ASR geplante Experimente, Protokolle entwickelt und analysiert Daten. SC und PS durchgeführt Zelle Größe Experimente. ASR und OC schrieb das Manuskript. Die Autoren möchten die Unterstützung von Prof. David R. Klug dankbar anerkennen, für den Zugriff auf Geräte. Die Autoren danken der Imperial College Advanced Hackspace für den Zugriff auf Fertigung und Prototyping Anlagen.

<ol>
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Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

Adressierbare Tröpfchen Microarrays sind eine sensible und erweiterbare Methode für quantitativ bestimmen die absolute Kopienzahl des Proteins innerhalb einer einzelnen Zelle.
Begrenzung der Höhe der unspezifischen Bindung ist (NSB) im Rahmen des Protokolls zur Erreichung möglichst geringen maximal Erkennung wie möglich. Proteine und andere biochemische Arten können unspezifisch binden an eine Reihe von Schnittstellen in die Tröpfchen-Deckglas Oberfläche, der Antikörper vor Ort und de...

Das Ziel dieser Methode ist die Variation in Hülle und Fülle an ein Zielprotein in einer Zellpopulation mit einzelligen Auflösung bestimmen. Einzelne Zelle Analyse liefert eine Reihe von Vorteilen, die nicht mit traditionellen Ensemble biochemischen Methoden zur Verfügung stehen. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Erstens kann arbeiten auf der Ebene der einzelnen Zelle die reiche Heterogenität einer Zellpopulation, die sonst durch die Mittelwertbildung verloren gehen würde zu erfassen, die mit traditionellen Ensemble biochemischen Techniken auftritt. Die meisten Arbeitspferd biochemischen Methoden arbeiten mit der Masse erfordern, wie sie oft tun, Millionen von Zellen, um ein Ergebnis zu erzielen. Natürlich die Folgen ganze Zellpopulationen zu bewerten hängt eine Reihe von Faktoren, beispielsweise die Heterogenität in Protein-Expression, wo einige wichtigen Funktionen des Vertriebs von Protein Fülle ausgelassen werden können. Aus praktischer Sicht die Empfindlichkeit der einzelnen Zelle Techniken erforderlich machen sie in der Lage, arbeiten mit Mengen von biologischem Material, das für noch empfindlicheren Bulk-Techniken funktionieren nicht ausreicht. Ein wichtiges Beispiel hierfür ist das Studium der seltene Zelltypen wie zirkulierende Tumorzellen (CTC) wo auch für Patienten mit einer schlechten prognostischen Aussichten ziehen weniger als 10 CTCs in einem einzigen 7,5 mL Blut vorhanden sein könnte. 6 hier präsentieren wir Ihnen die Methodik erforderlich, um einzelne Zelle Protein Messungen mit einem reduzierten Volumen Antikörpern basierende Assays mit Öl-capped Tröpfchen auf ein Antikörper Microarray gedruckt.
Mikrofluidische Tröpfchen Plattformen sind hohen Durchsatz in der Lage, Tausende von Tröpfchen pro Sekunde und in der Lage zu isolieren, und sogar züchten, einzelner Zellen in einzelne Tröpfchen eine Vielzahl von biochemischen Tests durchführen zu erzeugen. Tröpfchen-basierte Techniken eignen sich gut für einzelne Zellanalyse,7,8,9 mit den letzten Beispiele einschließlich DropSeq10 und InDrop11, die stark durch die Kraft des unterstützt worden Verstärkung-Techniken. Die begrenzte Menge an Material und keine Methoden der Verstärkung für Proteine machen einzelne Zelle Proteomics besonders herausfordernd.
Tröpfchen können durch eine Reihe von Methoden analysiert werden und Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie ist weit verbreitet. Einzelmolekül-Techniken wie Totalreflexion Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (TIRF) können fluoreszierende Moleküle mit unvergleichlicher Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis visualisiert werden. 12 aufgrund der exponentiellen Zerfall der evaneszenten Feldes sind nur Fluorophore in hohen Nähe an die Oberfläche (Reihenfolge der 100nm) begeistert machen TIRF eine gute Strategie bei der Aufdeckung von kleinen Mengen eines Zielmoleküls in einer komplexen Mischung. Die optische Stationspunkte Eigenfestigkeit des TIRF hilft auch waschen Schritte zu vermeiden und Grenzen bestimmen Dauer und Komplexität. Jedoch, TIRF erfordert planare Flächen und Beispiele für TIRF-Mikroskopie auf Tropfen im Fluss angewendet beinhalten die Bildung einer planaren Fläche davon zu Bild. 13 zu diesem Zweck design-Einzelzelle Proteomic Techniken oft mikrofluidischen Chips Oberfläche immobilisiert Capture-Agenten in einem Microarray-Format. 4 , 14
Die Tröpfchen, selbst können in Arrays auf planaren Flächen, sogenannte Tröpfchen Microarrays ausgebildet sein. 15 , 16 , 17 räumlich organisieren Tröpfchen in Arrays ermöglicht es ihnen, bequem indiziert, leicht im Laufe der Zeit überwacht, individuell angesprochen und bei Bedarf abgerufen. Droplet Microarrays erreichen eine hohe Dichte von Mikroreaktoren mit Tausenden von Elementen pro Chip sind freistehend oder von Microwell Strukturen unterstützt. 18 , 19 , 20 sie können gebildet werden durch sequentielle Abscheidung von liquid Handling-Roboter, Inkjet-Spotter, wenden Sie sich an Microarrayers21,22,23,24,25, 26 , oder sie können selbst-zusammenbauen auf Oberflächen wie Superhydrophillic Flecken gemustert auf einer superhydrophob Oberfläche. 27 , 28 , 29
Mit diesen Überlegungen im Auge wurden adressierbare Tröpfchen Microarrays (ADMs) entwickelt, um die Vielseitigkeit, räumliche Adressierbarkeit und reduzierten Volumina von Tröpfchen Microarrays quantitativ mit der Empfindlichkeit der Einzelmolekül-TIRF-Mikroskopie zu kombinieren Protein-Fülle zu messen. 5 ADMs ermöglichen Einzelzelle Analyse bildet ein Tröpfchen Microarray mit einzelnen Zellen über einen Antikörper Microarray, die dann mit Öl, um Verdunstung zu verhindern begrenzt ist. Die Bände der Tröpfchen sind diskrete Probenverlust, zu verhindern, die sonst durch Ventile auf dem Chip im kontinuierlichen Fluss Mikrofluidik erreicht werden würde. 30 die absolute Menge an Zielprotein aus einer einzigen Zelle ist äußerst gering; Allerdings ermöglicht das geringere Volumen der Tröpfchen für relativ hohe lokale Konzentration, so dass sie erkannt werden, mit einem Sandwich-Antikörper-Assay - Antikörper immobilisiert ist, in eine eigenständige Region oder vor Ort, auf eine Oberfläche, die Protein fängt die wiederum bindet um ein eindringmittel gekennzeichneten detektionsantikörper in Tröpfchen Volumen vorhanden. Als markierungsfreie Ansatz (d.h. Protein Ziele müssen nicht direkt gekennzeichnet werden), ADM-Dateien sind generell für die Analyse von Zellen aus Primärquellen, wie z. B. verarbeitete Blut, gut brauchen Aspiraten und dissoziierten Tumor Biopsien sowie Zellen von Kultur und Ihre Lysaten.
Messung der Variation in Hülle und Fülle Protein in einer Zellpopulation ist wichtig bei der Bestimmung der Heterogenität, z. B. als Reaktion auf ein Medikament und hilft bei bietet Einblick in die Zellfunktionen und Wege, Bewertung von Subpopulationen und ihre Verhalten sowie seltene Ereignisse zu identifizieren, die sonst durch lose Methoden maskiert werden würde. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt, wie zu produzieren und adressierbare Tröpfchen Microarrays verwenden, um die Fülle der Transkription Faktor p53 in menschlichen Krebszellen quantitativ zu bestimmen und kann verwendet werden, um die Rolle von p53 in Reaktion auf Chemotherapeutika zu untersuchen. Das Zielprotein wird bestimmt durch die Wahl der Erfassung und Erkennung Antikörper und kann geändert werden, um mehr oder andere Ziele enthalten. Anleitung zum Erstellen einer einfachen Apparatur unter Einbeziehung einer konzentrischen Düse aus allgemeinen Labor Verbrauchsmaterial manuell Array 10 nL Tröpfchen mit Öl bedeckt. Die vollen experimentelle Verfahren ist beschrieben, wobei jedes Tröpfchen dann geladen wird, mit einer einzelnen Zelle, die dann lysiert ist und der Ausdruck des Proteins bestimmt mit Einzelmolekül-Auflösung mit TIRF-Mikroskopie.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Cell culture&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10010015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM high glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D6429</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Biochrom</td><td>S0115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cell culture flasks</td><td>Corning</td><td>SIAL0639</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin/EDTA</td><td>Biochrom</td><td>L2153</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Microarray&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcontact Arrayer</td><td>DigiLab, UK</td><td>OmniGrid Micro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcontact pin</td><td>ArrayIt, USA</td><td>946MP2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips (Nexterion)</td><td>Schott, Europe</td><td>1098523</td><td>Size (mm): 65.0 x 25.0; Thickness (mm) 0.17</td></tr><tr><td>p53 capture antibody</td><td>Enzo</td><td>ADI-960-070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p53 detection antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 labelled</td><td>Santa Cruz</td><td>sc-126</td><td>stock concentration 200&amp;mu;g/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Saline-sodium citrate buffer</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15557-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Betaine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>61962</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulphate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L3771</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>384 well plate (low volume)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>CLS4511</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen gas cylinder</td><td>BOC</td><td>Industrial grade, oxygen-free</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Droplets&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Patchman NP2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manual Microinjector</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>CellTram Vario</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette</td><td>Origio, Denmark</td><td>MBB-FP-L-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe pumps</td><td>KD Scientific</td><td>KDS-210</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;mu;L syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81020</td><td>Gas tight, PTFE Luer lock</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL syringe</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>81327</td><td>Gas tight, PTFE Luer lock</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone isolator</td><td>Grace Bio-Labs</td><td>JTR24R-A-0.5</td><td>6x4 well silicone isolator with adhesive</td></tr><tr><td>Laser cutter</td><td>VersaLASE</td><td>VLS2.30 CO2 Laser 3W</td><td>for laser cutting of custom isolators</td></tr><tr><td>1mm thick acrylic sheet</td><td>Weatherall-UK</td><td>Clarex Precision Sheet 001</td><td>for laser cutting of custom isolators</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive sheet</td><td>3M</td><td></td><td>used to adhere custom isolators to microarrayed coverslips</td></tr><tr><td>Super glue</td><td>Loctite</td><td>LOCPFG3T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>150 &amp;mu;m ID/360 &amp;mu;m OD fused silica tubing</td><td>IDEX</td><td>FS-115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.0 mm ID/1/16&amp;rdquo; OD PFA tubing</td><td>IDEX</td><td>1503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.014&amp;rdquo; ID/0.062&amp;rdquo; OD PTFE tubing</td><td>Kinesis</td><td>008T16-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.0 mm ID/2.0 mm OD FEP tubing</td><td>IDEX</td><td>1673</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumen (BSA)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP9700100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mineral oil</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M5904</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-pure water</td><td>Millipore, Germany</td><td>MilliQ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Microscopy &amp;amp; Optics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TIRF microscope with encoded XY stage</td><td>Nikon, Japan</td><td>Nikon Ti-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EM-CCD</td><td>Andor Technologies, Ireland</td><td>IXON DU-897E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser excitation source</td><td>Vortran, USA</td><td>Stradus 488-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical lysis laser source</td><td>Continuum, USA</td><td>Surelite SLI-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope filter cube for TIRF</td><td>Chroma, USA</td><td>z488bp</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope filter cube for Optical Lysis</td><td>Laser 2000, UK</td><td>LPD01-532R-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiji</td><td>Open Source</td><td></td><td>Image analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab</td><td>Mathworks</td><td>version 7.14 or higher</td><td>Image analysis software</td></tr></tbody></table>

counting proteins in single cells with addressable droplet microarrays

Oft zellulären Verhalten und zelluläre Reaktionen auf Bevölkerungsebene analysiert, wo die Antworten aus vielen Zellen als ein durchschnittliches Ergebnis Maskierung der reichen einzelne Zelle Verhalten innerhalb einer komplexen Population zusammengefasst sind. Einzelne Zelle Protein Erkennung und Quantifizierung Technologien haben in den letzten Jahren einen bemerkenswerten Einfluss gemacht. Hier beschreiben wir eine praktische und flexible Einzelzelle Analyse-Plattform basierend auf adressierbaren Tröpfchen Microarrays. Diese Studie beschreibt, wie die absolute heftnummern Zielproteine mit einzelligen Auflösung gemessen werden können. Der Tumorsuppressor p53 ist das am häufigsten mutierte Gen im menschlichen Krebs, mit mehr als 50 % der insgesamt Krebsfälle Ausstellen eines nicht gesunden p53 Expressionsmuster. Das Protokoll beschreibt die Schritte zum Erstellen von 10 nL Tröpfchen in dem einzigen menschlichen Krebszellen sind isoliert und die Kopienzahl des p53-Protein wird gemessen mit Einzelmolekül-Auflösung, die Variabilität der Ausdruck genau zu bestimmen. Die Methode kann auf jeden Zelltyp einschließlich Primärmaterial zu bestimmen, die absolute Kopienzahl jedes Ziel interessierender Proteine angewendet werden.

Die absoluten basalen Protein Kopienzahl des p53 wurde mit einer Einzelzelle Auflösung in eine menschlichen Dickdarm-Krebs-Zell-Linie, BE-Zellen bestimmt. Wir zeigen, wie p53 Ausdruck über mehrere Größenordnungen variieren kann und zeigen eine schwache positive Korrelation zwischen Größe und Protein Kopie Zellzahl innerhalb der ruhenden BE-Zell-Population.
Adressierbare Tröpfchen Microarrays werden gebildet, wenn wässrig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays at JoVE.com

Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays

Hier präsentieren wir Ihnen adressierbare Tröpfchen Microarrays (ADM-Dateien), ein Tröpfchen Array-basierte Methode absolute Protein Fülle in einzelnen Zellen zu bestimmen. Wir zeigen die Fähigkeit der ADM-Dateien, die Heterogenität im Ausdruck der Tumorsuppressor Protein p53 in einem menschlichen Krebs-Zell-Linie zu charakterisieren.

Zählen Proteine in einzelne Zellen mit adressierbaren Tröpfchen Microarrays

Often cellular behavior and cellular responses are analyzed at the population level where the responses of many cells are pooled together as an average ...

counting-proteins-in-single-cells-with-addressable-droplet-microarrays

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.5K Aufrufe.  Imperial College London. Hier präsentieren wir Ihnen adressierbare Tröpfchen Microarrays (ADM-Dateien), ein Tröpfchen Array-basierte Methode absolute Protein Fülle in einzelnen Zellen zu bestimmen. Wir zeigen die Fähigkeit der ADM-Dateien, die Heterogenität im Ausdruck der Tumorsuppressor Protein p53 in einem menschlichen Krebs-Zell-Linie zu charakterisieren.

Serie: Counting Proteins in Single Cells with Addressable Droplet Microarrays

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

Fluoreszenz-Nachweisverfahren für Mikrofluidik-Tropfen-Plattformen

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

Forschung

Biotechnik

Flow-pattern Guided Fabrication of High-density Barcode Antibody Microarray

Antibody microarray as a well-developed technology is currently challenged by a few other established or emerging high-throughput technologies. In this report, we renovate the antibody microarray technology by using a novel approach for manufacturing and by introducing new features. The fabrication of our high-density antibody microarray is accomplished through perpendicularly oriented flow-patterning of single stranded DNAs and subsequent conversion mediated by DNA-antibody conjugates. This protocol outlines the critical steps in flow-patterning DNA, producing and purifying DNA-antibody conjugates, and assessing the quality of the fabricated microarray. The uniformity and sensitivity are comparable with conventional microarrays, while our microarray fabrication does not require the assistance of an array printer and can be performed in most research laboratories. The other major advantage is that the size of our microarray units is 10 times smaller than that of printed arrays, offering the unique capability of analyzing functional proteins from single cells when interfacing with generic microchip designs. This barcode technology can be widely employed in biomarker detection, cell signaling studies, tissue engineering, and a variety of clinical applications.

This protocol outlines the fabrication of a large-scale, multiplexed two-dimensional DNA or antibody array, with potential applications in cell signaling studies and biomarker detection.

Strömungsmuster Guided Herstellung von High-Density-Barcode Antikörper Microarray

Antibody microarray as a well-developed technology is currently challenged by a few other established or emerging high-throughput technologies. In this ...

Chemie

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this purpose, the cells are passively trapped in the middle of a microchamber. Upon activation of the control layer, the cell is isolated from the surrounding volume in a small chamber. The surrounding volume can then be exchanged without affecting the isolated cell. However, upon short opening and closing of the chamber, the solution in the chamber can be replaced within a few hundred milliseconds. Due to the reversibility of the chambers, the cells can be exposed to different solutions sequentially in a highly controllable fashion, e.g. for incubation, washing, and finally, cell lysis. The tightly sealed microchambers enable the retention of the lysate, minimize and control the dilution after cell lysis. Since lysis and analysis occur at the same location, high sensitivity is retained because no further dilution or loss of the analytes occurs during transport. The microchamber design therefore enables the reliable and reproducible analysis of very small copy numbers of intracellular molecules (attomoles, zeptomoles) released from individual cells. Furthermore, many microchambers can be arranged in an array format, allowing the analysis of many cells at once, given that suitable optical instruments are used for monitoring. We have already used the platform for proof-of-concept studies to analyze intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors and second messengers in either relative or absolute quantifiable manner.

In this article we present a microfluidic chip for single cell analysis. It allows the quantification of intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors, and second messengers by means of fluorescent assays or immunoassays.&#160;

Eine mikrofluidische Chip für die vielseitige chemische Analyse von Einzelzellen

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Proteome-wide Quantification of Labeling Homogeneity at the Single Molecule Level

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a fluorescent dye and are spotted by a photodetector following their separation. Single molecule fluorescence imaging can provide ultrasensitive protein detection with its ability for visualizing individual fluorescent molecules. However, the application of this powerful imaging method to electrophoresis assays is hampered by the lack of ways to characterize the homogeneity of fluorescent labeling of each protein species across the proteome. Here, we developed a method to evaluate the labeling homogeneity across the proteome based on a single molecule fluorescence imaging assay. In our measurement using a HeLa cell sample, the proportion of proteins labeled with at least one dye, which we termed &#8216;labeling occupancy&#8217; (LO), was determined to range from 50% to 90%, supporting the high potential of the application of single molecule imaging to sensitive and precise proteome analysis.

Here, we present a protocol to assess the labeling homogeneity for each protein species in a complex protein sample at the single molecule level.

Proteom-weite Quantifizierung des Benennens Homogenität auf der Ebene des einzelnen Moleküls

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a ...

Biochemie

Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR

Circulating (of cell-free) microRNAs (miRNAs) are released from cells into the blood stream. The amount of specific microRNAs in the circulation has been linked to a disease state and has the potential to be used as disease biomarker. A sensitive and accurate method for circulating microRNA quantification using a dye-based chemistry and droplet digital PCR technology has been recently developed. Specifically, using Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA)-based miRNA-specific primers with a green fluorescent DNA-binding dye in a compatible droplet digital PCR system it is possible to obtain the absolute quantification of specific miRNAs. Here, we describe how performing this technique to assess miRNA amount in biological fluids, such as plasma and serum, is both feasible and effective.

A sensitive and accurate method for cell-free microRNAs quantification using a dye-based chemistry and droplet digital PCR technology is described.

Zirkulierende MicroRNA Quantifizierung der Basis von DNA-bindenden Farbstoff Chemie und Droplet Digital-PCR

Circulating (of cell-free) microRNAs (miRNAs) are released from cells into the blood stream. The amount of specific microRNAs in the circulation has been ...

A Femtoliter Droplet Array for Massively Parallel Protein Synthesis from Single DNA Molecules

Advances in spatial resolution and detection sensitivity of scientific instrumentation make it possible to apply small reactors for biological and chemical research. To meet the demand for high-performance microreactors, we developed a femtoliter droplet array (FemDA) device and exemplified its application in massively parallel cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) reactions. Over one million uniform droplets were readily generated within a finger-sized area using a two-step oil-sealing protocol. Every droplet was anchored in a femtoliter microchamber composed of a hydrophilic bottom and a hydrophobic sidewall. The hybrid hydrophilic-in-hydrophobic structure and the dedicated sealing oils and surfactants are crucial for stably retaining the femtoliter aqueous solution in the femtoliter space without evaporation loss. The femtoliter configuration and the simple structure of the FemDA device allowed minimal reagent consumption. The uniform dimension of the droplet reactors made large-scale quantitative and time-course measurements convincing and reliable. The FemDA technology correlated the protein yield of the CFPS reaction with the number of DNA molecules in each droplet. We streamlined the procedures about the microfabrication of the device, the formation of the femtoliter droplets, and the acquisition and analysis of the microscopic image data. The detailed protocol with the optimized low running cost makes the FemDA technology accessible to everyone who has standard cleanroom facilities and a conventional fluorescence microscope in their own place.

The overall goal of the protocol is to prepare over one million ordered, uniform, stable, and biocompatible femtoliter droplets on a 1 cm2 planar substrate that can be used for cell-free protein synthesis.

Ein Femtoliter Droplet Array für massive parallele Proteinsynthese aus einzelnen DNA-Molekülen

Advances in spatial resolution and detection sensitivity of scientific instrumentation make it possible to apply small reactors for biological and ...

Snap Chip for Cross-reactivity-free and Spotter-free Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays

Multiplexed protein analysis has shown superior diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy compared to single proteins. Antibody microarrays allow for thousands of micro-scale immunoassays performed simultaneously on a single chip. Sandwich assay format improves assay specificity by detecting each target with two antibodies, but suffers from cross-reactivity between reagents thus limiting their multiplexing capabilities. Antibody colocalization microarray (ACM) has been developed for cross-reactivity-free multiplexed protein detection, but requires an expensive spotter on-site for microarray fabrication during assays. In this work, we demonstrate a snap chip technology that transfers reagent from microarray-to-microarray by simply snapping two chips together, thus no spotter is needed during the sample incubation and subsequent application of detection antibodies (dAbs) upon storage of pre-spotted slides, dissociating the slide preparation from assay execution. Both single and double transfer methods are presented to achieve accurate alignment between the two microarrays and the slide fabrication for both methods are described. Results show that &#60;40 &#956;m alignment has been achieved with double transfer, reaching an array density of 625 spots/cm2. A 50-plexed immunoassay has been conducted to demonstrate the usability of the snap chip in multiplexed protein analysis. Limits of detection of 35 proteins are in the range of pg/mL.

We demonstrate a snap chip technology for performing cross-reactivity-free multiplexed sandwich immunoassays by simply snapping two slides. A snap apparatus is used for reliably transferring reagents from microarray-to-microarray. The snap chip can be used for any biochemical reactions requiring colocalization of different reagents without cross-contamination.

Snap Chip für Cross-reactivity frei und Spotter Multiplex Sandwich Immunoassays

Multiplexed protein analysis has shown superior diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy compared to single proteins. Antibody microarrays allow for thousands ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Mikrofluidischer Tröpfchenassay für die Analyse der Einzelzell-Zytokinsekretion

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells

Infections, autoimmune diseases, desired and adverse immunological responses to treatment can lead to a complex and dynamic cytokine response in vivo. This response involves numerous immune cells secreting various cytokines to orchestrate the immune reaction. However, the secretion dynamics, amounts, and co-occurrence of the different cytokines by various cell subtypes remain poorly understood due to a lack of appropriate tools to study them. Here, we describe a protocol using a microfluidic droplet platform that allows the time-resolved quantitative measurement of secretion dynamics for several cytokines in parallel on the single-cell level. This is enabled by the encapsulation of individual cells into microfluidic droplets together with a multiplexed immunoassay for parallel quantification of cytokine concentrations, their immobilization for dynamic fluorescent imaging, and the analysis of the respective images to derive secreted quantities and dynamics. The protocol describes the preparation of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, calibration experiments, cell preparation, and the encapsulation of the cells and nanoparticles into droplets for fluorescent imaging and subsequent image and data analysis using the example of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presented platform identified distinct cytokine secretion behavior for single and co-secreting cells, characterizing the expected phenotypic heterogeneity in the measured cell sample. Furthermore, the modular nature of the assay allows its adaptation and application to study a variety of proteins, cytokines, and cell samples, potentially leading to a deeper understanding of the interplay between different immune cell types and the role of the different cytokines secreted dynamically to shape the tightly regulated immune response. These new insights could be particularly interesting in the studies of immune dysregulations or in identifying target populations in therapy and drug development.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor im Rampenlicht: Enthüllung der Polyfunktionalität und Heterogenität in Immunantworten

The protocol describes an advanced microfluidic platform to quantitatively measure cytokine secretion dynamics of individual human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The platform measures up to three cytokines in parallel (IL-6, TNF&#945;, and IL-1&#946;) for each individual cell stimulated with lipopolysaccharide as an example.

Mikrofluidischer Ansatz zur Auflösung der gleichzeitigen und sequentiellen Zytokinsekretion einzelner polyfunktioneller Zellen 

Infections, autoimmune diseases, desired and adverse immunological responses to treatment can lead to a complex and dynamic cytokine response in vivo. ...

Zählen Proteine in einzelne Zellen mit adressierbaren Tröpfchen Microarrays

Zusammenfassung

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Mikrofluidischer Ansatz zur Auflösung der gleichzeitigen und sequentiellen Zytokinsekretion einzelner polyfunktioneller Zellen