ASR progettato esperimenti, sviluppato protocolli e analizzato i dati. SC e PS eseguiti esperimenti di dimensione di cella. ASR e OC ha scritto il manoscritto. Gli autori desiderano riconosciamo con gratitudine il sostegno della Prof. ssa David R. Klug per l'accesso alle attrezzature. Gli autori desiderano ringraziare l'imperiale Hackspace di Advanced ha per l'accesso alle strutture di prototipazione e fabbricazione College.

<ol>
	<li>Willison, K. R., Klug, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+single+cell+and+single+molecule+proteomics+for+clinical+studies.">Quantitative single cell and single molecule proteomics for clinical studies.</a> Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 24 (4), 745-751 (2013).</li><li>Heath, J. R., Ribas, A., Mischel, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+analysis+tools+for+drug+discovery+and+development.">Single-cell analysis tools for drug discovery and development.</a> Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 15 (3), 204-216 (2016).</li><li>Eyer, K., Stratz, S., Kuhn, P., K&#252;ster, S. K., Dittrich, P. 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Indirizzabile gocciolina Microarrays sono un metodo sensibile ed estensibile per determinare quantitativamente il numero assoluto di copia della proteina all'interno di una singola cella.
Limitare il livello di legame aspecifico (NSB) è critico all'interno del protocollo al raggiungimento di un limite di rilevazione possibile come basso. Proteine e altre specie biochimiche non specifico può associare a un numero di interfacce presenti all'interno le goccioline — la superficie del vetrino c...

L'obiettivo di questo metodo è quello di determinare la variazione in abbondanza di una proteina dell'obiettivo in una popolazione di cellule con risoluzione di singola cellula. Analisi unicellulare fornisce una serie di vantaggi che non sono disponibili con metodi biochimici ensemble tradizionale. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 in primo luogo, lavorare a livello di singola cellula può catturare l'eterogeneità ricca di una popolazione di cellule che altrimenti andrebbero persi il calcolando che si verifica con tecniche biochimiche ensemble tradizionale. La maggior parte dei metodi biochimici cavallo di lavoro funziona con la maggior parte, che richiedono, come spesso fanno, milioni di cellule per produrre un risultato. Naturalmente, le conseguenze della valutazione popolazioni a cellula intera dipende da una serie di fattori, ad esempio, l'eterogeneità nell'espressione della proteina dove possono essere perso alcune caratteristiche importanti della distribuzione dell'abbondanza di proteine. Dal punto di vista pratico, la sensibilità necessaria delle tecniche di singola cellula li rendono in grado di lavorare con quantità di materiale biologico che è insufficiente per anche più sensibili tecniche di bulk funzionare. Un esempio chiave è lo studio dei tipi cellulari rari come fare circolare le cellule del tumore (CTCs) dove anche per i pazienti con una prospettiva prognostico difficile meno di 10 CTCs potrebbero essere presenti in un singolo 7,5 mL di sangue disegnare. 6 qui presentiamo la metodologia necessaria per eseguire misurazioni di proteina singola cella usando un volume ridotto dosaggio anticorpo-basato che impiegano le goccioline di olio-capped stampato su un microarray dell'anticorpo.
Microfluidica gocciolina piattaforme sono a resa elevata, in grado di generare migliaia di goccioline al secondo e in grado di isolare e persino la coltura, singole cellule in singole gocce per eseguire una vasta gamma di analisi biochimiche. Tecniche basate su goccia sono adatti per analisi unicellulare,7,8,9 con notevoli esempi recenti tra cui DropSeq10 e inDrop11, che sono state notevolmente favorite dalla potenza di tecniche di amplificazione. La quantità limitata di materiale e senza metodi di amplificazione per proteine rendono unicellulare proteomica particolarmente impegnativi.
Le goccioline possono essere analizzate da un certo numero di metodi e microscopia di fluorescenza è stato ampiamente utilizzata. Tecniche di singola molecola come microscopia di fluorescenza (TIRF) riflessione interna totale permette di molecole fluorescenti essere visualizzato con impareggiabile rapporto segnale-rumore. 12 a causa del decadimento esponenziale del campo evanescente, solo fluorofori in alta vicinanza alla superficie (ordine di 100nm) sono eccitati rendendo TIRF una buona strategia nella rilevazione di piccole quantità di una molecola di target in una miscela complessa. La forza intrinseca di sezionamento ottica di TIRF aiuta anche ad per evitare fasi di lavaggio e limiti di analisi tempi e la complessità. Tuttavia, TIRF richiede superfici planari ed esempi di microscopia TIRF applicato a goccioline nel flusso comportano la formazione di una superficie planare di cui all'immagine. 13 a tal fine, tecniche di proteomica di singola cellula spesso progettare chip microfluidici intorno agenti di superficie-immobilizzata cattura in un formato di microarray. 4 , 14
Le goccioline, essi stessi, possono essere formate in matrici su superfici planari, cosiddetto gocciolina microarrays. 15 , 16 , 17 organizzare spazialmente goccioline in matrici permette loro di essere convenientemente indicizzati, facilmente monitorati nel tempo, singolarmente indirizzati e, se necessario, Estratto. Gocciolina microarrays può raggiungere un'alta densità di micro-reattori con migliaia di elementi per ogni chip che sono supportati da strutture microtiter o autoportante. 18 , 19 , 20 può essere costituiti da deposizione sequenziale da robot di manipolazione dei liquidi, spotters a getto d'inchiostro, contattare microarrayers21,22,23,24,25, 26 , o essi possono assemblarsi su superfici come superhydrophillic macchie modellato su una superficie superidrofobiche. 27 , 28 , 29
Con queste considerazioni in mente, indirizzabile gocciolina Microarrays (ADMs) sono stati progettati per combinare la versatilità, spaziale indirizzabilità e volumi ridotti di microarrays di goccia con la sensibilità di microscopia TIRF di singola molecola per quantitativamente misurare l'abbondanza di proteine. 5 ADMs abilitare analisi unicellulare formando un gocciolina microarray contenente cellule singole sopra un microarray dell'anticorpo, che è stato limitato con olio per evitare l'evaporazione. I volumi delle goccioline sono discreti per prevenire la perdita di campione, che altrimenti si otterrebbe con il chip valvole a flusso continuo microfluidica. 30 la quantità assoluta di proteina bersaglio da una singola cellula è estremamente piccola; Tuttavia, il volume ridotto delle goccioline consente relativamente alta concentrazione locale in modo che essi vengono rilevati usando un'analisi di anticorpo panino - anticorpo è immobilizzato in una distinta regione, o spot, su una superficie che cattura la proteina che a sua volta lega per un anticorpo di rilevazione fluorescente etichettati presente nel volume delle gocce. Come un approccio privo di etichetta (cioè proteina gli obiettivi non devono essere etichettati direttamente), sono generalmente applicabili all'analisi di cellule da fonti primarie, come sangue trasformati ADMs, bene bisogno aspira e le biopsie del tumore dissociata, come pure le cellule dalla cultura e loro lisati.
Misura la variazione in abbondanza di proteine attraverso una popolazione delle cellule è importante nel determinare l'eterogeneità nella risposta, ad esempio, ad una droga e contribuirà a fornire approfondimenti funzioni cellulari e percorsi, valutazione sottopopolazioni e loro comportamento così come identificare eventi rari che altrimenti sarebbero mascherati da metodi di massa. Questo protocollo descrive come produrre e utilizzare indirizzabile gocciolina microarrays per determinare quantitativamente l'abbondanza del fattore trascrizione p53 in cellule tumorali umane e può essere usato per studiare il ruolo di p53 nella risposta ai farmaci chemioterapici. La proteina dell'obiettivo è determinata dalla scelta di acquisizione e rilevamento di anticorpi e può essere modificata per includere ulteriori o diverse destinazioni. Vengono fornite istruzioni per costruire un semplice apparato che incorporano un ugello concentrico da consumabili di laboratorio generali a 10 gocce di nL ricoperti con olio di matrice manualmente. Il processo completo sperimentale è descritto per cui ciascuna gocciolina viene quindi caricato con una singola cella, che è poi lisata e l'espressione della proteina determinata con risoluzione di singola molecola usando la microscopia TIRF.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Cell culture&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10010015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM high glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D6429</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Biochrom</td><td>S0115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cell culture flasks</td><td>Corning</td><td>SIAL0639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin/EDTA</td><td>Biochrom</td><td>L2153</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Microarray&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcontact Arrayer</td><td>DigiLab, UK</td><td>OmniGrid Micro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcontact pin</td><td>ArrayIt, USA</td><td>946MP2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips (Nexterion)</td><td>Schott, Europe</td><td>1098523</td><td>Size (mm): 65.0 x 25.0; Thickness (mm) 0.17</td></tr><tr><td>p53 capture antibody</td><td>Enzo</td><td>ADI-960-070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p53 detection antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 labelled</td><td>Santa Cruz</td><td>sc-126</td><td>stock concentration 200&amp;mu;g/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Saline-sodium citrate buffer</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15557-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Betaine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>61962</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulphate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L3771</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>384 well plate (low volume)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CLS4511</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen gas cylinder</td><td>BOC</td><td>Industrial grade, oxygen-free</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Droplets&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Patchman NP2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manual Microinjector</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>CellTram Vario</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette</td><td>Origio, Denmark</td><td>MBB-FP-L-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe pumps</td><td>KD Scientific</td><td>KDS-210</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;mu;L syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81020</td><td>Gas tight, PTFE Luer lock</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81327</td><td>Gas tight, PTFE Luer lock</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone isolator</td><td>Grace Bio-Labs</td><td>JTR24R-A-0.5</td><td>6x4 well silicone isolator with adhesive</td></tr><tr><td>Laser cutter</td><td>VersaLASE</td><td>VLS2.30 CO2 Laser 3W</td><td>for laser cutting of custom isolators</td></tr><tr><td>1mm thick acrylic sheet</td><td>Weatherall-UK</td><td>Clarex Precision Sheet 001</td><td>for laser cutting of custom isolators</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive sheet</td><td>3M</td><td></td><td>used to adhere custom isolators to microarrayed coverslips</td></tr><tr><td>Super glue</td><td>Loctite</td><td>LOCPFG3T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>150 &amp;mu;m ID/360 &amp;mu;m OD fused silica tubing</td><td>IDEX</td><td>FS-115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.0 mm ID/1/16&amp;rdquo; OD PFA tubing</td><td>IDEX</td><td>1503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.014&amp;rdquo; ID/0.062&amp;rdquo; OD PTFE tubing</td><td>Kinesis</td><td>008T16-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.0 mm ID/2.0 mm OD FEP tubing</td><td>IDEX</td><td>1673</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumen (BSA)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP9700100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mineral oil</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M5904</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-pure water</td><td>Millipore, Germany</td><td>MilliQ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Microscopy &amp;amp; Optics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TIRF microscope with encoded XY stage</td><td>Nikon, Japan</td><td>Nikon Ti-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EM-CCD</td><td>Andor Technologies, Ireland</td><td>IXON DU-897E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser excitation source</td><td>Vortran, USA</td><td>Stradus 488-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical lysis laser source</td><td>Continuum, USA</td><td>Surelite SLI-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope filter cube for TIRF</td><td>Chroma, USA</td><td>z488bp</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope filter cube for Optical Lysis</td><td>Laser 2000, UK</td><td>LPD01-532R-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiji</td><td>Open Source</td><td></td><td>Image analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab</td><td>Mathworks</td><td>version 7.14 or higher</td><td>Image analysis software</td></tr></tbody></table>

counting proteins in single cells with addressable droplet microarrays

Comportamento spesso cellulare e risposte cellulari vengono analizzate a livello di popolazione, dove le risposte di molte cellule sono raggruppate insieme come un risultato medio il comportamento ricco singola cella all'interno di una popolazione complessa di mascheramento. Tecnologie di rilevazione e quantificazione della proteina singola cella hanno avuto un impatto notevole negli ultimi anni. Qui descriviamo una piattaforma di analisi unicellulare pratico e flessibile basata su microarrays gocciolina indirizzabile. Questo studio descrive come i numeri di copia assoluta di proteine bersaglio possono essere misurati con risoluzione di singola cellula. L'oncosoppressore p53 è il gene più comunemente mutato nel cancro umano, con oltre il 50% dei casi di cancro totale che esibiscono un modello di espressione di p53 non sani. Il protocollo descrive la procedura per creare 10 gocce nL entro il quale le cellule tumorali umane singolo sono isolate e il numero di copie della proteina p53 è misurato con risoluzione di singola molecola per determinare con precisione la variabilità nell'espressione. Il metodo può essere applicato a qualsiasi tipo di cellula compreso il materiale primario per determinare il numero di copia assoluta di qualsiasi proteine bersaglio di interesse.

Il numero di copia assoluta basale della proteina di p53 è stato determinato con risoluzione singola cella in una linea cellulare di cancro del colon umano, le cellule BE. Dimostriamo come espressione di p53 può variare nel corso di diversi ordini di grandezza e mostrano una correlazione positiva debolmente tra numero di copia dimensioni e proteina delle cellule all'interno della popolazione di cellule BE riposo.
Indirizzabile...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays at JoVE.com

Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays

Qui presentiamo indirizzabile gocciolina microarrays (ADMs), un metodo di matrice basata gocciolina in grado di determinare l'abbondanza assoluta della proteina in cellule singole. Dimostriamo la capacità di ADMs per caratterizzare l'eterogeneità nell'espressione della proteina oncosoppressore p53 in una linea cellulare di cancro umano.

Proteine in singole cellule con gocciolina indirizzabile Microarrays di conteggio

Often cellular behavior and cellular responses are analyzed at the population level where the responses of many cells are pooled together as an average ...

counting-proteins-in-single-cells-with-addressable-droplet-microarrays

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.5K Views.  Imperial College London. Qui presentiamo indirizzabile gocciolina microarrays (ADMs), un metodo di matrice basata gocciolina in grado di determinare l'abbondanza assoluta della proteina in cellule singole. Dimostriamo la capacità di ADMs per caratterizzare l'eterogeneità nell'espressione della proteina oncosoppressore p53 in una linea cellulare di cancro umano.

Video: Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

Metodi di rilevamento a fluorescenza per piattaforme goccia microfluidica

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Flow-pattern Guided Fabrication of High-density Barcode Antibody Microarray

Antibody microarray as a well-developed technology is currently challenged by a few other established or emerging high-throughput technologies. In this report, we renovate the antibody microarray technology by using a novel approach for manufacturing and by introducing new features. The fabrication of our high-density antibody microarray is accomplished through perpendicularly oriented flow-patterning of single stranded DNAs and subsequent conversion mediated by DNA-antibody conjugates. This protocol outlines the critical steps in flow-patterning DNA, producing and purifying DNA-antibody conjugates, and assessing the quality of the fabricated microarray. The uniformity and sensitivity are comparable with conventional microarrays, while our microarray fabrication does not require the assistance of an array printer and can be performed in most research laboratories. The other major advantage is that the size of our microarray units is 10 times smaller than that of printed arrays, offering the unique capability of analyzing functional proteins from single cells when interfacing with generic microchip designs. This barcode technology can be widely employed in biomarker detection, cell signaling studies, tissue engineering, and a variety of clinical applications.

This protocol outlines the fabrication of a large-scale, multiplexed two-dimensional DNA or antibody array, with potential applications in cell signaling studies and biomarker detection.

Flow-modello Fabrication guidata della alta densità di codici a barre anticorpo Microarray

Antibody microarray as a well-developed technology is currently challenged by a few other established or emerging high-throughput technologies. In this ...

Chimica

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this purpose, the cells are passively trapped in the middle of a microchamber. Upon activation of the control layer, the cell is isolated from the surrounding volume in a small chamber. The surrounding volume can then be exchanged without affecting the isolated cell. However, upon short opening and closing of the chamber, the solution in the chamber can be replaced within a few hundred milliseconds. Due to the reversibility of the chambers, the cells can be exposed to different solutions sequentially in a highly controllable fashion, e.g. for incubation, washing, and finally, cell lysis. The tightly sealed microchambers enable the retention of the lysate, minimize and control the dilution after cell lysis. Since lysis and analysis occur at the same location, high sensitivity is retained because no further dilution or loss of the analytes occurs during transport. The microchamber design therefore enables the reliable and reproducible analysis of very small copy numbers of intracellular molecules (attomoles, zeptomoles) released from individual cells. Furthermore, many microchambers can be arranged in an array format, allowing the analysis of many cells at once, given that suitable optical instruments are used for monitoring. We have already used the platform for proof-of-concept studies to analyze intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors and second messengers in either relative or absolute quantifiable manner.

In this article we present a microfluidic chip for single cell analysis. It allows the quantification of intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors, and second messengers by means of fluorescent assays or immunoassays.&#160;

Un chip microfluidica per la Versatile analisi chimica di singole cellule

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Proteome-wide Quantification of Labeling Homogeneity at the Single Molecule Level

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a fluorescent dye and are spotted by a photodetector following their separation. Single molecule fluorescence imaging can provide ultrasensitive protein detection with its ability for visualizing individual fluorescent molecules. However, the application of this powerful imaging method to electrophoresis assays is hampered by the lack of ways to characterize the homogeneity of fluorescent labeling of each protein species across the proteome. Here, we developed a method to evaluate the labeling homogeneity across the proteome based on a single molecule fluorescence imaging assay. In our measurement using a HeLa cell sample, the proportion of proteins labeled with at least one dye, which we termed &#8216;labeling occupancy&#8217; (LO), was determined to range from 50% to 90%, supporting the high potential of the application of single molecule imaging to sensitive and precise proteome analysis.

Here, we present a protocol to assess the labeling homogeneity for each protein species in a complex protein sample at the single molecule level.

Quantificazione di tutto il proteoma di etichettatura omogeneità a livello di singola molecola

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a ...

Biochimica

Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR

Circulating (of cell-free) microRNAs (miRNAs) are released from cells into the blood stream. The amount of specific microRNAs in the circulation has been linked to a disease state and has the potential to be used as disease biomarker. A sensitive and accurate method for circulating microRNA quantification using a dye-based chemistry and droplet digital PCR technology has been recently developed. Specifically, using Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA)-based miRNA-specific primers with a green fluorescent DNA-binding dye in a compatible droplet digital PCR system it is possible to obtain the absolute quantification of specific miRNAs. Here, we describe how performing this technique to assess miRNA amount in biological fluids, such as plasma and serum, is both feasible and effective.

A sensitive and accurate method for cell-free microRNAs quantification using a dye-based chemistry and droplet digital PCR technology is described.

Di circolazione MicroRNA Quantificazione Utilizzando DNA-binding Dye Chimica e di gocce Digital PCR

Circulating (of cell-free) microRNAs (miRNAs) are released from cells into the blood stream. The amount of specific microRNAs in the circulation has been ...

A Femtoliter Droplet Array for Massively Parallel Protein Synthesis from Single DNA Molecules

Advances in spatial resolution and detection sensitivity of scientific instrumentation make it possible to apply small reactors for biological and chemical research. To meet the demand for high-performance microreactors, we developed a femtoliter droplet array (FemDA) device and exemplified its application in massively parallel cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) reactions. Over one million uniform droplets were readily generated within a finger-sized area using a two-step oil-sealing protocol. Every droplet was anchored in a femtoliter microchamber composed of a hydrophilic bottom and a hydrophobic sidewall. The hybrid hydrophilic-in-hydrophobic structure and the dedicated sealing oils and surfactants are crucial for stably retaining the femtoliter aqueous solution in the femtoliter space without evaporation loss. The femtoliter configuration and the simple structure of the FemDA device allowed minimal reagent consumption. The uniform dimension of the droplet reactors made large-scale quantitative and time-course measurements convincing and reliable. The FemDA technology correlated the protein yield of the CFPS reaction with the number of DNA molecules in each droplet. We streamlined the procedures about the microfabrication of the device, the formation of the femtoliter droplets, and the acquisition and analysis of the microscopic image data. The detailed protocol with the optimized low running cost makes the FemDA technology accessible to everyone who has standard cleanroom facilities and a conventional fluorescence microscope in their own place.

The overall goal of the protocol is to prepare over one million ordered, uniform, stable, and biocompatible femtoliter droplets on a 1 cm2 planar substrate that can be used for cell-free protein synthesis.

Un array di gocciole del femtolitro per sintesi proteica massicciamente parallela da molecole di DNA singolo

Advances in spatial resolution and detection sensitivity of scientific instrumentation make it possible to apply small reactors for biological and ...

Snap Chip for Cross-reactivity-free and Spotter-free Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays

Multiplexed protein analysis has shown superior diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy compared to single proteins. Antibody microarrays allow for thousands of micro-scale immunoassays performed simultaneously on a single chip. Sandwich assay format improves assay specificity by detecting each target with two antibodies, but suffers from cross-reactivity between reagents thus limiting their multiplexing capabilities. Antibody colocalization microarray (ACM) has been developed for cross-reactivity-free multiplexed protein detection, but requires an expensive spotter on-site for microarray fabrication during assays. In this work, we demonstrate a snap chip technology that transfers reagent from microarray-to-microarray by simply snapping two chips together, thus no spotter is needed during the sample incubation and subsequent application of detection antibodies (dAbs) upon storage of pre-spotted slides, dissociating the slide preparation from assay execution. Both single and double transfer methods are presented to achieve accurate alignment between the two microarrays and the slide fabrication for both methods are described. Results show that &#60;40 &#956;m alignment has been achieved with double transfer, reaching an array density of 625 spots/cm2. A 50-plexed immunoassay has been conducted to demonstrate the usability of the snap chip in multiplexed protein analysis. Limits of detection of 35 proteins are in the range of pg/mL.

We demonstrate a snap chip technology for performing cross-reactivity-free multiplexed sandwich immunoassays by simply snapping two slides. A snap apparatus is used for reliably transferring reagents from microarray-to-microarray. The snap chip can be used for any biochemical reactions requiring colocalization of different reagents without cross-contamination.

Chip a scatto per immunodosaggi panino multiplex Cross-reactivity e Spotter-free

Multiplexed protein analysis has shown superior diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy compared to single proteins. Antibody microarrays allow for thousands ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Saggio di goccioline microfluidiche per l'analisi della secrezione di citochine a singola cellula

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells

Infections, autoimmune diseases, desired and adverse immunological responses to treatment can lead to a complex and dynamic cytokine response in vivo. This response involves numerous immune cells secreting various cytokines to orchestrate the immune reaction. However, the secretion dynamics, amounts, and co-occurrence of the different cytokines by various cell subtypes remain poorly understood due to a lack of appropriate tools to study them. Here, we describe a protocol using a microfluidic droplet platform that allows the time-resolved quantitative measurement of secretion dynamics for several cytokines in parallel on the single-cell level. This is enabled by the encapsulation of individual cells into microfluidic droplets together with a multiplexed immunoassay for parallel quantification of cytokine concentrations, their immobilization for dynamic fluorescent imaging, and the analysis of the respective images to derive secreted quantities and dynamics. The protocol describes the preparation of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, calibration experiments, cell preparation, and the encapsulation of the cells and nanoparticles into droplets for fluorescent imaging and subsequent image and data analysis using the example of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presented platform identified distinct cytokine secretion behavior for single and co-secreting cells, characterizing the expected phenotypic heterogeneity in the measured cell sample. Furthermore, the modular nature of the assay allows its adaptation and application to study a variety of proteins, cytokines, and cell samples, potentially leading to a deeper understanding of the interplay between different immune cell types and the role of the different cytokines secreted dynamically to shape the tightly regulated immune response. These new insights could be particularly interesting in the studies of immune dysregulations or in identifying target populations in therapy and drug development.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autore in primo piano: Svelare la polifunzionalità e l'eterogeneità nelle risposte immunitarie

The protocol describes an advanced microfluidic platform to quantitatively measure cytokine secretion dynamics of individual human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The platform measures up to three cytokines in parallel (IL-6, TNF&#945;, and IL-1&#946;) for each individual cell stimulated with lipopolysaccharide as an example.

Approccio microfluidico per risolvere la secrezione simultanea e sequenziale di citochine di singole cellule polifunzionali 

Infections, autoimmune diseases, desired and adverse immunological responses to treatment can lead to a complex and dynamic cytokine response in vivo. ...

Proteine in singole cellule con gocciolina indirizzabile Microarrays di conteggio

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Capitoli in questo video

Metodi di rilevamento a fluorescenza per piattaforme goccia microfluidica

Flow-modello Fabrication guidata della alta densità di codici a barre anticorpo Microarray

Un chip microfluidica per la Versatile analisi chimica di singole cellule

Quantificazione di tutto il proteoma di etichettatura omogeneità a livello di singola molecola

Di circolazione MicroRNA Quantificazione Utilizzando DNA-binding Dye Chimica e di gocce Digital PCR

Un array di gocciole del femtolitro per sintesi proteica massicciamente parallela da molecole di DNA singolo

Chip a scatto per immunodosaggi panino multiplex Cross-reactivity e Spotter-free

Approccio microfluidico per risolvere la secrezione simultanea e sequenziale di citochine di singole cellule polifunzionali

Approccio microfluidico per risolvere la secrezione simultanea e sequenziale di citochine di singole cellule polifunzionali

Approccio microfluidico per risolvere la secrezione simultanea e sequenziale di citochine di singole cellule polifunzionali