반복합니다. 응답이 모두 올바른 경우, 후속 재판 시리즈의 자극 강도 레벨 (아래 규칙)을 줄일 수 있습니다. </li><li> 피사체 시험 시리즈의 오류를 만드는 경우, 적응 방법 (스크립트 논리 연산자)의 판정 규칙에 근거하여 동일한 자극의 강도에 따라 더 많은 실험을 부여. 이하이 잘못 자극이 정확 적어도 5 실험에서 확인되는 경우, 자극 강도를 감소시키고,시도. </li><li> 피사체가 재판 시리즈의 2 잘못된 응답을 만드는 경우 자극 수준을 높입니다; 또는 하나 이상의 잘못된 응답과 미만 5 정답. </li><li> 반전 포인트로서 자극 강도의 방향의 변경을 문서. 반전 포인트 수에 따라 자극 강도를 변경 : 4 강도 수준으로 세 번째 반전 지점 이전; 2 세기 수준으로 3 번째 반전 지점에서; 1 레벨에 의해 다른 (더 자세한 사항 추가 코드 파일과 그림 (b) 참조). </li><li> 피사체가 8 역전의 총 완료 될 때 테스트를 종료합니다. </li><li> 지난 6 반전의 자극 진폭 값의 평균을 취함으로써 VDT을 계산합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 촉각 공간 시력 테스트 <ol><li> 촉각 예민 큐브 (TAC)를 사용하여 두 대안 강제 선택 격자 방향 테스트에 촉각 시력을 결정합니다. TAC는 각각 포함하는 6면으로 구성되어그 폭 0.75 mm, 1.25 mm, 1.75 mm, 3.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 6.0 mm이다 격자 (바 홈). </li><li> 20 ~ 30 ° C와 작업에 지시의 온도에서 조용한 방에서 좌석 주제. </li><li> 실험이 진행되는 동안, 차폐 안경을 사용하여 시험 대상을 눈가리개. 손바닥면이 위를 향하게하여 테이블에 지배적 인 손을 놓습니다. </li><li> 손가락의 긴 축에 정렬 수평 수직 (평행 한 방향) 또는 (가로 방향) : 각 시험에서,이 격자 방향 중 하나에 손가락 패드에 TAC을 적용합니다. 무작위로 각 시험에 대한 격자 방향의 순서를 선택합니다. </li><li> 큐브가 손가락 (233g)에 자사의 전체 무게를 발휘하도록 검지 손가락의 손가락 패드 2 초 동안 TAC의 격자를 적용합니다. 손가락 패드의 TAC를 눌러 마십시오. </li><li> 큐브가 손가락에서 제거되기 전에 정렬의 방향을 결정하기 위해 주제를 물어보십시오. </li><li> 참가자의 파이의 움직임을 피하십시오nger는 방향에 대한 단서를 제공 할 수 있기 때문이다. 실험자는 손가락이 이동 한 것을 감지하면 재판을 폐기하십시오. 참고 : 작은 손가락의 움직임이 절차의 실험에 의해 감지되지 않을 수 있음을주의하십시오. </li><li> 계단 알고리즘의 두 아래 하나의 업 적응 방법을 사용합니다. </li><li> 가장 큰 격자, 6.0 mm로 시작합니다. </li><li> 방향 (정답)의 두 올바른 식별 한 후 격자 폭을 줄이십시오. </li><li> 다음, 작은 폭을 테스트하고 피사체가 잘못된 응답을하고 반전 포인트로 격자 폭을 기록 할 때까지 스테핑 규칙을 계속합니다. </li><li> 폭의 두 방향이 올바르게 다시 결정 때까지 다시 격자 폭을 단계적으로 증가한다. </li><li> 열세 역전의 완료 후 테스트를 종료합니다. </li><li> 지난 10 역전의 격자 폭의 중간을 취함으로써 촉각 격자 방향 임계 값을 계산합니다. </li></ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrotactile+thresholds+of+the+Non-Pacinian+I+channel:+I.+Methodological+issues.">Vibrotactile thresholds of the Non-Pacinian I channel: I. Methodological issues.</a> Somatosens Mot Res. 22 (1-2), 49-56 (2005).</li><li>Lindsell, C. J., Griffin, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normative+vibrotactile+thresholds+measured+at+five+European+test+centres.">Normative vibrotactile thresholds measured at five European test centres.</a> Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 76 (7), 517-528 (2003).</li><li>Morioka, M., Griffin, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dependence+of+vibrotactile+thresholds+on+the+psychophysical+measurement+method.">Dependence of vibrotactile thresholds on the psychophysical measurement method.</a> Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 75 (1-2), 78-84 (2002).</li><li>Tannan, V., Dennis, R., Tommerdahl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+device+for+delivering+two-site+vibrotactile+stimuli+to+the+skin.">A novel device for delivering two-site vibrotactile stimuli to the skin.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 147 (2), 75-81 (2005).</li><li>Zwislocki, J. J., Relkin, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+a+psychophysical+transformed-rule+up+and+down+method+converging+on+a+75%+level+of+correct+responses.">On a psychophysical transformed-rule up and down method converging on a 75% level of correct responses.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (8), 4811-4814 (2001).</li><li>Gescheider, G. A., Bolanowski, S. J., Pope, J. V., Verrillo, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+four-channel+analysis+of+the+tactile+sensitivity+of+the+fingertip:+frequency+selectivity,+spatial+summation,+and+temporal+summation.">A four-channel analysis of the tactile sensitivity of the fingertip: frequency selectivity, spatial summation, and temporal summation.</a> Somatosens Mot Res. 19 (2), 114-124 (2002).</li><li>Kuroki, S., Watanabe, J., Nishida, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+within-+and+cross-channel+information+to+vibrotactile+frequency+discrimination.">Contribution of within- and cross-channel information to vibrotactile frequency discrimination.</a> Brain Res. 1529, 46-55 (2013).</li><li>Levitt, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformed+up-down+methods+in+psychoacoustics.">Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49 (2), (1971).</li><li>International Organization for Standardization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+vibration-Vibrotactile+perception+thresholds+for+the+assessment+of+nerve+dysfunction-Part+1:+Methods+of+measurement+at+the+fingertips.">Mechanical vibration-Vibrotactile perception thresholds for the assessment of nerve dysfunction-Part 1: Methods of measurement at the fingertips.</a> ISO 13091-1. , (2001).</li><li>International Organization for Standardization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+vibration-Vibrotactile+perception+thresholds+for+the+assessment+of+nerve+dysfunction-Part+2:+Analysis+and+interpretation+of+measurements+at+the+fingertips.">Mechanical vibration-Vibrotactile perception thresholds for the assessment of nerve dysfunction-Part 2: Analysis and interpretation of measurements at the fingertips.</a> ISO 13091-2. , (2003).</li><li>Holden, J. K., Nguyen, R. H., Francisco, E. M., Zhang, Z., Dennis, R. G., Tommerdahl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+device+for+the+study+of+somatosensory+information+processing.">A novel device for the study of somatosensory information processing.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 204 (2), 215-220 (2012).</li><li>G&#252;&#231;l&#252;, B., Oztek, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+sensitivity+of+children:+effects+of+frequency,+masking,+and+the+non-Pacinian+I+psychophysical+channel.">Tactile sensitivity of children: effects of frequency, masking, and the non-Pacinian I psychophysical channel.</a> J Exp Child Psychol. 98 (2), 113-130 (2007).</li><li>Cohen, J. C., Makous, J. C., Bolanowski, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Under+which+conditions+do+the+skin+and+probe+decouple+during+sinusoidal+vibrations?.">Under which conditions do the skin and probe decouple during sinusoidal vibrations?.</a> Exp Brain Res. 129 (2), 211-217 (1999).</li><li>Makous, J. C., Gescheider, G. A., Bolanowski, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+static+indentation+on+vibrotactile+threshold.">The effects of static indentation on vibrotactile threshold.</a> J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99 (5), 3149-3153 (1996).</li><li>Goldreich, D., Kanics, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+Acuity+is+Enhanced+in+Blindness.">Tactile Acuity is Enhanced in Blindness.</a> J. Neurosci. 23 (8), 3439-3445 (2003).</li><li>Peters, R. M., Goldreich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+Spatial+Acuity+in+Childhood:+Effects+of+Age+and+Fingertip+Size.">Tactile Spatial Acuity in Childhood: Effects of Age and Fingertip Size.</a> PLoS One. 8 (12), (2013).</li><li>Tong, J., Mao, O., Goldreich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-point+orientation+discrimination+versus+the+traditional+two-point+test+for+tactile+spatial+acuity+assessment.">Two-point orientation discrimination versus the traditional two-point test for tactile spatial acuity assessment.</a> Front Hum Neurosci. 7, 579 (2013).</li><li>Goldreich, D., Wong, M., Peters, R. M., Kanics, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Tactile+Automated+Passive-Finger+Stimulator+(TAPS).">A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS).</a> J Vis Exp. (28), (2009).</li><li>Coste, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezo+proteins+are+pore-forming+subunits+of+mechanically+activated+channels.">Piezo proteins are pore-forming subunits of mechanically activated channels.</a> Nature. 483 (7388), 176-181 (2012).</li><li>Martinez-Salgado, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stomatin+and+Sensory+Neuron+Mechanotransduction.">Stomatin and Sensory Neuron Mechanotransduction.</a> J Neurophysiol. 98 (6), 3802-3808 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

VDT을 평가하는 데 사용되는 기술은 기기 사양, 하드웨어 및 테스트 프로토콜에 따라 달라질. 국제 표준화기구는 진동계의 다양한 구성 요소에 대한 권장 사항 (ISO 13091-1 2 26, 27)을 포함한 촉각 임계 값을 분석하고 해석하는 방법 및 절차를 지정 기재된 테스트 시스템은 테스트 주파수 범위에 대한 관련 ISO 권장 사항을 준수 (4-125 Hz에서), 방법, 프로브 크기 (상하 계단 및 강제 선택의 변형) (...

Specialized mechanosensory receptors in the skin mediate the perception of vibration and grating orientation. Each mechanosensory receptor type is tuned to detect distinct features of tactile stimuli1,2. This property provides the psychophysical basis for a differentiated assessment of mechanosensory function by using tests that deliver simple sinusoidal oscillations (vibration) or fine gratings. It is known that psychophysical thresholds for vibration perception are lower for high than low frequency vibration3,4. Two types of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors associated with the Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles primarily detect low (10-40 Hz) and high (100-200 Hz) frequency vibration stimuli, respectively5. It is thought that the psychophysical thresholds for vibration perception rely to a considerable extent on the activation of these two sets of mechanoreceptors at their best frequencies6,7. Tactile spatial acuity is tested by the grating orientation task to determine the finest grating whose orientation can be discriminated by a subject7-9. Merkel cell-neurite complex afferents are essential for detecting grating orientation8,10. Interestingly, there has been considerable recent progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of how mechanoreceptors detect extremely small tactile stimuli11. Mechanosensitive ion channels like Piezo2 and modulators like STOML3 have been directly implicated in the detection of fine tactile stimuli in touch receptors12-15. There are already human patients identified with function altering mutations in the Piezo2 gene and it will be important to test whether such patients have touch deficits16. 
The determination of the vibrotactile threshold relies on the delivery of a vibrating stimulus to the skin. Vibration detection thresholds vary with the vibration frequency. Vibration frequency to detection threshold curves were described by von Bekesey, Verillo, and Bolanowski, among many others, from the 1930s up to the 1990s5,17. The devices in the early days were based on shakers and power amplifiers and several devices have been commercialized and there are a lot of variation as to choice of stimulator (testing frequency), the diameter of the probe in contact with skin, the use of a surround to limit the stimulation to one area of the skin, and the testing protocol that determines the threshold (see the following references for more detailed insight on the device and testing features)18-20. Most devices usually test one site; however, there are new devices that use vertical displacement stimulators equipped with 2 probes to deliver vibratory stimuli with separation ranges that can be varied21. Also detection thresholds are measured based on vibration frequency or intensity discrimination with continuous stimulation; or with intermittent vibration stimuli with or without a masking stimulus. Therefore, we recommend that the reader be aware of the plethora of developments in this field. 
Here, we describe the components of the device and a step-by-step guide on how to conduct psychophysical tests to estimate vibration detection threshold in human subjects. We then show how to assess tactile acuity manually by using the tactile acuity cube. We use a two-interval, forced-choice paradigm: the stimulus is always presented during one of two intervals and the subject has to indicate which interval has the vibration stimulus. We employ a transformed-rule up and down as the adaptive method that executes a threshold search by changing the stimulus intensity based on the performance during the test. Both psychophysical protocols can be used by investigators as a screening tool for evaluation of alterations in touch sensitivity.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Piezo actuator</td><td>Physik Instrument, Germany</td><td>P-602.1L</td><td>The linear piezoelectric actuator, with integrated position sensor and motion amplifier, contains a piezoceramic material that elongates and contracts when voltage is applied. The piezoelectric actuator travels up to100 &amp;micro;m. The actuator is equipped with a flexure guide that ensures straight motion without tilting or lateral offset. The displacement is linear and calibration is done and checked by the manufacturer. It is recommended that on-axis movement of the probe be checked under the microscope. According to the manufacturer, the stimulus amplitude dampens by less than 20% at oscillating frequencies of 1000 Hz. This can be checked by using a force or displacement measuring device (e.g. force transducer from Kleindiek).</td></tr><tr><td>Piezo Amplifier/Servo Controller</td><td>Physik Instrument, Germany</td><td>E-665</td><td>E-665 amplifier/controller drives and controls the displacement of a low-voltage piezoelectric actuator in a system with sensor position feedback (SGS sensors). The servo-controller provides the option for closed loop operation. When applying sinusoidal and oscillating stimuli the amplitude signal deviates from the set amplitude starting from 500 Hz and reaches a maximum decrease of 20% at 1000Hz.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>LabChart Software</td><td>ADInstruments, USA</td><td>LabChart 7, MLU60/8</td><td>Can create, store and run macro of the psychophysical testing algorithm.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>PowerLab</td><td>ADInstruments, USA</td><td>PowerLab 4/35 PL3504</td><td>Data Acquisition Hardware. Used with LabChart software.</td></tr><tr><td>Brass bar</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>Bar made of pure brass, weighs 15.5 kg. When the peizoelectric actuator is mounted on the brass bar it should exert a force of 30 g weight on skin surface.</td></tr><tr><td>Monitor</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>To mark the 1st and the 2nd interval. The monitor indicates to the subject the time intervals during which the stimulus may be presented.</td></tr><tr><td>Response box</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>The subject indicates the interval at which stimulus occurred.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Board&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>Upper surface should be smooth (Plastic), lower surface made of foam to prevent stray vibration ot be transmitted to the stimulating pobe.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Probe</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>A flat circular probe with smoothed edges (thermoplastic material) attached to a screw head. The screw should be of appropriate size to be tightened directly to the moving part of piezoelectric actuator. Size of the probe can be according to preference; in our case, diameter 8.21 mm and surface area 52.9 mm&lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Labchart Script</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be sent on request. See supplementary code file.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Tactile Acuity Cube</td><td>MedCore</td><td></td><td>The cube is comprised of 6 sides each containing a grating (bar and groove) whose widths are 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 mm.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of vibration detection threshold and tactile spatial acuity in human subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

압전 액츄에이터는 피사체의 진동 자극을 제공한다. 진동 자극이 1.8 초 총 지속 기간을 가지며, 첫 번째 또는 두 번째 구간 (도 2A) 동안 시험 중에 한번만 제공된다. 상승과 발병에서 하강 시간과 자극의 오프셋 (offset)는 각각 위치 기능 (1-E -bt) ∙ 진폭 ∙ 사인 (주파수) 및 (e -bt) ∙ 진폭 ∙ 사인 (주파수)에 의해 결정된다 (b)은 9.1로 설정된다. ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects at JoVE.com

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

여기서는 프로토콜 인간의 정신 물리학 적 방법을 이용하여 진동을 검출 임계 값과 촉각 시력을 결정하기 위해 제시한다.

인간 주제에 진동 감지 임계 값과 촉각 공간 시력 측정

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

measurement-vibration-detection-threshold-tactile-spatial-acuity

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.6K 조회수.  Charite Universitätsmedzin, Campus Virchow Klinikum und Campus Charite Mitte.  여기서는 프로토콜 인간의 정신 물리학 적 방법을 이용하여 진동을 검출 임계 값과 촉각 시력을 결정하기 위해 제시한다. 

비디오: Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

쥐의 척수를 다친 후에 급성 및 만성 촉각 감각 테스트

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

연구

의학

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

팔뚝 사이의 테스트 촉각 마스킹

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

행동분석학

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

상 지 Proprioception의 임시 최저에 대 한 간단한 비-침략 적 방법

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

진동 촉각 피드백을 통해 개체 전송 중 부조리 한 시각적 촉각 자극 적용

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering controlled spatially structured stimuli to the skin. Consequently, investigators often apply tactile stimuli manually. Manual stimulus application is time consuming, requires great care and concentration on the part of the investigator, and leaves many stimulus parameters uncontrolled. We describe here a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system, the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS), that applies spatially structured stimuli to the skin, controlling for onset velocity, contact force, and contact duration. TAPS is a versatile, programmable system, capable of efficiently conducting a variety of psychophysical procedures. We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.
Corresponding Author: Daniel Goldreich

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

We describe a computer-controlled device for investigating the sense of touch: the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS). We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.

촉각 자동 수동 - 핑거 자극기 (탭)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering ...

생물학

Assessment of Midline Lingual Point-Pressure Somatosensation Using Von Frey Hair Monofilaments

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously published protocols, threshold estimates are determined using a two-interval forced choice (2-IFC) paradigm with a three down/one up approach. Detection threshold estimates determine the mean force in which a participant can identify the presence of pressure. During the detection threshold procedure, the participant is instructed to choose which of two sequentially presented observation intervals contained the tactile test stimulus. If the participant performs three correct detections in a row (i.e., 3 &#39;hits&#39;), the researcher decreases the stimulus to the next lower target force level. With one incorrect detection (a &#39;miss&#39;), the researcher increases the force delivered to the next higher level. This threshold estimation approach is known as a 3-down/1-up adaptive staircase. Reponses are recorded on a paper ballot, and a participant&#39;s estimated threshold is defined as the geometric mean of five reversals. During the discrimination threshold procedure, the participant is asked to make a choice between two serially presented stimuli as to which is the &#34;harder&#34; or &#34;stronger&#34; pressure. The same scoring of &#39;hits&#39;, &#39;misses&#39;, and stopping points are used. Detection and discrimination testing for oral point pressure at tongue midline takes approximately 20 min to complete. Using these commercially-available clinical tools, individual touch sensation profiles for the midline tongue can be achieved in a relatively time and cost effective means.

This work describes a standard method to assess tactile sensation at the midline of the tongue tip. Using Von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments, this protocol provides estimates of detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure (OPP).

폰 프레이 헤어 모노필라멘트를 이용한 미드라인 언어 포인트-압력 소마토센세이션 평가

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously ...

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to sense spatial information is the strongest in the skin on the hands. This ability is termed tactile spatial acuity, and is measured by the tactile threshold or discrimination threshold. At present, the two-point threshold is extensively used as a measure of tactile spatial acuity, although many studies have indicated that critical deficits exist in two-point discrimination. Therefore, a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system was developed, the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator (TSPAS), using the tactile angle discrimination threshold as a new measure for tactile spatial acuity. The TSPAS is a simple, easily operated system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling movement speed, distance, and contact duration. The components of the TSPAS are described in detail as well as the procedure to calculate the tactile angle discrimination threshold.

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator TSPAS

Presented is the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator TSPAS, a new way to assess tactile spatial acuity and tactile angle discrimination using a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling for movement speed, distance, and contact duration.

촉각 반자동 수동 손가락 각도 자극기 (TSPAS)

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

운전 관련 연구를 위한 촉각 진동 툴킷 및 운전 시뮬레이션 플랫폼

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain perception in rodents. Withdrawal thresholds can be measured first at baseline and then following drug, venom, injury, allergen,&#160;or otherwise evoked inflammation by applying an accurate force on very specific areas of the skin. An electronic von Frey apparatus allows precise assessment of mouse hind paw withdrawal thresholds that are not limited by the available filament sizes in contrast to classical von Frey measurements. The ease and rapidity of measurements allow for incorporation of assessment of tactile sensitivity outcomes in diverse models of rapid-onset inflammatory and neuropathic pain as multiple measurements can be taken within a short time period. Experimental measurements for individual rodent subjects can be internally controlled against individual baseline responses and exclusion criteria easily established to standardize baseline responses within and across experimental groups. Thus, measurements using an electronic von Frey apparatus represent a useful modification of the well-established classical von Frey filament-based assays for rodent mechanical allodynia that may also be applied to other nonhuman mammalian models.

Electronic von Frey measurements are an effective and improved alternative to classical von Frey filaments, as they allow rapid and precise measurement of changes in rodent mechanical withdrawal thresholds to continuously applied pressure stimuli before and after an inflammatory event.

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain ...

신경과학

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments. Effective design of these ASF systems requires an in-depth understanding of how the parameters of specific feedback mechanism affect user perception and reaction to stimuli. This article presents a method for applying vibrotactile stimuli to human participants and measuring their response. Rotating mass vibratory motors are placed at pre-defined locations on the participant's thigh, and controlled through custom hardware and software. The speed and accuracy of participants' volitional responses to vibrotactile stimuli are measured for researcher-specified combinations of motor placement and vibration frequency. While the protocol described here uses push-buttons to collect a simple binary response to the vibrotactile stimuli, the technique can be extended to other response mechanisms using inertial measurement units or pressure sensors to measure joint angle and weight bearing ratios, respectively. Similarly, the application of vibrotactile stimuli can be explored for body segments other than the thigh.

This article describes a technique for applying vibrotactile stimuli to the thigh of a human participant, and measuring the accuracy and reaction time of the participant&#39;s volitional response for various combinations of stimulation location and frequency.

촉각 자극에 의​​지 모터 응답의 적시성과 정확성을 평가하는 방법

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments.  Effective design ...

인간 주제에 진동 감지 임계 값과 촉각 공간 시력 측정

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

쥐의 척수를 다친 후에 급성 및 만성 촉각 감각 테스트

팔뚝 사이의 테스트 촉각 마스킹

상 지 Proprioception의 임시 최저에 대 한 간단한 비-침략 적 방법

진동 촉각 피드백을 통해 개체 전송 중 부조리 한 시각적 촉각 자극 적용

촉각 자동 수동 - 핑거 자극기 (탭)

폰 프레이 헤어 모노필라멘트를 이용한 미드라인 언어 포인트-압력 소마토센세이션 평가

촉각 반자동 수동 손가락 각도 자극기 (TSPAS)

운전 관련 연구를 위한 촉각 진동 툴킷 및 운전 시뮬레이션 플랫폼

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

촉각 자극에 의지 모터 응답의 적시성과 정확성을 평가하는 방법

인간 주제에 진동 감지 임계 값과 촉각 공간 시력 측정

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

쥐의 척수를 다친 후에 급성 및 만성 촉각 감각 테스트

팔뚝 사이의 테스트 촉각 마스킹

상 지 Proprioception의 임시 최저에 대 한 간단한 비-침략 적 방법

진동 촉각 피드백을 통해 개체 전송 중 부조리 한 시각적 촉각 자극 적용

촉각 자동 수동 - 핑거 자극기 (탭)

폰 프레이 헤어 모노필라멘트를 이용한 미드라인 언어 포인트-압력 소마토센세이션 평가

촉각 반자동 수동 손가락 각도 자극기 (TSPAS)

운전 관련 연구를 위한 촉각 진동 툴킷 및 운전 시뮬레이션 플랫폼

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

촉각 자극에 의​​지 모터 응답의 적시성과 정확성을 평가하는 방법

촉각 자극에 의지 모터 응답의 적시성과 정확성을 평가하는 방법