Name: pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats
Uploaded: 2016-02-04T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the University of Michigan Department Of Psychiatry (U032826; JDM), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; K08 DA037912-01; JDM) and the Department of Defense (DoD) National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (CJF).

所有的程序已通过大学委员会关于动物的使用和保养（UCUCA，密歇根大学安娜堡分校，MI）。 1.设备和软件<ol><li>获得商业操作室和设备。见材料表 。 </li><li>在大鼠操作性条件反射室进行培训（24.1厘米宽×20.5厘米深x29.2厘米高度），坐落在声音衰减柜通风爱好者提供环境噪音。 </li><li>装备有颗粒杂志（插座）各室，位于中央的操作性室的不锈钢格地板3厘米以上的21.6厘米宽的前壁。确保粒料杂志包含的红外线传感器，其能够检测头项到器件中。 </li><li>沉淀杂志连接到颗粒机，它提供了香蕉味的食物颗粒（45毫克）。 </li><li>在反平衡的方式，位置的一个可伸缩乐版本（CS）的粒料插座的任一侧约2.5厘米的不锈钢网格地板3厘米以上（左或右）。 </li><li>确保杠杆包含在其中一个LED提示灯，使延长杆更直观醒目。 </li><li>如果使用的是可伸缩的杆，通过由本身放置每分钟10校正重块上的杆的顶端，然后调整校准螺钉（位于设备的顶部）用六角螺母扳手直至重量校准杆是能够抑制杠杆。 </li><li>在室的上盒容器相对的壁的顶部装备一个红房子光。 注:红房子光用来增加照明杆的显眼。 </li></ol> 2. PCA培训<ol><li>对内部成年雄性SD大鼠（250-300 G）抵达后，让他们不受干扰的住房群体，这是维持12小时的光/暗周期至少两天。 </li><li>轻轻地处理EACH鼠为以适应大鼠与人接触，每天至少1分钟两天。提供在外壳菌落食物和水的大鼠随意存取。 </li><li>通过放置在他们的家笼的食物颗粒（每鼠约15丸）两天，前三天PCA训练开始熟悉香蕉味的食物颗粒只。 注意:如果老鼠是成对安置，它对家笼的两侧均匀地划分粒料是有用的。 </li><li>训练前计划 注意:使用MEDState符号（医学协会，软件）执行我们所有的编程，而手册可在网上​​（mednr.com/pdf/doc003_MedPCProgramr.pdf）。程序编写为使用MedState符号无格式文本文件 （例如，ASCII或DOS文本），保存与适当延长（即，[文件名​​] .mpc），然后使用MED-PC程序，跨IV翻译。所有的这些步骤中提供了更详细地在上述亲编程手册。 <ol><li>创建一个训练前程序，该程序（即，一种食物小球，平均每30秒传送开始后5分钟，提供一个可变时间50的食物颗粒（VT）30秒的时间表，但实际交付0-之间随机变化60秒）。 </li><li>写训练前的程序使得红房子亮，但仍杆缩回的（约25分钟）计划的持续时间。 </li><li>光周期中进行训练前和所有后续实验。 </li><li>一天前PCA训练，每只大鼠放入一个操作性室，关闭并锁上房门，并关闭声音衰减柜门。 </li><li>将每只大鼠在其室后尽快启动训练前程序。 </li><li>从它的腔尽快程序结束后取出每只大鼠。 </li><li>记录消耗颗粒的数目和排除大鼠不消耗所有的进一步的测试颗粒。 </li></ol></li><li>创建提供了约40分钟，25项试验，该程序开始后开始1分钟PCA培训计划。 <ol><li>编写程序，使每个审判期间杆延伸到室和照明，持续8秒。 </li><li>程序杆回缩到通过一种食物丸的响应无关输送到粒料杂志立即执行。 </li><li>独立于VT 90秒的时间安排每个试验（ 即杠杆扩展和随后的食物颗粒交货时平均每90秒，但实际交付30-150秒之间随机变化）。 </li><li>每只大鼠放入调理室，关闭并锁上房门，并关闭声音衰减柜门。 </li><li>将每只大鼠在其室后尽快启动PCA培训计划。 </li><li>从它的腔尽快程序结束后取出每只大鼠。 </li><li> Ëxclude大鼠不消耗所有的颗粒从进一步测试。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.数据处理<ol><li>转移输出信息到电子表格（例如，电子表格文档）。 </li><li>创建提取物识别信息的信息（受试者编号，开始日期，开始时间，和框数）以及输出信息（号码和杠杆压力机和杂志条目延迟）。 注:在实验中，非CS杂志条目也由轮廓提取。定义非CS杂志条目作为8秒CS周期的外侧和VT 90秒（ 即 ，60-120秒）的期间，该杆并不延伸过程中发生的项到杂志。 </li><li>通过在8秒封盖杠杆新闻和杂志进入潜伏期进一步处理数据（即CS呈现的持续时间）。这可以在电子表格中通过IF函数来实现:IF（X&gt; 8,8，X）。 </li><li>分数计算为响应偏差 （即杠杆压力机和杂志条目会话总数;杠杆压力机-杂志条目] / [杠杆压力机+杂志条目]），潜伏期评分（ 即平均延迟执行的杠杆压或杂志进入在会话过程中;杂志进入潜伏期-杆按延迟] / 8），和概率差（ 即杠杆压力机或杂志条目的比例;杠杆压概率-杂志入门概率]）5。 注意:使用这些公式，所有得分应1.0和-1.0之间。 </li><li>每个单独的会话内的平均反应偏差，延迟得分和概率差异计算PCA指数得分为每个老鼠。 注:PCA指数得分应该1.0和-1.0之间。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

PCA训练可被用来确定在该倾向的个体差异来激励突性归因于空调线索，这已被认为是成瘾漏洞的一个重要组成部分。例如，以前已经证明，ST的属性激励突性到食品和药物线索6，和两个食品和药物相关的线索中的ST 7的杏仁核-纹状体-丘脑回路内激活相似的大脑区域。此外，ST的都比较浮躁8，易受毒品寻求行为线索7,9诱发复职，并寻求与药物有关的线索，尽管不良?...

使用药物上瘾的过渡涉及巴甫洛夫和器乐学习1,2之间复杂的相互作用。在吸毒和毒品寻求行为，行动和成果是通过仪器过程的经验教训;然而，刺激（ 如药物相关线索）和回报之间的关系也通过巴甫洛夫过程的经验教训。巴甫洛夫线索获得预测值，但也能获得奖励的激励值 3，因此他们成为有吸引力的，可取的，能够促进和维持奖励寻求行为4。 很多程序调查的奖励动物学习，但是，不允许的预测与激励激励学习解开。在药物的自我管理程序，例如，既有器乐和巴甫洛夫突发通常采用，例如，老鼠学会执行操作（ 例如 ，鼻百吉NG，杠杆压，以便接收的结果（即，静脉输注药物）等）。该奖励成果还配备了巴甫洛夫刺激（ 例如，一个鼻子戳口，提示灯介绍，输液泵的声音，流体输送到血液中感受性的感觉， 等照明）。正是在这些过程往往不清楚线索是否支持目标导向行动仅仅是因为他们与奖励预测的关系，或暗示是否获得自己的奖励激励属性。 为了实验隔离巴甫洛夫刺激的预测值奖励激励价值，我们的实验室使用了巴甫洛夫条件方法（PCA）程序，以确定该属性突出激励来奖励有关的线索老鼠。在训练过程中，条件刺激（CS;例如，杠杆）响应独立预测的deliv（;例如，一个食物颗粒美国）的非条件刺激的红霉素。在多个培训课程的过程中，三表型发展:登录跟踪（CS定向条件反应[CR]），目标跟踪（US-执导CR），以及中间的反应（包括CRS）。对于目标跟踪（GTS），在CS被用作奖励交付的预测;然而，登录追踪器（STS），该CS是由于与激励突出，成为有吸引力的和可取的。在这次审查中，我们勾勒出设备，设置和数据的必要的处理来执行PCA过程。此外，我们提供培训PCA代表性的成果，勾勒出重要的实验方面的考虑，并讨论在调查成瘾等神经精神障碍的PCA程序假定的效用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Standard Modular Operant Test Chamber with Modified Top for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008CT</td><td>Top has access slot for drug delivery leashes or other harness systems; comes with ENV-008CTC (Cover Insert) for access slot</td></tr><tr><td>Expanded PVC Sound Attenuating Cubicle</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-022V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI Operating Package for up to Sixteen Chambers</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>MED-SYST-16</td><td>Based on the number of operant chambers, MED-SYST-8 (PCI Operating Package for up to Eight Chambers) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>DIG-716P2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CB</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-210CB-50 (Universal Cable, 50&amp;prime; [15.2 m]) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>18&amp;Prime; (45.7 cm) 3-Pin Mini-Molex</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-216A</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-216A-2 (2&amp;prime; [61.0 cm] 3-Pin Mini-Molex) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>Power Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CP-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-005</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-005A (Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Mouse) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable Waste Pan</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-007-P3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filler Panel Package for Standard Modular Test Chamber</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modular Pellet Dispenser for Rat, 45 mg</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-203M-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet Receptacle, Trough Type</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-200R2M</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-200R1M (Pellet Receptable, Cup Type) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CM</td><td>Calibrated to 25 g; needs to be adjusted to 10 g before Pavlovian conditioned approach training</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever Cue Light</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>House Light for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-215M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mA Replacement Bulbs, Pack of 10</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-800R</td><td>Red-colored; for use with ENV-215M (House Light for Rat)</td></tr><tr><td>Pellets, 45 mg, Primate Purified Diet, Banana Flavor</td><td>Bio-Serv</td><td>F0059</td><td>50,000/box&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats

那些偶然与无条件的，有益的刺激配对可以通过称为奖励突出的归属，或中性刺激转变为诱人的过程获得奖励属性本身的线索，"通缉令"能够激励行为的刺激。巴甫洛夫条件方法（PCA）一个条件刺激的响应无关的介绍后发展;即预测的非条件刺激的递送（CS 例如 ，杠杆）（美国;例如，一个食物丸），并且可以被用于测量激励突出在训练期间，三个图案。的空调的响应（CRS）可以发展:登录跟踪行为（CS-定向CR），目标跟踪行为（美国定向CR）和一个中间响应（两者CRS）登录跟踪属性激励突出奖励相关线索和更容易受到毒品寻求线索诱发复职以及其他成瘾相关的行为，使PCA锅为研究成瘾漏洞entially有价值的过程。这里，我们描述用于从大鼠引起的PCA行为以及分析和解释在个别实验的PCA行为的材料和方法。

我们已发现，5-7 PCA训练的日常会话足以表现型大鼠作为STS，燃气轮机和中间反应数（IRs），虽然大鼠还可以基于特定的实验室或实验的需要进行培训。表型是基于PCA指标分数，这是通过如先前在协议中所述的平均的响应偏差，延迟的分数，以及个别会话概率差计算。表型是由从最后两个PCA培训班的平均PCA指数得分确定（ 即会话4和5，如果有一共有五个PCA培训课）。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

大鼠条件性巴甫洛夫训练方法

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

pavlovian-conditioned-approach-training-in-rats

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K 次观看.  University of Michigan. Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability. 

视频: Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

科研

行为学

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

协议在骑自行车自然雌性大鼠学习条件性恐惧灭绝

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

信号衰减为强迫症的大鼠模型

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

一个多认知功能测试，并记录在啮齿动物的神经元活动的完全自动化和高度灵活的系统

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

神经科学

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

用小鼠训练和社会观察教老鼠主动改变笼子

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

对大鼠使用扩展的恐惧调节协议进行恐惧孵化

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat are characteristic of various anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States. Discovering the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for defensive behaviors will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used laboratory paradigm to study fear-related learning and memory. A major limitation of traditional Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms is that freezing is the only defensive behavior monitored. We recently developed a modified Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm that allows us to study both conditioned freezing and flight (also known as escape) behavior within individual subjects. This model employs higher intensity footshocks and a greater number of pairings between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Additionally, this conditioned flight paradigm utilizes serial presentation of pure tone and white noise auditory stimuli as the conditioned stimulus. Following conditioning in this paradigm, mice exhibit freezing behavior in response to the tone stimulus, and flight responses during the white noise. This conditioning model can be applied to the study of rapid and flexible transitions between behavioral responses necessary for survival.

Defensive behavioral responses are contingent upon threat intensity, proximity, and context of exposure. Based on these factors, we developed a classical conditioning paradigm that elicits clear transitions between conditioned freezing and flight behavior within individual subjects. This model is crucial for the understanding the pathologies involved in anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders.

研究冻结和飞行行为的新型帕夫洛夫恐惧调理范式

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat ...

An Inescapable Cat Odor Exposure Protocol for Studying Innate and Contextual Threat Conditioning in Rats

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal model with an ethological approach offers a deeper insight into the biological mechanisms underlying threat responses. This paper describes a methodology to measure defensive behaviors toward both innate and learned aversive stimuli in rats. Animals were individually exposed to predator odor in an inescapable chamber to elicit a measurable, sustained, defensive state. The experimental design involved placing a rat in a familiar chamber for 10 min followed by exposure to cat odor for another 10 min in the same context. The next day, the rats were re-exposed for 10 min to the same context chamber where cat odor exposure occurred. Sessions were video-recorded and defensive behaviors were assessed on both days. 
The behavioral test was coupled with reversible functional inactivation and c-Fos immunohistochemistry techniques to determine the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses. Rats exposed to cat odor on the first day and re-exposed to the context chamber on the second day displayed higher levels of defensive behaviors, and that cat odor elicited a robust increase in the neural activity of the interoceptive cortex. Moreover, muscimol inactivation of the interoceptive cortex reduced the expression of defensive behaviors in response to cat odor and impaired contextual threat memory. These results show that this behavioral assay is a useful tool for studying neural mechanisms of defensive behaviors and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans and its related disorders.

Cat skin/fur odor exposure provides a reliable method to investigate neural circuits and mechanisms of defensive responses in rodents and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses in rats.

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal ...

Classical Conditioning

Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov&#39;s pioneering research on dogs&#39; digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs salivated not only when presented with food but also in response to stimuli associated with feeding, such as the sight of empty food bowls or the sound of laboratory assistant&#39;s footsteps. He systematically explored this phenomenon by pairing a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) that naturally elicited salivation. Initially, the bell, as a neutral stimulus, did not provoke any salivation. However, after repeated pairings with the meat powder, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. This experiment demonstrated that the previously neutral stimulus had become a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response of salivation.
Classical conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a newly learned response. The process unfolds in several stages:
<ul>
	<li>&#8226; Before Conditioning: The unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) naturally triggers an unconditioned response (salivation). The neutral stimulus (bell) does not elicit salivation.</li>
	<li>&#8226; During Conditioning: The neutral stimulus (bell) is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), which continues to evoke the unconditioned response (salivation).</li>
	<li>&#8226; After Conditioning: The neutral stimulus (bell) transforms into a conditioned stimulus, which alone elicits a conditioned response (salivation).</li>
</ul>
This paradigm shift from a neutral to a conditioned stimulus and from an unconditioned to a conditioned response emphasizes the associative learning process fundamental to classical conditioning.
Pavlov&#39;s work on classical conditioning has far-reaching implications beyond the laboratory. It provides a framework for understanding how associative learning shapes behavior in various contexts. For example, in educational settings, teachers can use classical conditioning principles to create positive learning environments by associating learning activities with pleasant experiences. In therapeutic contexts, techniques such as systematic desensitization leverage classical conditioning to treat phobias by gradually associating the feared object with a sense of calm.
Overall, classical conditioning exemplifies the intricate process by which associations between stimuli lead to learned responses, contributing significantly to our understanding of behavior and learning mechanisms.

经典调理

While studying dogs&#39; digestive systems, Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, discovered that behaviors can be learned through association.
He noticed ...