Name: pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats
Uploaded: 2016-02-04T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the University of Michigan Department Of Psychiatry (U032826; JDM), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; K08 DA037912-01; JDM) and the Department of Defense (DoD) National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (CJF).

(, 미시간 대학, 앤 아버, MI UCUCA) 모든 절차는 대학 동물의 사용 및 관리에위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1. 장비 및 소프트웨어 <ol><li> 상업 조건화 챔버와 장치를 얻습니다. 자료 표를 참조하십시오. </li><li> 환기 팬과 사운드 감쇠 캐비닛에 위치해 쥐 조건화 챔버에서 행동 훈련 (20.5 cm 깊이 X 29.2 cm 높이 × 24.1 cm 폭), 주변 소음을 제공합니다. </li><li> 3cm 스테인레스 스틸 그리드 바닥 위의 조작 적 챔버의 21.6 cm 폭 넓은 앞 벽 중앙에 위치한 펠릿 잡지 (소켓)와 각 챔버를 착용. 펠렛 잡지 장치에 헤드 항목을 감지 할 수있는 적외선 센서가 포함되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 바나나 맛 음식 펠렛 (45 mg)을 제공하는 펠릿 디스펜서에 펠릿 잡지를 연결합니다. </li><li> 카운터 - 균형 방식으로, 위치 하나 개폐식 제작버전 (CS) 펠릿 소켓의 양쪽에 약 2.5 cm가 3cm 스테인레스 그리드 바닥 상기 (왼쪽 또는 오른쪽). </li><li> 레버가 확장 레버가 시각적으로 눈에 띄는 만들기 위해 그 안에 LED 큐 등이 포함되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 후퇴 레버를 사용하는 경우, 자체 중량까지 육각 너트 렌치 (장치의 상부에 위치) 교정 나사 레버 위에 10g 조정 웨이트를 배치하고 조정함으로써 레버를 보정하는 우울 수 레버. </li><li> 잡지 콘센트 반대 벽에 챔버의 상단에 빨간 집 빛을 착용. 참고 : 빨간 집 빛 조명 레버의 두드러을 증가하는 데 사용됩니다. </li></ol> 2. PCA 교육 <ol><li> 쌍 사내 성인 남성 스프 라그 돌리 쥐 도착시 (250-300g) 및 12 시간 조명 / 어두운주기에 유지되는 주택 식민지, 적어도 이틀 동안 그대로을 둡니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 개를 처리인간의 접촉에 쥐를 적응하기 위해 이틀 동안 하루에 최소 1 분 채널 쥐. 주택 식민지에서 음식과 물에 쥐 광고 무제한 액세스를 제공합니다. </li><li> PCA 훈련 세 일전부터 이틀 동안 자신의 홈 케이지에서 (쥐 당 약 15 펠렛)를 식품 알약을 배치하여 바나나 맛 음식 펠렛과 쥐를했습니다. 주 : 쥐 페어 수납되어있는 경우,이 홈 케이지의 양면에 균일하게 펠렛을 분할하는 것이 유용하다. </li><li> Pretraining 프로그램 참고 : 우리의 프로그래밍의 모든 (클럽 메드 어소 시에이 츠, 소프트웨어) MEDState 표기법을 사용하여 수행하고, 매뉴얼은 온라인 (mednr.com/pdf/doc003_MedPCProgramr.pdf)입니다. 프로그램이 적절한 확장자로 저장 MedState 표기 사용하여 포맷되지 않은 텍스트 문서 (예를 들어, ASCII 또는 DOS 텍스트)로 기록된다 (즉, [파일 이름] .mpc), 다음 MED-PC 프로그램, 트랜스 IV를 사용하여 번역했다. 모든 단계는 상기 프로에 자세히 제공된다설명서를 그래밍. <ol><li> 5 분 프로그램 (즉, 하나의 음식 펠릿은 평균 매 30 초에 전달 개시 후 가변 시간에 오십 음식 펠릿 (VT) 30 초 일정을 제공하는 pretraining 프로그램을 만들 수 있지만 실제 배달 0-를 사이에 무작위로 변화 60 초). </li><li> 빨간 집 표시등이 켜져이지만, 레버 (약 25 분) 프로그램의 기간 동안 수축 된 상태를 유지하도록 pretraining 프로그램을 작성합니다. </li><li> 빛주기 동안 pretraining 및 모든 후속 실험을 수행합니다. </li><li> 어느 날 전에 PCA 훈련에 가까운 조작 적 챔버에 각각 쥐를 배치하고 챔버 도어 래치 및 사운드 감쇠 캐비닛 문을 닫습니다. </li><li> 그 실의 각 쥐를 배치 한 후 가능한 한 빨리 pretraining 프로그램을 시작합니다. </li><li> 가능한 한 빨리 프로그램 종료 후 그 실에서 각각의 쥐를 제거합니다. </li><li> 소비 펠릿의 수를 기록하고, 모든 소비하지 않는 래트 제외추가 시험에서 펠렛. </li></ol></li><li> 프로그램 시작 후 1 분부터 약 40 분에서 25 시험을 제공하는 PCA 교육 프로그램을 만듭니다. <ol><li> 각 시험 중에 레버가 챔버로 확장되고, 8 초 동안 불이되도록 프로그램을 작성합니다. </li><li> 프로그램 레버 후퇴는 펠릿 잡지에 하나의 음식 펠릿의 응답에 관계없이 배달 바로 뒤에있다. </li><li> VT 90 초 일정에 따라 각 시험 분리 된 (즉, 레버 확장 및 후속 음식 펠릿 배달 평균 매 90 초에 발생하지만 실제 배달은 30-150 초 사이에 무작위로 다름). </li><li> 가까운 조절 실에 각각 쥐를 놓고 챔버 도어 래치 및 사운드 감쇠 캐비닛 문을 닫습니다. </li><li> 그 실의 각 쥐를 배치 한 후 가능한 한 빨리 PCA 훈련 프로그램을 시작합니다. </li><li> 가능한 한 빨리 프로그램 종료 후 그 실에서 각각의 쥐를 제거합니다. </li><li> 이자형추가 시험에서 펠릿을 모두 소비하지 않는 xclude 쥐. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 데이터 처리 <ol><li> 스프레드 시트 (예를 들어, 스프레드 시트 문서)에 출력 정보를 전송합니다. </li><li> (주제 번호 시작 날짜, 시작 시간 및 상자 번호) 식별 정보를 추출하는 프로파일을 작성뿐만 아니라 출력 정보 (번호와 레버 프레스 및 잡지 항목의 대기 시간). 참고 : 실험에서, 비 CS 잡지 항목은 프로필에 의해 추출된다. 8 초 CS 기간 외부와 레버가 연장되지 않는 동안 VT 90 초 (즉, 60-120 초) 기간 동안 발생하는 잡지에 항목으로 비 CS 잡지 항목을 정의합니다. </li><li> 또한 8 초에서 레버 언론과 잡지 진입 대기 시간을 상한으로 데이터를 처리 (즉, CS 프레 젠 테이션의 지속 기간). 이것은 IF 기능을 통해 스프레드 시트에서 달성 될 수있다 (X&gt; 8,8, X) IF. </li><li> 점수를 계산응답 바이어스 (즉, 세션에 대한 레버 프레스 및 잡지 항목의 총수 [레버 프레스 - 잡지 항목] / [레버 프레스 + 잡지 항목), 대기 시간 점수 (즉, 평균 대기 시간은 레버를 눌러이나 잡지 항목을 수행하는 세션 동안 [잡지 진입 대기 시간 - 레버를 눌러 대기 시간] / 8), 그리고 확률의 차이 (즉, 레버를 누르거나 잡지 항목의 비율 [레버를 눌러 확률 - 잡지 항목 확률]) 5. 참고 : 이러한 식으로, 모든 점수는 1.0과 -1.0 사이의 범위해야합니다. </li><li> 각 개별 세션 내에서 응답 바이어스, 지연 점수, 확률의 차이를 평균하여 각 쥐에 대한 PCA 인덱스 점수를 계산합니다. 참고 : PCA 인덱스 점수는 1.0과 -1.0 사이의 범위해야합니다. </li></ol>

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+variation+in+the+propensity+to+attribute+incentive+salience+to+an+appetitive+cue+predicts+the+propensity+to+attribute+motivational+salience+to+an+aversive+cue.">Individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to an appetitive cue predicts the propensity to attribute motivational salience to an aversive cue.</a> Behav Brain Res. 220 (1), 238-243 (2011).</li><li>Morrow, J. D., Saunders, B. T., Maren, S., Robinson, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sign-tracking+to+an+appetitive+cue+predicts+incubation+of+conditioned+fear+in+rats.">Sign-tracking to an appetitive cue predicts incubation of conditioned fear in rats.</a> Behav Brain Res. 276, 59-66 (2015).</li><li>Saunders, B. T., O'Donnell, E. G., Aurbach, E. L., Robinson, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cocaine+context+renews+drug+seeking+preferentially+in+a+subset+of+individuals.">A cocaine context renews drug seeking preferentially in a subset of individuals.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 39 (12), 2816-2823 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

PCA 훈련 중독은 취약성의 중요한 요소로 논의 된 조건부 큐에 인센티브 돌출 속성 경향에 개인차를 결정하는데 사용될 수있다. 예를 들면, 이전에 보안 목표 명세서는 모두 식품 의약품 단서 6 인센티브 돌출 속성 것을 증명하고 있으며, 식품 - 약물 관련 단서는 모두 보안 목표 명세서 7 amygdalo - 선조체 - 시상 회로 내에서 유사한 뇌 영역을 활성화합니다. 또한, 보안 목표 명세서는...

중독에 대한 약물 사용의 전환은 파블로프과 악기 학습 1,2 사이의 복잡한 상호 작용을 포함한다. 약물 복용과 약물 추구 행동 동안의 행동과 결과는 쓸모 과정을 통해 배운; 그러나, 자극 (예를 들면, 마약 관련 단서)과 보상 사이의 관계는 파블로프 과정을 통해 알게된다. 파블로프 단서는 예측을 획득, 그러나, 매력적인 바람직하고, 승진 및 보상 추구 행동 (4)를 유지할 수되고있다 그들은 또한, 인센티브 동기 부여 값 3을 획득 할 수있다. 동물의 학습 보상을 조사하고 대부분의 절차는, 그러나, 인센티브 동기 부여 학습 대 예측의 풀림을 허용하지 않습니다. 약물 자기 - 투여 과정에서, 예를 들어, 두 악기 및 파블로 사태는 전형적 쥐는 동작을 수행하기 위해 배우도록 채용된다 (예를 들면, 코 pokiNG 레버 가압 결과 (즉, 정맥 내 약물 투여)를 수신하기 위하여 등). 보람 결과는 파블로프 자극과 짝 (예, 코 - 포크 포트, 큐 라이트 프리젠 테이션, 주입 펌프의 소리, 혈류에 유체 전달의 interoceptive 느낌 등의 조명). 단서는 단순히 때문에 보상과의 관계 예측의 목표 지향적 행동을 지원하는지 여부는이 절차에서 종종 명확하지 않다, 또는 단서가 자신의 인센티브 동기 부여 속성을 취득 여부. 실험적으로 파블로프 자극의 예측 값에서 인센티브 동기 부여 값을 분리하기 위해, 우리 연구소는 인센티브 돌출이 보상 관련하는 큐 속성 쥐를 식별하기 위해 파블로프 컨디셔닝 방법 (PCA) 프로 시저를 사용합니다. 훈련 기간 동안, 조건 자극 (CS; 예를 들면, 레버)는 응답은-독립적으로 납품을 예측(; 예를 들면, 음식 펠릿 US) 무조건 자극의 ERY. 여러 훈련의 과정 동안, 세 가지 표현형 개발 : 로그인 추적 (CS-지시 조건 반응 [CR), 목표 추적 (US-감독 CR)을하고, 중간 응답 (CR이 모두). 목표 추적 GTS ()의 경우, CS는 보상 전달의 예측 인자로 활용된다 그러나, 로그인 추적기 (명세서)에 대해, CS는 매력적이고 바람직한되고, 인센티브 돌출에 기인한다. 본 검토에서는 PCA 절차를 수행하는 데 필요한 장비 설치 및 데이터 처리 개요. 또한, 우리는 PCA 교육의 대표적인 결과가 중요한 실험적인 고려 사항을 간략하게 설명하고, 중독 및 기타 신경 장애 조사에서 PCA 절차의 추정 유틸리티를 논의 제공합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Standard Modular Operant Test Chamber with Modified Top for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008CT</td><td>Top has access slot for drug delivery leashes or other harness systems; comes with ENV-008CTC (Cover Insert) for access slot</td></tr><tr><td>Expanded PVC Sound Attenuating Cubicle</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-022V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI Operating Package for up to Sixteen Chambers</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>MED-SYST-16</td><td>Based on the number of operant chambers, MED-SYST-8 (PCI Operating Package for up to Eight Chambers) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>DIG-716P2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CB</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-210CB-50 (Universal Cable, 50&amp;prime; [15.2 m]) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>18&amp;Prime; (45.7 cm) 3-Pin Mini-Molex</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-216A</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-216A-2 (2&amp;prime; [61.0 cm] 3-Pin Mini-Molex) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>Power Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CP-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-005</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-005A (Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Mouse) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable Waste Pan</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-007-P3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filler Panel Package for Standard Modular Test Chamber</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modular Pellet Dispenser for Rat, 45 mg</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-203M-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet Receptacle, Trough Type</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-200R2M</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-200R1M (Pellet Receptable, Cup Type) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CM</td><td>Calibrated to 25 g; needs to be adjusted to 10 g before Pavlovian conditioned approach training</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever Cue Light</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>House Light for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-215M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mA Replacement Bulbs, Pack of 10</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-800R</td><td>Red-colored; for use with ENV-215M (House Light for Rat)</td></tr><tr><td>Pellets, 45 mg, Primate Purified Diet, Banana Flavor</td><td>Bio-Serv</td><td>F0059</td><td>50,000/box&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats

조건부 인센티브 돌출의 속성, 또는 매력으로 중립 자극의 변화로 알려진 과정을 통해 보람 속성 자체를 획득 할 수 무조건, 보람 자극과 쌍 큐는, &quot;행동 동기를 부여 할 수있는 자극을 원했다. 파블로프 컨디셔닝 방법 (PCA) (US, 예를 들면, 음식 펠릿) 무조건 자극의 전달을 예측하고, (예를 들어, 레버 CS) 조건 자극의 반응 독립적 프레젠테이션 이후 개발 및 인센티브 돌출 트레이닝 동안, 세 개의 패턴을 측정하는데 사용될 수있다. 의 조건 반응 (CR을) 개발할 수 있습니다. 로그인 추적 행동 (CR을 CS-감독), 목표 추적 행동 (CR을 US-감독), 및 중간 응답 (CR이 모두) 로그인 추적기는 인센티브 돌출이 보상 관련하는 속성 큐와 PCA에게 냄비를 만드는, 약물 추구의 큐 유도 복직뿐만 아니라 다른 중독과 관련된 행동에 더 취약중독의 취약점을 연구 entially 중요한 절차. 여기, 우리는 쥐에서 PCA 행동을 유도뿐만 아니라 분석하고 개별 실험에서 PCA의 행동을 해석하는 데 사용되는 재료 및 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

우리는 쥐가 특정 실험실이나 실험의 필요에 따라 추가 훈련을 할 수 있지만 PCA 훈련의 5-7 매일 세션, 보안 목표 명세서,의 GT, 중간 조치 (IRS)과 같은 표현형 쥐에 충분하다는 것을 발견했다. 표현형이 이전에 설명 된 프로토콜에 응답하여 바이어스 잠복 점수 및 개별 세션의 확률 차이의 평균을 계산 PCA 지수 점수에 기초한다. 표현형 지난 2 PCA 교육 세션에서 PCA 인덱스 점?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

흰쥐의 파블로프 조건 접근 교육

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

pavlovian-conditioned-approach-training-in-rats

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K 조회수.  University of Michigan. Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability. 

비디오: Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

감각 운동 통합 및인지 제어 실험을 위해 완전 자동화 된 설치류 컨디셔닝 프로토콜

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

연구

행동분석학

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

절차 흰쥐의 파블로프 에어컨 알코올 추구 행동의 상황에 의한 갱신을 준수합니다

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

당연히 여성 쥐 사이클링에 에어컨 공포의 멸종 유학을위한 프로토콜

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

강박 장애의 쥐 모델로 신호 감쇠

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

여러인지 기능을 테스트 및 설치류에의 연결 활동을 녹음하기위한 완전 자동화된 고도 다목적 시스템

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

신경과학

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

자발적으로 감 금 소를 변경 하는 쥐 가르치는 식자 교육 및 사회적 관찰을 사용 하 여

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

쥐에 대 한 확장 된 공포 컨디셔닝 프로토콜을 사용 하 여 공포 잠복

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat are characteristic of various anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States. Discovering the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for defensive behaviors will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used laboratory paradigm to study fear-related learning and memory. A major limitation of traditional Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms is that freezing is the only defensive behavior monitored. We recently developed a modified Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm that allows us to study both conditioned freezing and flight (also known as escape) behavior within individual subjects. This model employs higher intensity footshocks and a greater number of pairings between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Additionally, this conditioned flight paradigm utilizes serial presentation of pure tone and white noise auditory stimuli as the conditioned stimulus. Following conditioning in this paradigm, mice exhibit freezing behavior in response to the tone stimulus, and flight responses during the white noise. This conditioning model can be applied to the study of rapid and flexible transitions between behavioral responses necessary for survival.

Defensive behavioral responses are contingent upon threat intensity, proximity, and context of exposure. Based on these factors, we developed a classical conditioning paradigm that elicits clear transitions between conditioned freezing and flight behavior within individual subjects. This model is crucial for the understanding the pathologies involved in anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders.

동결 및 비행 행동을 연구하는 새로운 파블로비안 공포 컨디셔닝 패러다임

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat ...

An Inescapable Cat Odor Exposure Protocol for Studying Innate and Contextual Threat Conditioning in Rats

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal model with an ethological approach offers a deeper insight into the biological mechanisms underlying threat responses. This paper describes a methodology to measure defensive behaviors toward both innate and learned aversive stimuli in rats. Animals were individually exposed to predator odor in an inescapable chamber to elicit a measurable, sustained, defensive state. The experimental design involved placing a rat in a familiar chamber for 10 min followed by exposure to cat odor for another 10 min in the same context. The next day, the rats were re-exposed for 10 min to the same context chamber where cat odor exposure occurred. Sessions were video-recorded and defensive behaviors were assessed on both days. 
The behavioral test was coupled with reversible functional inactivation and c-Fos immunohistochemistry techniques to determine the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses. Rats exposed to cat odor on the first day and re-exposed to the context chamber on the second day displayed higher levels of defensive behaviors, and that cat odor elicited a robust increase in the neural activity of the interoceptive cortex. Moreover, muscimol inactivation of the interoceptive cortex reduced the expression of defensive behaviors in response to cat odor and impaired contextual threat memory. These results show that this behavioral assay is a useful tool for studying neural mechanisms of defensive behaviors and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans and its related disorders.

Cat skin/fur odor exposure provides a reliable method to investigate neural circuits and mechanisms of defensive responses in rodents and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses in rats.

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal ...

Classical Conditioning

Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov&#39;s pioneering research on dogs&#39; digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs salivated not only when presented with food but also in response to stimuli associated with feeding, such as the sight of empty food bowls or the sound of laboratory assistant&#39;s footsteps. He systematically explored this phenomenon by pairing a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) that naturally elicited salivation. Initially, the bell, as a neutral stimulus, did not provoke any salivation. However, after repeated pairings with the meat powder, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. This experiment demonstrated that the previously neutral stimulus had become a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response of salivation.
Classical conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a newly learned response. The process unfolds in several stages:
<ul>
	<li>&#8226; Before Conditioning: The unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) naturally triggers an unconditioned response (salivation). The neutral stimulus (bell) does not elicit salivation.</li>
	<li>&#8226; During Conditioning: The neutral stimulus (bell) is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), which continues to evoke the unconditioned response (salivation).</li>
	<li>&#8226; After Conditioning: The neutral stimulus (bell) transforms into a conditioned stimulus, which alone elicits a conditioned response (salivation).</li>
</ul>
This paradigm shift from a neutral to a conditioned stimulus and from an unconditioned to a conditioned response emphasizes the associative learning process fundamental to classical conditioning.
Pavlov&#39;s work on classical conditioning has far-reaching implications beyond the laboratory. It provides a framework for understanding how associative learning shapes behavior in various contexts. For example, in educational settings, teachers can use classical conditioning principles to create positive learning environments by associating learning activities with pleasant experiences. In therapeutic contexts, techniques such as systematic desensitization leverage classical conditioning to treat phobias by gradually associating the feared object with a sense of calm.
Overall, classical conditioning exemplifies the intricate process by which associations between stimuli lead to learned responses, contributing significantly to our understanding of behavior and learning mechanisms.

고전적 조건화

While studying dogs&#39; digestive systems, Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, discovered that behaviors can be learned through association.
He noticed ...