Name: pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats
Uploaded: 2016-02-04T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the University of Michigan Department Of Psychiatry (U032826; JDM), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; K08 DA037912-01; JDM) and the Department of Defense (DoD) National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (CJF).

（;ミシガン大学、ミシガン州アナーバーUCUCA）すべての手順は、大学動物の使用およびケアに関する委員会によって承認されています。 1.機器とソフトウェア<ol><li>商業オペラントチャンバーとデバイスを取得します。 材料 表を参照してください 。 </li><li>ラットオペラント条件付けチャンバ内で周囲の雑音を提供するために、換気ファンと音減衰キャビネットに位置し、（20.5センチメートル深さX 29.2センチメートル×高さ24.1センチメートル幅）研修を実施。 </li><li> 3センチメートルステンレス鋼格子床以上のオペラントチャンバー21.6センチ前壁の中央に位置し、ペレット誌（レセプタクル）との各チャンバを、装備。ペレットマガジンが装置内にヘッドエントリを検出することができる赤外線センサーが含まれていることを確認してください。 </li><li>バナナ風味の食物ペレット（45 mg）を提供ペレットディスペンサーにペレット雑誌を接続します。 </li><li>カウンターバランスの取れた方法で、位置1リトラクタブルル版（CS）、ペレット容器の両側に約2.5センチ3センチメートルステンレス鋼格子床の上（左または右）。 </li><li>レバーが拡張されたレバーをより視覚的に目立つ作るために、その中にLED合図灯が含まれていることを確認してください。 </li><li>リトラクタブルレバーを使用している場合は、レバーの上に10グラムの校正用分銅を配置し、その後、それだけで重量が押下できるようになるまで六角ナットレンチで（デバイスの上部に位置）の校正ネジを調整することにより、レバーをキャリブレーションレバー。 </li><li>雑誌のレセプタクル反対側の壁上室の上部にある赤い家ライトを装備。 注：赤家光が照射さレバーの目立ちを増加させるために使用されます。 </li></ol> 2. PCAトレーニング<ol><li>ペア社内の大人の雄Sprague Dawleyラット（250〜300グラム）到着時と12時間の明/暗サイクルで維持されている住宅地、中に少なくとも2日間、邪魔されずにそれらを残します。 </li><li>静かにEAを扱います人間との接触にラットを順応させるために2日間一日あたり少なくとも1分間chのラット。住宅地での食料と水をラットに自由摂取のアクセスを提供します。 </li><li> PCAの訓練に3日前に開始し、2日間のために彼らのホームケージに（ラット当たり約15ペレット）食物ペレットを配置することにより、バナナ風味の食物ペレットのラットを習熟。 注意：ラットをペアに収容されている場合は、ホームケージの両側に均等にペレットを分割することは有用です。 </li><li>事前訓練プログラム 注意：私たちのプログラミングのすべてが（メッドアソシエイツ、ソフトウェア用）MEDState表記を使用して行われ、マニュアルはオンラインで入手可能（mednr.com/pdf/doc003_MedPCProgramr.pdf）です。プログラムが適切な拡張子で保存MedState記法使用してフォーマットされていないテキスト文書（ 例えば 、ASCIIまたはDOSテキスト）、として書かれている（ すなわち 、[ファイル名] .mpc）、その後、MED-PCプログラム、トランスIVを使用して翻訳。これらの工程の全ては、上記プロでより詳細に提供されていますマニュアルをグラミング。 <ol><li> 5分のプログラム（ すなわち、1食のペレットは平均30秒ごとに配信され開始後の可変時間に50食のペレット（VT）30秒スケジュールを配信する事前訓練プログラムを作成しますが、実際の配信は0-の間でランダムに変化60秒）。 </li><li>赤い家の光が上になるように事前訓練プログラムを書くが、レバーは（約25分）プログラムの期間引っ込めたまま。 </li><li>光サイクルの間に事前訓練と後続のすべての実験を行います。 </li><li>ある日、PCAのトレーニング、オペラントチャンバー内に各ラットを置き、近くに先立って、チャンバのドアをラッチし、音減衰キャビネットドアを閉じます。 </li><li>そのチャンバー内で各ラットを配置した後、できるだけ早く事前訓練プログラムを起動します。 </li><li>プログラム終了後できるだけ早くその室から各ラットを削除します。 </li><li>消費ペレットの数を記録し、すべてを消費しないラットを除外さらなる試験からのペレット。 </li></ol></li><li>プログラムの開始後1分を始め、約40分で25件の試験を提供し、PCAのトレーニングプログラムを作成します。 <ol><li>各試験中にレバーがチャンバ内に延長され、8秒間点灯しているように、プログラムを書きます。 </li><li>ペレットマガジンに1食品ペレットの応答に依存しない配信の直後するプログラムレバー後退。 </li><li> VT 90秒のスケジュール上の個別の各試験（ すなわち 、レバーの延長と、その後の食品ペレットの配信は平均で毎90秒に発生しますが、実際の配信は30から150秒の間でランダムに変化）。 </li><li>近くに、コンディショニング室に各ラットを置き、チャンバドアラッチ、および音減衰キャビネットドアを閉じます。 </li><li>そのチャンバー内で各ラットを配置した後、できるだけ早くPCAのトレーニングプログラムを開始します。 </li><li>プログラム終了後できるだけ早くその室から各ラットを削除します。 </li><li> Eさらなる試験からペレットのすべてを消費しないxcludeラット。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.データ処理<ol><li>スプレッドシート（ 例えば 、スプレッドシート文書）に出 ​​力情報を転送します。 </li><li> （被験者番号開始日、開始時刻、およびボックス番号）情報を識別する抽出するプロファイルを作成だけでなく、出力情報（番号とレバーを押すと雑誌エントリの待ち時間）。 注：実験では、非CSマガジンエントリは、プロファイルによって抽出されます。 8秒CS期間外とレバーが拡張されていない時にVT 90秒（ すなわち 、60から120秒）の期間中に発生した雑誌へのエントリとして非CS雑誌エントリを定義します。 </li><li>さらに8秒でレバーを押すと雑誌エントリの待ち時間をキャップすることによってデータを処理する（ すなわち 、CS提示の持続時間）。これは、IF関数を使用してスプレッドシートで達成することができます：IF（&gt; 8,8 X、X）。 </li><li>スコアを計算、待ち時間スコアレバープレスや雑誌エントリを実行する（ すなわち 、平均待ち時間- ;応答バイアス（/ [レバー押し+雑誌エントリ] [雑誌エントリレバーを押す]セッションのレバーを押すと雑誌のエントリのすなわち 、合計数）のためにセッション中に、[雑誌エントリー待ち時間-レバーを押し待ち時間] / 8）、および確率の差（ すなわち 、レバーを押すか、雑誌のエントリの割合; [レバーを押し確率-雑誌のエントリ確率]）5。 注：これらの式では、すべてのスコアが1.0と-1.0の間の範囲であるべきです。 </li><li>各個別のセッション内でその応答の偏り、待ち時間スコア、および確率差を平均化することによって各ラットのためのPCAインデックススコアを計算します。 注：PCAインデックススコアは1.0と-1.0の間の範囲であるべきです。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

PCAのトレーニングは、中毒の脆弱性の重要な要素であると主張されてきた馴化手がかりにインセンティブ顕現属性する傾向の個人差を決定するために使用することができます。例えば、以前のSTは、両方の食品や薬の合図6にインセンティブ顕現属性ことが実証されている、と食物と薬物関連の両方の手がかりは、STS 7でへんとう-線条体-視床回路内の類似の脳領域を活性化さ?...

中毒への薬物使用の移行は、パブロフと道具的学習1,2の間の複雑な相互作用を伴います。薬物服用と薬物探索行動の間に、行動と結果は楽器のプロセスを通じて学習されています。しかし、 刺激 （例えば、薬物関連手がかり）と報酬の間の関係もパブロフのプロセスを通じて学習されています。パブロフの手がかりは、予測値を取得し、彼らはまた、インセンティブの動機づけ、彼らは魅力的になることにより、値3、望ましい、と報酬を求める行動4を促進し、維持することができるを取得することができます。 動物の学習報酬を調査する多くの手順は、しかし、インセンティブ動機付け学習対予測の解きほぐしを許可していません。薬物自己投与手順では、例えば、両方の楽器とパブロフの偶発事象は、典型的には、ラットがアクションを実行することを学ぶように、採用されている（ 例えば 、鼻、pokiNG、レバー押しの結果（ すなわち 、静脈内薬物注入）を受信するために） など 。やりがいの結果はまた、パブロフの刺激と対になっている（ 例えば 、鼻突くポート、キューライトプレゼンテーション、輸液ポンプの音、血流への流体送達の内受容性の感覚などの照明）。これは、キューがいうだけの理由で報酬との予測関係の目標指向行動をサポートしているかどうか、またはキューが自分自身のインセンティブ動機付け特性を獲得しているかどうか、これらの手順では、多くの場合不明です。 実験的にパブロフの刺激の予測値からインセンティブ動機付け値を単離するために、私たちの研究室では手がかり関連を報いるためにインセンティブ顕現属性ラットを識別するために、パブロフの条件付けのアプローチ（PCA）の手順を使用しています。トレーニングセッション中に、条件刺激（CS;例えば、レバー）が応答-独立delivを予測無条件刺激（; 例えば 、食品ペレット米国）のERY。複数のトレーニングセッションの間に、3の表現型の開発：サイン・トラッキング（CS指向条件反応[CR]）、目標追跡（米国指向CR）を、中間応答（CRの両方）。目標トラッカー（GTS）は、CSが報酬配信の予測因子として利用されています。しかし、サイントラッカー（STS）のために、CSは魅力的で望ましいとなって、インセンティブの顕現で起因します。このレビューでは、PCAの手順を実行するために必要な機器、セットアップ、およびデータ処理の概要を説明します。加えて、我々は重要な実験的な検討事項を概説し、PCA訓練の代表的な結果を提供し、中毒およびその他の精神神経障害を調査中でPCA手順の推定上の有用性を議論します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Standard Modular Operant Test Chamber with Modified Top for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008CT</td><td>Top has access slot for drug delivery leashes or other harness systems; comes with ENV-008CTC (Cover Insert) for access slot</td></tr><tr><td>Expanded PVC Sound Attenuating Cubicle</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-022V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCI Operating Package for up to Sixteen Chambers</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>MED-SYST-16</td><td>Based on the number of operant chambers, MED-SYST-8 (PCI Operating Package for up to Eight Chambers) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>SmartCtrl</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>DIG-716P2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CB</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-210CB-50 (Universal Cable, 50&amp;prime; [15.2 m]) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>18&amp;Prime; (45.7 cm) 3-Pin Mini-Molex</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-216A</td><td>Based on individual needs, SG-216A-2 (2&amp;prime; [61.0 cm] 3-Pin Mini-Molex) is also available</td></tr><tr><td>Power Cable, 25&amp;prime; (7.6 m)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-210CP-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-005</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-005A (Stainless Steel Grid Floor for Mouse) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable Waste Pan</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-007-P3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filler Panel Package for Standard Modular Test Chamber</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-008-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modular Pellet Dispenser for Rat, 45 mg</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-203M-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pellet Receptacle, Trough Type</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-200R2M</td><td>Based on preference, ENV-200R1M (Pellet Receptable, Cup Type) is also available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CM</td><td>Calibrated to 25 g; needs to be adjusted to 10 g before Pavlovian conditioned approach training</td></tr><tr><td>Retractable Lever Cue Light</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-112CML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>House Light for Rat</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>ENV-215M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mA Replacement Bulbs, Pack of 10</td><td>Med Associates, Inc.</td><td>SG-800R</td><td>Red-colored; for use with ENV-215M (House Light for Rat)</td></tr><tr><td>Pellets, 45 mg, Primate Purified Diet, Banana Flavor</td><td>Bio-Serv</td><td>F0059</td><td>50,000/box&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

pavlovian conditioned approach training in rats

偶発的インセンティブの顕現の帰属、または魅力的に中性刺激の変換として知られるプロセスを通じてやりがいの性質そのものを取得することができる無条件、やりがいのある刺激と対になっているキューは、「行動をやる気にさせることが可能な刺激を求めていました。パブロフの条件付けのアプローチ（PCA） （米国; 例えば 、食品ペレット）無条件刺激の配信を予測し、（ 例えば 、レバーCS）条件刺激の応答に依存しないプレゼンテーションの後に発症し、インセンティブの顕現性トレーニングの間、3つのパターンを測定するために使用することができます。馴化応答（CRS）の開発することができます：サイン追跡行動（CS指向CR）、目標追跡行動（米国指向CR）、及び中間応答（両方CRを）サイントラッカー報酬に関連するインセンティブ顕現属性。 PCAポット作る手がかりと薬物探索の合図誘発性の復活だけでなく、他の嗜癖関連行動に対してより脆弱です、中毒の脆弱性を研究するためのentially貴重な手順。ここでは、ラットからPCAの動作を誘発するだけでなく、個々の実験でPCAの動作を分析し、解釈するために使用される材料および方法を記載します。

我々は、ラットを特定の実験室または実験の必要性に基づいてさらにトレーニングすることができるが、PCA訓練の5-7毎日のセッションは、STS、GTの、中間応答（IRS）などの表現型ラットに十分であることを見出しました。表現型は、以前のプロトコルに記載のように応答バイアス、待ち時間スコア、及び個々のセッションの確率差を平均することによって計算されるPC...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats at JoVE.com

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

ラットにおけるパブロフ馴化アプローチトレーニング

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

pavlovian-conditioned-approach-training-in-rats

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K ビュー.  University of Michigan. Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability. 

ビデオ: Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

感覚統合と認知制御実験のための完全に自動化されたげっ歯類エアコンプロトコル

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

行動学

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

ラットにおけるパブロフ付きアルコール探索行動の状況誘発性のリニューアルを観察する手順

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

当然の雌ラットをサイクリングで馴化恐怖の消滅を研究するためのプロトコル

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

強迫性障害のラットモデルとして信号の減衰

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

マルチ認知機能のテストとげっ歯類の神経活動を記録するための完全に自動化された汎用性の高いシステム

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

神経科学

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

自らケージを変更するラットを教えるためのクリッカー トレーニングと社会の観察を使用してください。

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

ラットの拡張恐怖調節プロトコルを用いた恐怖インキュベーション

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat are characteristic of various anxiety disorders, which are the most prevalent form of mental illness in the United States. Discovering the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for defensive behaviors will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used laboratory paradigm to study fear-related learning and memory. A major limitation of traditional Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms is that freezing is the only defensive behavior monitored. We recently developed a modified Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm that allows us to study both conditioned freezing and flight (also known as escape) behavior within individual subjects. This model employs higher intensity footshocks and a greater number of pairings between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Additionally, this conditioned flight paradigm utilizes serial presentation of pure tone and white noise auditory stimuli as the conditioned stimulus. Following conditioning in this paradigm, mice exhibit freezing behavior in response to the tone stimulus, and flight responses during the white noise. This conditioning model can be applied to the study of rapid and flexible transitions between behavioral responses necessary for survival.

Defensive behavioral responses are contingent upon threat intensity, proximity, and context of exposure. Based on these factors, we developed a classical conditioning paradigm that elicits clear transitions between conditioned freezing and flight behavior within individual subjects. This model is crucial for the understanding the pathologies involved in anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders.

凍結と飛行行動を研究する新しいパブロビアン恐怖コンディショニングパラダイム

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat ...

An Inescapable Cat Odor Exposure Protocol for Studying Innate and Contextual Threat Conditioning in Rats

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal model with an ethological approach offers a deeper insight into the biological mechanisms underlying threat responses. This paper describes a methodology to measure defensive behaviors toward both innate and learned aversive stimuli in rats. Animals were individually exposed to predator odor in an inescapable chamber to elicit a measurable, sustained, defensive state. The experimental design involved placing a rat in a familiar chamber for 10 min followed by exposure to cat odor for another 10 min in the same context. The next day, the rats were re-exposed for 10 min to the same context chamber where cat odor exposure occurred. Sessions were video-recorded and defensive behaviors were assessed on both days. 
The behavioral test was coupled with reversible functional inactivation and c-Fos immunohistochemistry techniques to determine the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses. Rats exposed to cat odor on the first day and re-exposed to the context chamber on the second day displayed higher levels of defensive behaviors, and that cat odor elicited a robust increase in the neural activity of the interoceptive cortex. Moreover, muscimol inactivation of the interoceptive cortex reduced the expression of defensive behaviors in response to cat odor and impaired contextual threat memory. These results show that this behavioral assay is a useful tool for studying neural mechanisms of defensive behaviors and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans and its related disorders.

Cat skin/fur odor exposure provides a reliable method to investigate neural circuits and mechanisms of defensive responses in rodents and may offer insight into mechanisms that mediate fear in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of the interoceptive cortex in threat responses in rats.

Animals respond to threatening situations by exhibiting a number of defensive behaviors, including avoidance, freezing, and risk assessment. An animal ...

Classical Conditioning

Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov&#39;s pioneering research on dogs&#39; digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs salivated not only when presented with food but also in response to stimuli associated with feeding, such as the sight of empty food bowls or the sound of laboratory assistant&#39;s footsteps. He systematically explored this phenomenon by pairing a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) that naturally elicited salivation. Initially, the bell, as a neutral stimulus, did not provoke any salivation. However, after repeated pairings with the meat powder, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. This experiment demonstrated that the previously neutral stimulus had become a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response of salivation.
Classical conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a newly learned response. The process unfolds in several stages:
<ul>
	<li>&#8226; Before Conditioning: The unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) naturally triggers an unconditioned response (salivation). The neutral stimulus (bell) does not elicit salivation.</li>
	<li>&#8226; During Conditioning: The neutral stimulus (bell) is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), which continues to evoke the unconditioned response (salivation).</li>
	<li>&#8226; After Conditioning: The neutral stimulus (bell) transforms into a conditioned stimulus, which alone elicits a conditioned response (salivation).</li>
</ul>
This paradigm shift from a neutral to a conditioned stimulus and from an unconditioned to a conditioned response emphasizes the associative learning process fundamental to classical conditioning.
Pavlov&#39;s work on classical conditioning has far-reaching implications beyond the laboratory. It provides a framework for understanding how associative learning shapes behavior in various contexts. For example, in educational settings, teachers can use classical conditioning principles to create positive learning environments by associating learning activities with pleasant experiences. In therapeutic contexts, techniques such as systematic desensitization leverage classical conditioning to treat phobias by gradually associating the feared object with a sense of calm.
Overall, classical conditioning exemplifies the intricate process by which associations between stimuli lead to learned responses, contributing significantly to our understanding of behavior and learning mechanisms.

クラシカルコンディショニング

While studying dogs&#39; digestive systems, Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, discovered that behaviors can be learned through association.
He noticed ...

ラットにおけるパブロフ馴化アプローチトレーニング

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この動画の章

感覚統合と認知制御実験のための完全に自動化されたげっ歯類エアコンプロトコル

ラットにおけるパブロフ付きアルコール探索行動の状況誘発性のリニューアルを観察する手順

当然の雌ラットをサイクリングで馴化恐怖の消滅を研究するためのプロトコル

強迫性障害のラットモデルとして信号の減衰

マルチ認知機能のテストとげっ歯類の神経活動を記録するための完全に自動化された汎用性の高いシステム

自らケージを変更するラットを教えるためのクリッカートレーニングと社会の観察を使用してください。

ラットの拡張恐怖調節プロトコルを用いた恐怖インキュベーション

凍結と飛行行動を研究する新しいパブロビアン恐怖コンディショニングパラダイム

An Inescapable Cat Odor Exposure Protocol for Studying Innate and Contextual Threat Conditioning in Rats

クラシカルコンディショニング

ラットにおけるパブロフ馴化アプローチトレーニング

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

感覚統合と認知制御実験のための完全に自動化されたげっ歯類エアコンプロトコル

ラットにおけるパブロフ付きアルコール探索行動の状況誘発性のリニューアルを観察する手順

当然の雌ラットをサイクリングで馴化恐怖の消滅を研究するためのプロトコル

強迫性障害のラットモデルとして信号の減衰

マルチ認知機能のテストとげっ歯類の神経活動を記録するための完全に自動化された汎用性の高いシステム

自らケージを変更するラットを教えるためのクリッカー トレーニングと社会の観察を使用してください。

ラットの拡張恐怖調節プロトコルを用いた恐怖インキュベーション

凍結と飛行行動を研究する新しいパブロビアン恐怖コンディショニングパラダイム

An Inescapable Cat Odor Exposure Protocol for Studying Innate and Contextual Threat Conditioning in Rats

クラシカルコンディショニング

自らケージを変更するラットを教えるためのクリッカートレーニングと社会の観察を使用してください。