Name: electrophysiological method for recording intracellular voltage responses of drosophila photoreceptors and interneurons to light stimuli in vivo
Uploaded: 2016-06-19T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 42 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo at JoVE.com

The authors thank Mick Swann, Chris Askham and Martin Gautrey for their important contributions in designing and building many electrical and mechanical components of the rigs. MJ's current research is supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC Grant: BB/M009564/1), the State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning open research fund (China), High-End Foreign Expert Grant (China), Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation Fellowship (Finland), and the Leverhulme Trust grant (RPG-2012-567).

The authors have nothing to disclose

We have presented the basic key steps of how to use sharp conventional microelectrodes to record intracellular responses of R1-R6 photoreceptors and LMCs in intact fly eyes. This method has been optimized, together with bespoke hardware and software tools, over the last 18 years to provide high-quality long-lasting recordings to answer a wide range of experimental questions. By investing time and resources to construct robust and precise experimental set-ups, and to produce microelectrodes with favorable electrical properties, high-quality recordings can become the norm in any laboratory working on Drosophila visual neurophysiology. Whilst well-designed recording and light stimulation systems are important for swift execution of different experimental paradigms, there are three procedural steps that are even more critical to achieving successful recordings: (i) to make the fly preparation with minimal eye damage, (ii) to pull microelectrodes with the right electrical properties, and (iii) to drive the recording electrode into the eye without breaking its tip. Ultimately, to record meaningful data, the investigator has to understand the physical basis of electrophysiology and how to fabricate suitable microelectrodes for the targeted cell-types.
Therefore, the limitations of this technique are primarily set by the patience, experience and technical ability of the investigator. Because this technique can take a long time to master for small Drosophila cells, it is advisable for trainee electrophysiologists to first practice with larger insect eyes, such as the blowfly36 or locust35, using the same rig. Once performing high-quality intracellular recordings from the larger photoreceptors and interneurons becomes routine, it is time to move on to the Drosophila eye. Another limitation of the technique concerns cellular identification. Penetrated Drosophila cells can be loaded electrophoretically with dyes, including Lucifer yellow or neurobiotin. However, because of the small tip size of the microelectrodes, electrophoresis works less efficiently than with lower resistance electrodes, such as patch-electrodes. Furthermore, the dye-filled microelectrodes characteristically have less favorable electrical properties, making it much harder to record high-quality responses with them from Drosophila photoreceptors and LMCs.
A technical problem that occurs sometimes is unstable input signal, or a complete lack of it. This is often associated with the voltage signal being either constantly drifting or higher/lower than the amplifier's recording range. On most occasions, this behavior is caused by the recording electrode being blocked (or its tip being too fine - having too high a resistance or intramural capacitance - to properly conduct fast signal changes). Although one can try to unblock the tip by buzzing the electrode capacitance, which sometimes works, often the situation is best resolved by simply changing the recording electrode. This may further require parameter adjustments in the microelectrode puller instrument to lower the tip resistance of the new electrodes. The electrode tip can also become blocked in preparations, for which it took too much time to cover the corneal hole by petroleum jelly. Prolonged air-contact can dry up the freshly exposed retinal tissue, turning its surface layer into a glue-like substance. If this is the case, the investigator typically sees a red blob of tissue stuck on the recording electrode when pulling it out of the eye. The only solution here is to make a new preparation. Petroleum jelly may provide many benefits for electrophysiological recordings: (i) it prevents the coagulation of the hemolymph that could break the electrode tip; (ii) it coats the electrode tip reducing its intramural capacitance, which lowers the electrode's time constant, and thus has the potential to improve the temporal resolution of the recorded neural signals40,41; (iii) it keeps the electrode tip clean, facilitating penetrations; and after penetration, (iv) it may even help to seal the electrode tip to the cell membrane42. 
The signal can further be unstable or lost when the silver-chloride wire of the electrode-holder is broken or dechloridized; in which case just replace or rechloridize the old wire. The missing signal can also result from one (or both) of the electrode-holders not being securely connected to their jacks. However, it is extremely unusual that a piece of equipment would be malfunctioning. If signal is undetectable and all other possibilities have been exhausted, test that each part of the recording apparatus, including the headstage, amplifier, low-pass filters and AD/DA-converters, are connected properly and functioning normally. One way to achieve this is to replace each instrument with another from a rig that is known to operate normally. Alternatively, use a signal generator to check the performance of the electronic components one by one.
But perhaps the most common technical problem facing the electrophysiologist is that of recording noise. Broadly, recording noise is the observed electrical activity other than the direct neuronal response to a given stimulus. Because the fly preparation, when properly done, is very stable, the observed noise (beyond the natural variably of the responses) most often results from ground-loops in the recording equipment, or is picked up from nearby electrical devices. Such noise is typically 50/60 Hz mains hum and its harmonics; but sometimes composed of more complex waveforms. To work out the origin of the noise, remove the fly preparation holder from the set-up, connect the recording and reference electrodes through a drop of fly Ringer (or place them in a small Ringer's solution bath; see step 1.2.6) and record the signal in CC- or bridge-mode. If noise is observable on the recorded signal, this likely means that the noise is external to the fly preparation.
Another good test for identifying the origin of noise is to replace the electrode-holders with an electric cell model connected to the amplifier. In an ideally configured and grounded set-up, the recorded signal should now be practically noise-free, showing only stochastic bit-noise from the AD-converter (in the best case not even that!). If noise is still present, then recheck that all rig equipment is properly grounded. A convenient approach to detect ground-loops is to: (i) disconnect all the grounding wires from all the parts within the rig; (ii) ensure that, after doing this, every single part is actually isolated from ground, by means of an ohm-meter; (iii) connect the parts, one by one, to the central ground directly, not through any other part of the rig. Try also changing the equipment configurations. For example, sometimes moving the computer and monitor further away from the rig can reduce noise; yet at other times, moving the computer inside the equipment rack reduces noise. It is also worth unplugging nearby equipment to see if noise is reduced, or shield additional components. Furthermore, try unplugging or replacing different components of the recording equipment, especially BNC cables (which can have faulty ground connections). If only bit-noise is observed when using the cell model, the initial noise source is either the electrodes or the fly preparation itself. For example, it could be that the reference electrode is inadvertently touching a motor nerve or active muscle fibers inside the head capsule (or disturbing flight muscles in the thorax - if placed there). It is usually simplest to prepare a new fly for recording, taking care to minimize damage to the fly. But if the noise persists and is broadband, it is likely that the electrodes are suboptimal for the experiments; too sharp/fine (hence too noisy) or just wrong for the purpose; we have even seen quartz-electrodes acting as antennas - picking up faint broadcasting signals! Although iteration of the puller-instrument parameter settings to generate the just right microelectrodes for consistent high-quality recordings from specific cell-types can take a lot of effort, it is worth it. Once the recording electrodes are well-tailored for the experiments, they can provide long-lasting recordings of outstanding quality.
Sharp microelectrode recording techniques can be similarly applied to study neural information processing in multitude of preparations, including different processing layers in the insect eyes and brain43,44. Because the microelectrode tips can be made very fine, these typically damage the studied cells less than most patch-clamp applications. Importantly, the modern sample-and-hold microelectrode amplifiers enable good control of the tips' electrical properties40,45-47. Thus, when correctly applied, this technique can provide reliable data from both in vivo3,5,7-10,44 or in vitro48 preparations with high signal-to-noise ratio at sub-millisecond resolution. Such precision would be impossible with today's optical imaging techniques, which are noisier and slower. Moreover, the method can be used to characterize small cells' electrical membrane properties both in current- and voltage-clamp configurations5,29,33,36,40-42,49, providing valuable data for biophysical and empirical modeling approaches7,8,11,33,49-54 that link experiments to theory.

Die Fruchtfliege (Drosophila melanogaster) -Verbindung Auge ist ein großes Modellsystem die funktionelle Organisation des Photorezeptors und Euron - Arrays für die neuronale Bild Probenahme und Verarbeitung sowie für die Tier Vision zu untersuchen. Das System verfügt über das umfassendste Schaltplan 1,2 und ist liebenswürdig zu genetischen Manipulationen und präzise neuronale Aktivitätsüberwachung (von hohen Signal-zu-Rausch - Verhältnis und Zeitauflösung) 10.03. Das Drosophila Auge ist modular aufgebaut, mit ~ 750 scheinbar normalen Linse bedeckten Strukturen Ommatidien genannt, die zusammen das eine Panorama - Sichtfeld fliegen sorgen , dass fast jede Richtung um seinen Kopf bedeckt. Das Auge des primären Informationsstichprobeneinheiten sind seine rhabdomer Photorezeptoren 7,8,11. Jede Ommatidium enthält acht Sehzellen (R1-R8), welche die gleiche Facettenlinse teilen, sind jedoch sieben verschiedene Richtungen ausgerichtet sind. Während die äußeren Photorezeptoren R1-R6 are am empfindlichsten auf blau-grünes Licht, spektralen Empfindlichkeiten der inneren Zellen R7 und R8, die in die gleiche Richtung liegen übereinander und zeigen, zeigen drei verschiedene Subtypen: blass, gelb und dorsalen Randbereich (DRA) 12- 15. <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Funktionelle Organisation des Drosophila Auge. (A) Die beiden ersten Opticusganglien, Retina und Lamina, sind grau im Inneren des Fliegenaugen hervorgehoben. Retina R1-R6 und Photorezeptoren Lamina Große monopolare Zellen (LMCs: L1-L3) sind leicht zugänglich in vivo zu herkömmlichen scharfen Mikroelektroden - Aufnahmen. Die schematische Elektrode hebt den normalen Weg von R1-R6 in der Netzhaut aufzuzeichnen. Ein Weg aus LMCs in der Lamina zu erfassen ist parallel der Elektrode zu verschieben nach links. (B) Lamina ist eine Matrix von retinotop organized Patronen, von denen jede mit Neuronen gepackt, die Informationen von einem bestimmten kleinen Bereich in dem Bildraum verarbeitet. Aufgrund neuralen Überlagerung von sechs Photorezeptoren aus verschiedenen benachbarten Ommatidien senden ihre Axone (R1-R6) auf den gleichen Plättchen Patrone histaminerge Ausgangs Synapsen L1-L3 und einer amacrine Zelle (Am) bilden. (C) Die Ausbreitung der neuronalen Informationen zwischen R1-R6 Axonterminalen und die visuellen Inter (einschließlich L4, L5, Lawf, C2, C3 und T1), innerhalb einer Lamina Patrone komplex ist. (D) R1-R6 Photorezeptor Axone erhalten synaptischen Feedbacks von L2 und L4 monopolare Zellen. (B) und (C) modifiziert von Rivera-alba et al 2. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte hier klicken</a> , um <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> Das Drosophila Auge des neuronalen Überlagerung Typ 16. Dies bedeutet, tHut die neuronalen Signale von acht Photorezeptoren zu sieben gehör Ommatidien Nachbar, die im Raum an der gleichen Stelle suchen, werden zusammen in den nächsten zwei Neuropile an einer neuralen Patrone gepoolt: die Lamina und Medulla. Während die sechs äußeren Photorezeptoren R1-R6 Projekt ihre Axonterminalen zu neuronalen Spalten in der Lamina (Abbildung 1), R7 und R8 Zellen umgehen diese Schicht und synaptische Kontakte mit ihren Medulla Spalte 17-19 entspricht. Diese exakten Verdrahtungen erzeugen , das neuronale Substrat für die retinotopic Abbildung von Fly frühe Vision, wonach jede Lamelle (1A-C) und der Medulla Säule (Patrone) stellt einen einzigen Punkt im Raum. Direkte Eingänge von R1-R6 Photorezeptoren sind durch die großen monopolare Zellen erhalten (LMCs: L1, L2 und L3) und die Amakrinzell (Am) in der Lamina 1,2,20. Von diesen L1 und L2 sind die größten Zellen, zu vermitteln wichtige Informationswege (1D), which reagieren auf On- und Off-bewegten Kanten und bilden somit die Berechnungsgrundlage des Bewegungsmelders 21,22. Verhaltensexperimente legen nahe , dass bei mittleren dagegen die beiden Bahnen Bewegungswahrnehmung von entgegengesetzten Richtungen zu erleichtern: Back-to-Front in L1 und Front-to-Back in L2 - Zellen 23,24. Konnektivität bedeutet ferner , dass L4 - Neuronen entscheidende Rolle zwischen benachbarten Patronen 25,26 in der seitlichen Kommunikation spielen kann. Gegenseitige Synapsen wurden zwischen L2 und L4-Zellen befindet sich in der gleichen und zwei benachbarte Patronen gefunden. Downstream jede L2 - Zelle und die drei zugeordneten L4 Zellen ihre Axone mit einem gemeinsamen Ziel - Projekt, das Tm2 Neuron in der Medulla, wobei Eingänge von benachbarten Patronen geglaubt werden , integriert werden zur Verarbeitung von vorne nach hinten Bewegung 27. Obwohl L1 Neuronen über beide gap junctions und Synapsen Eingang von gleich Patrone L2s erhalten, sind sie nicht direkt mit L4s und damit benachbarte Lamina Cartridges. <pclass = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Synaptische Feedbacks zu R1-R6 Photorezeptor Axone werden nur von Neuronen, die zu den L2 / L4 - Schaltungen aber nicht die L1 - Weg 1,2 (1D) zur Verfügung gestellt. Während gleichen Patronen Verbindungen selektiv von L2 auf R1 und R2 und von L4 bis R5 alle R1-R6 Photorezeptoren erhalten synaptische Rückkopplung von L4 von einem oder beiden benachbarten Patronen. Darüber hinaus gibt es starke synaptische Verbindungen von Am zu R1, R2, R4 und R5 und Glia - Zellen werden auch synaptisch mit dem Netzwerk verbunden und kann somit in neuronalen Bildverarbeitung 6 teilnehmen. Schließlich tragen axonalen spalt Kreuzungen verbindet benachbarte R1-R6 und zwischen R6 und R7 / R8 Photorezeptoren in der Lamina, die asymmetrische Informationsdarstellung und -verarbeitung in jeder Patrone 14,20,28. Intrazellulärer Spannung Aufnahmen von einzelnen Photorezeptoren und visuelle Inter in nahezu intakten Drosophila bieten hohen Signal-zu-Rausch - ratio Daten an Sub-Millisekunden - Auflösung 3,5,7-10,29, die zur Herstellung von Sinn der schnellen neuronalen Berechnungen zwischen den verbundenen Neuronen notwendig ist. Dieser Grad an Genauigkeit ist durch aktuelle optische Abbildungstechniken unmöglich, die wesentlich geräuschvoller sind und typischerweise bei 10 arbeiten - 100 msec Auflösung. Darüber hinaus, da die Elektroden sehr klein und scharfe Spitzen haben, ist das Verfahren nicht auf Zellkörper beschränkt, sondern direkte Aufnahmen von kleinen aktiven neuronalen Strukturen zur Verfügung stellen kann; wie die dendritischen Bäume oder Photorezeptor Axone &#39;LMCs, die von viel größeren Spitzen Patch-Clamp-Elektroden nicht zugegriffen werden kann. Wichtig ist, dass das Verfahren auch strukturell weniger invasive und schädlich als die meisten Patch-Clamp-Anwendungen, und wirkt sich so weniger die intrazelluläre Milieu und Informationen Sampling &#39;studierte Zellen. So haben herkömmliche scharfe Mikroelektroden-Techniken beigetragen, und halten Sie auf einen Beitrag, grundlegenden Entdeckungen und originelle Einblicke in neuronale information Verarbeitung bei der entsprechenden Zeitskala; unser mechanistisches Verständnis der Vision Verbesserung 10.03. Dieser Artikel beschreibt , wie in vivo intrazelluläre Aufnahmen von Drosophila R1-R6 und Photorezeptoren LMCs im Juusola Labor durchgeführt werden. Dieses Protokoll wird beschrieben, wie ein geeignetes Elektro rig zu konstruieren, bereiten die Fliege, und die Aufnahmen durchführen. Einige repräsentative Daten vorgestellt, und einige häufig auftretende Probleme und mögliche Lösungen diskutiert, die auftreten können, wenn mit dieser Methode.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereo Zoom Microscope for making the fly preparation</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX12 DFPLFL1.6x PF eyepieces: WHN30x-H/22</td><td>Capable of ~150X magnification with long working distance; bespoke heavy steel table mount stand</td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope in the intracellular set-up</td><td>&amp;middot;&amp;nbsp; Olympus</td><td>Olympus SZX7; eyepieces: WHN30x-H/22</td><td>30X eyepieces are needed for seeing the electrode tip reflections well when driving it through the small corneal hole into the eye</td></tr><tr><td>Nikon microscope</td><td>Nikon SMZ645; eyepieces: C-W30x/7</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-vibration Table</td><td>Melles Griot</td><td>With metric M6 holes on the breadboard</td><td>Our bespoke rigs have a large hole drilled through the thick breadboard that lets in the fly preparation platform pole (houses a copper heatsink with electronics) from below</td></tr><tr><td>Newport</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulators</td><td>Narishige</td><td>Narishige NMN-21</td><td>In our intracellular set-ups, different micromanipulator systems are used for driving the shap recording electrodes into the fly eye. All the listed manipulators are succesfully providing long-lasting stable recordings from Drosophila photoreceptors and LMCs.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Huxley Bertram</td><td>Huxley xyz-axis with fine manual control</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sensapex</td><td>Sensapex triple axis</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>M&amp;auml;rzh&amp;auml;user</td><td>M&amp;auml;rzh&amp;auml;user DC-3K with additional x-axis piezo stepper and MS 314 controller</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic Stands</td><td>Any magnetic base with on/off switch will do</td><td></td><td>For example, to manage cables inside the Faraday cage</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode Holders</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>ESP/W-F10N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Wire</td><td>World Precision Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>AGW1510</td><td>0.3 - 0.5 mm diameter; needs to be chloridized for the electrode holders</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Optic Light Source</td><td>Many different, including Olympus</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Optic Bundles</td><td>UltraFine Technology</td><td></td><td>To deliver the LED light stimulus to the Cardan arm system. We use both liquid and quartz light guides (range from UV to IR)</td></tr><tr><td>Thorn Labs</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly Cathing Tube</td><td></td><td>P80-50P 50ml Cent. Tube PP., Pack of 100 Pcs</td><td>Cut the conical bottom off from 50 ml Plastic Centrifuge Tube and glue a 1 ml pipette tip on it.</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Acquisition System</td><td>National Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Single-electrode current/voltage-clamp microelectrode amplifier</td><td>npi SEC-10LX</td><td>http://www.npielectronic.de/products/amplifiers/sec-single-electrode-clamp/sec-10lx.html</td><td>Outstanding performer!</td></tr><tr><td>Head-stage</td><td>Standard (+/- 150 nA)</td><td>For npi SEC-10LX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED light sources and drivers</td><td>2-channel OptoLED (Cairn Research Ltd., UK)</td><td></td><td>Many of our stimulus systems are in-house built&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Self-designed and constructed</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition and Analyses Software</td><td>Many companies to choose from</td><td></td><td>Biosyst; custom written Matlab-based system for experimental and theoretical work in the Juusola laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>Personal Computer or Mac</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ensure that PC or Mac is compatible with data acquisition system and software</td></tr><tr><td>Cardan arm system&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Self-designed and constructed</td><td></td><td>Providing accurate x,y,z-positioning of the light stimuli</td></tr><tr><td>Peltier temperature control system&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Self-designed and constructed</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Cage</td><td>Self-constructed</td><td></td><td>Electromagnetic noise shielding</td></tr><tr><td>Filamented Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td><td></td><td>Outer diameter: 1 mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inner diameter: 0.5 - 0.7 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filamented Quartz Glass Capillaries</td><td></td><td>Outer diameter: 1 mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inner diameter: 0.5 - 0.7 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipette Puller</td><td>Sutter Instrument Company</td><td>Model P-2000 laser Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td><td>For borosilicate reference electrodes, use the preset program #11 (patch electrodes): Heat = 350; Filament = 4; Velocity 36; Delay = 200).1.2.1). For borosilicate recording electrodes, use the preset program #12 (this typically pulls good conventional sharps&amp;nbsp; for photoreceptor recordings): Heat = 355; Filament = 4; Velocity 50; Delay = 225; Pull = 150. For LMC recordings, which require electrodes with finer tips, these values need to be adjusted. For pulling quartz capillaries, P-2000 manual suggests programs for fine tipped microelectrodes. These programs&amp;rsquo; preset parameters serve as useful starting points for systematic modifications to generate electrodes with good penetration success and low recording noise.</td></tr><tr><td>Extracellular Ringer Solution for the reference electrode</td><td>Chemicals from Fisher Scientific</td><td>10326390, NaCl 10010310, KCl 10147753, TES 10161800, CaCl2 10159872, MgCl2 10000430, sucrose</td><td>See the recipe in the protocol section</td></tr><tr><td>3 M KCl solution for filling the filamented recording microelectrode</td><td>Salts from Fisher Scientific</td><td>10010310, KCl</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petroleum jelly</td><td>Vaselin</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-stainless steel razor blades</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blade holder/breaker</td><td>Fine Science Tools By Dumont</td><td>10053-09</td><td>9 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Blu-tack</td><td>Bostik</td><td></td><td>Alternatively, use molding clay</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools By Dumont</td><td>11252-00</td><td>#5SF (super-fine tips)</td></tr></tbody></table>

electrophysiological method for recording intracellular voltage responses of drosophila photoreceptors and interneurons to light stimuli in vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Die scharfe Mikroelektroden - Aufzeichnungsverfahren, wie hier für das Auge Drosophila angepasst, kann zuverlässig verwendet werden , um neuronale Informations Probenahme und Verarbeitung in der Netzhaut und Lamina Zellen, und die Kommunikation zwischen ihnen 4,5,7,8,10,33 quantifizieren. Durch die Verwendung Codierung in verschiedenen Wildtyp-Bestände zu untersuchen, Mutanten oder genetisch Fliegenstämme entwickelt, hat das Verfahren sich bewährt; nicht nur in die Auswirkungen einer Mutation, die Temperatur, Ernährung oder ausgewählten Ausdruck Quantifizierung 3,4,6,9,10,14,30,34, sondern auch mechanistischen Gründe für veränderte visuelle Verhalten 14,34 in enthüllt. Das Verfahren ist auch ohne weiteres auf andere Insekten Zubereitungen 35,36, Befähigung neuroethologischen Vision Studien. wir präsentieren Next einige Beispiele für seine erfolgreiche Anwendungen. <img alt="7" src="/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig7.jpg" /> Abbildung 7. SpannungsAntworten eines Fruchtfliegen - R1-R6 Photorezeptor auf einen Lichtimpuls bei 20 und 25 ° C. Da die scharfen Mikroelektroden - Penetrationen oft sehr stabil sind, ist es möglich , Spannungsantworten des gleichen R1-R6 Photorezeptor zu einem gegebenen Lichtreiz aufnehmen zu unterschiedlichen Umgebungstemperaturen durch Erwärmen oder Abkühlen der Fliege. In unserem Set-ups ist die Fly-Halter auf einem geschlossenen Regelkreis-Peltier-Element-basierte Temperatur-Kontrollsystem gegeben. Dies ermöglicht uns, die Kopftemperatur in Sekunden Fliege ändern. Eine höhere Temperatur beschleunigt die Spannungsantworten und in charakteristischer Weise senkt das Ruhepotential der R1-R6 Photorezeptoren (wie durch rote Pfeile gekennzeichnet). <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> Die Untersuchung der Einfluss der Temperatur auf dem Photorezeptor Output <p class="jove_content" fo:kEEP-together.within-page = &quot;1&quot;&gt; Mit einem gut gestalteten und schwingungsisolierten Aufnahmesystem kann das Verfahren verwendet werden, um den Einfluss der Temperatur auf einer einzelnen Zelle des neuronalen Ausgang durch Erwärmung messen oder Fliege Kühlung. Das gegebene Beispiel zeigt Spannungsantworten zu einer hellen 10 msec langen Impuls, in der gleichen R1-R6 Photorezeptor aufgezeichnet bei 20 und 25 o C (Abbildung 7). Wie quantifiziert vor 4,9 senkt Erwärmung ein Ruhepotential des Photorezeptors in der Finsternis, und beschleunigt seine Spannung Antworten. <img alt="Abbildung 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig8.jpg" /> Abbildung 8. Signalleistung eine Fruchtfliegen - R1-R6 Photorezeptor Verbessert mit der Lichtintensität (A) Photorezeptor Ausgang zu dimmen (unten) und hell. (Oben; 10.000-mal heller Licht) wiederholt naturalistischen Lichtintensität Zeitreihe mit dem gleichen Mikroelektroden aufgezeichnetin der gleichen Zelle bei 20 o C. Die Reaktionen auf den hellen Reiz größer sind, weil sie mehr Proben, elementare Antworten (Bumps) auf einzelne Photonen 4,5,7,8 integrieren. (B) 20 aufeinanderfolgende Ein-Sekunden langen Spannungsantworten überlagert werden. Individuelle Antworten (hellgrau) wurden nach den adaptiven Trends genommen (in Pfeil A) hatte zurückgegangen (gepunktete Box in A). Die entsprechenden Antwortmittel (die Signale) sind die dunkleren Spuren. Die Differenz zwischen dem Signal und den individuellen Reaktionen ist das Rauschen. (C) Die Zellen Signal-zu-Rausch - Verhältnisse &quot;Signalisierungsleistung wurde durch die Aufnahmen quantifiziert&quot; (SNR) unter Verwendung der Standardmethoden 4,5,7,8. Der Photorezeptor - Ausgang hat etwa 64 Hz breiteres Spektrum an zuverlässigen Signalisierung an der hellen Stimulation (SNR &#39;Bright ≥1, bis zu 84 Hz) als an der dim (SNR&#39; Dim ≥1, bis zu 20 Hz), mit signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis erheblich zu verbessern; von SNR Dim MAX = 87 bis SNR Hell MAX = 1.868. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte hier klicken</a> , um <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> Studieren Anpassung und Neuronale Kodierung durch repetitive Stimulation Die Nichtinvasivität des Verfahrens, was relativ wenig Schaden in der Retina und Lamina Strukturen, macht es ideal für die Signalisierung Leistung der einzelnen Zellen auf unterschiedliche Lichtreize in ihrer nahen natürlichen physiologischen Zustand in vivo zu studieren. 8 zeigt Spannungsantworten eines R1- R6 Photorezeptor zu einem dunklen und hellen wiederholt naturalistischen Serie Stimulus Lichtintensität bei 20 ° C, während 9 </strong&gt; zeigt Reaktionen eines anderen R1-R6 Photorezeptor und einer LMC zu einem anderen naturalistischen Reiz bei 25 o C. Die prä - und postsynaptischen Aufnahmen wurden getrennt von zwei verschiedenen Fliegen durchgeführt , weil die gleichzeitige intrazelluläre Aufnahme von zwei scharfen Mikroelektroden in der gleichen Fliege, eine in der Netzhaut und die andere in der Lamina, zu schwierig sind 30 lebensfähig zu sein. <img alt="9" src="/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig9.jpg" /> Abbildung 9. Spannungsantworten einer Fruchtfliege R1-R6 Photorezeptor und LMC Wiederholte Naturalistische Stimulation bei 25 o C (A) R1-R6 (grau) und LMC (schwarz) Ausgänge von verschiedenen Mikroelektroden aus verschiedenen Fliegen aufgezeichnet. (B) Völlig Licht angepasst 20 aufeinander folgenden Vor- (oben) und postsynaptischen (unten) Antworten auf die gleiche naturalistischen Reizmuster mit individuellen Antworten, in Licht gezeigt , dass ein graud die entsprechenden Antwortmittel (die Signale) als die dunkleren Spuren. Die Differenz zwischen dem Signal und den individuellen Reaktionen ist das Rauschen. (C) Die Zellen Signal-Rausch - Verhältnis (SNR) &quot;Signalisierungsleistung wurde durch die Aufnahmen quantifiziert&quot;. LMC - Ausgang hat etwa 10 Hz breiteres Spektrum an zuverlässigen Signalisierung (SNR &#39;LMC ≥1, bis zu 104 Hz) als R1-R6 - Ausgang (SNR&#39; R ≥1, bis zu 94 Hz). Beide Signal-zu-Rausch - Verhältnisse sind hoch (SNR LMC MAX = 142, SNR R MAX = 752), und als das Aufzeichnungsrauschen gering war, ihre Unterschiede spiegeln reale Codierung Unterschiede zwischen den Zellen. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte hier klicken</a> , um <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version zu sehen diese Figur.</a> Nach dem Beginn des Stimulus, die Aufnahmen typischly zeigen schnelle Trends anzupassen, die innerhalb von 5-6 sec weitgehend abklingen. Von da an produzieren die Zellen sehr konsistente Antworten auf jede 1 Sekunde lang Stimuluspräsentation (jede gepunktete Box 20 davon umschließt). Die Wiederholbarkeit der Antworten wird offensichtlich , wenn diese überlagert sind (8B und 9B). Die individuellen Antworten sind die dünnen grauen Spuren, und ihre die dicker dunkler Spur bedeuten. Die mittlere Antwort wird als neuronales Signal genommen, während das neuronale Rauschen die Differenz zwischen dem Mittelwert und jeder einzelnen Antwort 4,5,9,37,38 ist. Die jeweiligen Signal-zu-Rausch - Verhältnis im Frequenzbereich (8C und 9C) wurden durch erhaltenen Fourier-Transformieren der Signal- und Rauschdatenabschnitte in Leistungsspektren, und Dividieren des mittleren Signalleistungsspektrum mit dem entsprechenden mittleren Rauschleistungsspektrum 4, 5,9,37,38. Charakteristischer die maximalen Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnisse of die aufgezeichneten neuronalen Ausgänge auf naturalistische Stimulation sind hoch (100 - 1000), und in den stabilsten Zubereitungen mit sehr niedrigen Aufzeichnungsrauschen kann Werte erreichen &gt;&gt; 1000 ( zum Beispiel 8C.). Beachten Sie auch , dass die Erwärmung dehnt sich die Zellen der Bandbreite von zuverlässigen Signalisierung 4 (SNR &#39;Bright ≥ 1); die relative Differenz zwischen den beiden R1-R6s beispielsweise in den Figuren 8 bzw. 9, 10 Hz (84 bei 20 o C und 94 Hz bei 25 o C). Man kann weiter jede Rate der Zelle Schätzung der Informationsübertragung von seinem Signal-zu-Rausch - Verhältnis durch die Gleichung Shannon mit 32, oder durch den Unterschied zwischen den Antworten der Entropie und Lärm Entropierate durch die dreifache Extrapolationsmethode 39 zu berechnen. Weitere Einzelheiten zu den Informationen theoretischen Analysen und deren Verwendung und Beschränkungs speziell mit dieser Methode sind in den früheren Veröffentlichungen 7,8,39 gegeben. <img alt="10" src="/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig10.jpg" /> Abbildung 10. Spannungsantworten eines Killer - Fly R1-R6 Photorezeptor und LMC Wiederholte Naturalistische Stimulation bei 19 o C (A) R1-R6 (grau) und LMC (schwarz) gibt mit dem gleichen Mikroelektrode aus dem gleichen Fliege aufgezeichnet; erste postsynaptisch und später präsynaptisch, da die Elektrode im Auge fortgeschritten war. (B) 20 aufeinanderfolgende prä- (oben) und postsynaptischen (unten) Antworten (hellgrau Spuren) auf denselben naturalistischen Reizmuster wurden nach der ersten Anpassung (gepunktete Box in A) erfasst. Ihre Mittel sind die Signale (die dunkleren Spuren oben), während ihre jeweiligen Differenzen zu den einzelnen Antworten der Lärm geben. (C) Das entsprechende Signal-zu-Rausch - Verhältnis (SNR) wurden , wie in den 8C und 9C berechnet. LMC - Ausgang über ein 100 Hz breiteres Spektrum an zuverlässigen Signalisierung (SNR &#39;LMC MAX ≥1 bis zu 234 Hz) als R1-R6 - Ausgang (SNR&#39; R MAX ≥1, bis 134 Hz). Beide Signal-zu-Rausch - Verhältnisse sind hoch (SNR LMC MAX = 137, SNR R MAX = 627) und als die gleiche Mikroelektrode in die Aufnahmen eingesetzt, deren Unterschiede spiegeln wirkliche Unterschiede in den prä- und postsynaptischen neuronalen Ausgänge. Diese Ergebnisse implizieren , dass das Aufzeichnungssystem geringes Rauschen hatte, und dessen Einfluss auf die Analysen war marginal. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte hier klicken</a> , um <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54142/54142fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> Neuroethologischen Vision - Studien </p&gt; Das Verfahren kann auch prä - und postsynaptischen Spannung Antworten von den Facettenaugen verschiedener Insektenarten 7,8,35,36 (Abbildung 10), ermöglicht vergleichende neuroethologischen Studien der visuellen Informationsverarbeitung zur Aufzeichnung verwendet werden. Für die dargestellten Aufzeichnungssystem ist die einzige erforderliche Anpassung neuer Vorbereitung Halter, die jeweils mit einem angemessen dimensionierten Öffnung für die untersuchten Arten. Diese beispielhaften Aufnahmen sind aus einer weiblichen Killer fliegen (Coenosia attenuata). Sie zeigen intrazellulärem Spannungsantworten eines R1-R6 Photorezeptor und LMC identische sich wiederholende Lichtstimulation, wie sie für die Drosophila Pendants in Figur 9 verwendet, aber bei 19 o C. In diesem Fall sind sowohl die prä- und postsynaptischen Daten wurden aus der gleichen fly aufgezeichnet; einer nach dem anderen, zuerst mit dem gleichen Aufzeichnungselektrode (gefüllt mit 3 M KCl) durch die seitliche lamina Vorschieben vor eingebening die frontale Retina. Im Vergleich zu den Drosophila - Daten bei 25 o C, die Coenosia Daten - selbst bei der Kühlertemperatur - zeigt Antworten mit schnelleren Dynamik; die Erweiterung der Palette an zuverlässigen Signalisierung (Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis &gt;&gt; 1) über einen breiteren Frequenzbereich. Derartige funktionelle Anpassungen in neuronale Codierung der naturalistischen Reize sind im Einklang mit Coenosia &#39;s räuberische Lebensweise 36, die hochpräzise Raumzeit - Informations erfordern schnelle Luftjagdverhalten zu erreichen.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo at JoVE.com

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Elektrophysiologische Verfahren zur Aufzeichnung von intrazellulärer Spannung Antworten von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotorezeptoren und Inter auf Lichtreize<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

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Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

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18.7K Aufrufe.  Beijing Normal University. Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Serie: Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. The larval neuromuscular system is a model synapse for the study of synaptic physiology and neurotransmission, and is a valuable research tool that has defined genetics and is accessible to experimental manipulation. Larvae can be dissected to expose the body wall musculature, central nervous system, and peripheral nerves. The muscles of Drosophila and their innervation pattern are well characterized and muscles are easy to access for intracellular recording. Individual muscles can be identified by their location and orientation within the 8 abdominal segments, each with 30 muscles arranged in a pattern that is repeated in segments A2 - A7. Dissected drosophila larvae are thin and individual muscles and bundles of motor neuron axons can be visualized by transillumination1. Transgenic constructs can be used to label target cells for visual identification or for manipulating gene products in specific tissues. In larvae, excitatory junction potentials (EJP&#8217;s) are generated in response to vesicular release of glutamate from the motoneurons at the synapse. In dissected larvae, the EJP can be recorded in the muscle with an intracellular electrode. Action potentials can be artificially evoked in motor neurons that have been cut posterior to the ventral ganglion, drawn into a glass pipette by gentle suction and stimulated with an electrode. These motor neurons have distinct firing thresholds when stimulated, and when they fire simultaneously, they generate a response in the muscle. Signals transmitted across the NMJ synapse can be recorded in the muscles that the motor neurons innervate. The EJP&#8217;s and minature excitatory junction potentials (mEJP&#8217;s) are seen as changes in membrane potential. Electrophysiological responses are recorded at room temperature in modified minimal hemolymph-like solution2 (HL3) that contains 5 mM Mg2+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+. Changes in the amplitude of evoked EJP&#8217;s can indicate differences in synaptic function and structure. Digitized recordings are analyzed for EJP amplitude, mEJP frequency and amplitude, and quantal content.

Here we describe electrophysiological methods for measuring synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larva. Evoked release is initiated artificially by stimulating the motor neuron axons, and transmission through the NMJ can be measured by the postsynaptic response evoked in the muscle.

Elektrophysiologischen Methoden für die Aufzeichnung Synaptic Potentials aus dem NMJ von Drosophila-Larven

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

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Biologie

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques can then be employed to record from individually-identifiable neurons and somatic muscles. These recording configurations have been used to track the appearance and maturation of ionic currents and action potential propagation in both neurons and muscles. Genetic mutants affecting these electrical properties have been characterized to reveal the molecular composition of ion channels and associated signaling complexes, and to begin exploration of the molecular mechanisms of functional differentiation. A particular focus has been the assembly of synaptic connections, both in the central nervous system and periphery. The glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is most accessible to a combination of optical imaging and electrophysiological recording. A glass suction electrode is used to stimulate the peripheral nerve, with excitatory junction current (EJC) recordings made in the voltage-clamped muscle. This recording configuration has been used to chart the functional differentiation of the synapse, and track the appearance and maturation of presynaptic glutamate release properties. In addition, postsynaptic properties can be assayed independently via iontophoretic or pressure application of glutamate directly to the muscle surface, to measure the appearance and maturation of the glutamate receptor fields. Thus, both pre- and postsynaptic elements can be monitored separately or in combination during embryonic synaptogenesis. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Electrophysiological recordings from Drosophila embryos allow analyses of developing muscle and neuron electrical properties, as well as characterization of functional synaptogenesis at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction and central cholinergic and GABAergic synapses.

Elektrophysiologische Aufzeichnung in der Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the researcher to measure gustatory responses directly and quantitatively, reflecting the sensory input that the insect nervous system receives from taste stimuli in its environment. This protocol outlines all key steps in performing this technique. The critical steps in assembling an electrophysiology rig, such as selection of necessary equipment and a suitable environment for recording, are delineated. We also describe how to prepare for recording by making appropriate reference and recording electrodes, and tastant solutions. We describe in detail the method used for preparing the insect by insertion of a glass reference electrode into the fly in order to immobilize the proboscis. We show traces of the electrical impulses fired by taste neurons in response to a sugar and a bitter compound. Aspects of the protocol are technically challenging and we include an extensive description of some common technical challenges that may be encountered, such as lack of signal or excessive noise in the system, and potential solutions. The technique has limitations, such as the inability to deliver temporally complex stimuli, observe background firing immediately prior to stimulus delivery, or use water-insoluble taste compounds conveniently. Despite these limitations, this technique (including minor variations referenced in the protocol) is a standard, broadly accepted procedure for recording Drosophila neuronal responses to taste compounds.

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

This protocol describes extracellular recording of the action potential responses fired by labellar taste neurons in Drosophila.

Elektrophysiologische Aufnehmen von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Labellar Geschmack Sensillen

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the ...

Neurowissenschaften

Measuring Physiological Responses of Drosophila Sensory Neurons to Lipid Pheromones Using Live Calcium Imaging

Unlike mammals, insects such as Drosophila have multiple taste organs. The chemosensory neurons on the legs, proboscis, wings and ovipositor of Drosophila express gustatory receptors1,2, ion channels3-6, and ionotropic receptors7 that are involved in the detection of volatile and non-volatile sensory cues. These neurons directly contact tastants such as food, noxious substances and pheromones and therefore influence many complex behaviors such as feeding, egg-laying and mating. Electrode recordings and calcium imaging have been widely used in insects to quantify the neuronal responses evoked by these tastants. However, electrophysiology requires specialized equipment and obtaining measurements from a single taste sensillum can be technically challenging depending on the cell-type, size, and position. In addition, single neuron resolution in Drosophila can be difficult to achieve since taste sensilla house more than one type of chemosensory neuron. The live calcium imaging method described here allows responses of single gustatory neurons in live flies to be measured. This method is especially suitable for imaging neuronal responses to lipid pheromones and other ligand types that have low solubility in water-based solvents.

Measuring Physiological Responses of Drosophila Sensory Neurons to Lipid Pheromones Using Live Calcium Imaging

The forelegs and proboscis of Drosophila contain a rich repertoire of gustatory sensory neurons. Here, we present a method using calcium imaging to measure physiological responses from sensory neurons in the foreleg and proboscis of live flies upon exogenous application of a gustatory pheromone.

Mess physiologischen Reaktionen von<em&gt; Drosophila</emNeurone&gt; Sensory zu Lipid Pheromone Verwendung von Live-Calcium Imaging

Unlike mammals, insects such as Drosophila have multiple taste organs. The chemosensory neurons on the legs, proboscis, wings and ovipositor of Drosophila ...

Immunologie und Infektion

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular recording has historically been a common technique used to study sensitivities of individual photoreceptor cells to different light stimuli that is still being used today. However, there remains a dearth of detailed methodology in the literature for researchers wishing to replicate intracellular recording experiments in the eye. Here we present the insect as a model for examining eye physiology more generally. Insect photoreceptor cells are located near the surface of the eye and are therefore easy to reach, and many of the mechanisms involved in vision are conserved across animal phyla. We describe the basic procedure for in vivo intracellular recording of photoreceptor cells in the eye of a butterfly, with the goal of making this technique more accessible to researchers with little prior experience in electrophysiology. We introduce the basic equipment needed, how to prepare a live butterfly for recording, how to insert a glass microelectrode into a single cell, and finally the recording procedure itself. We also explain the basic analysis of raw response data for determining spectral sensitivity of individual cell types. Although our protocol focuses on determining spectral sensitivity, other stimuli (e.g., polarized light) and variations of the method are applicable to this setup.

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

The electrophysiological technique of intracellular recording is demonstrated and used to determine spectral sensitivities of single photoreceptor cells in the compound eye of a butterfly.

Bestimmung der Sehzellen Spektrale Empfindlichkeit in einem Insekt Modell aus<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Intrazellulärer Recordings

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular ...

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, enabling the use of D. melanogaster molecular genetics to study inositol-lipid signaling and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels at the single-molecule level. A handful of labs have mastered this powerful technique, which enables the analysis of the physiological responses to light under highly controlled conditions. This technique allows control over the intracellular and extracellular media; the membrane voltage; and the fast application of pharmacological compounds, such as a variety of ionic or pH indicators, to the intra- and extracellular media. With an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, this method enables the measurement of dark spontaneous and light-induced unitary currents (i.e.&#160;spontaneous and quantum bumps) and macroscopic Light-induced Currents (LIC) from single D. melanogaster photoreceptors. This protocol outlines, in great detail, all the key steps necessary to perform this technique, which includes both electrophysiological and optical recordings. The fly retina dissection procedure for the attainment of intact and viable ex vivo isolated ommatidia in the bath chamber is described. The equipment needed to perform whole-cell and fluorescence imaging measurements are also detailed. Finally, the pitfalls in using this delicate preparation during extended experiments are explained.

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors enable the measurement of spontaneous dark bumps, quantum bumps, macroscopic responses to light, and current-voltage relationships under various conditions. In combination with D. melanogaster genetic manipulation tools, this method enables the study of the ubiquitous inositol-lipid signaling pathway and its target, the TRP channel.

Elektrophysiologische Methode für Ganzzell-Spannungsklemmen Aufnahmen von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotorezeptoren

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, ...

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar Drosophila Melanogaster

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield deleterious consequences, yet the current methods for recording nervous system activity of an individual animal is costly and laborious. This suction electrode preparation of the third-instar larval central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, is a tractable system for testing the physiological effects of neuroactive agents, determining the physiological role of various neural pathways to CNS activity, as well as the influence of genetic mutations to neural function. This ex vivo preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of insect neuronal activity. A wide variety of chemical modulators, including peptides, can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline to measure the influence on the CNS activity. Further, genetic technologies, such as the GAL4/UAS system, can be applied independently or in tandem with pharmacological agents to determine the role of specific ion channels, transporters, or receptors to arthropod CNS function. In this context, the assays described herein are of significant interest to insecticide toxicologists, insect physiologists, and developmental biologists for which D. melanogaster is an established model organism. The goal of this protocol is to describe an electrophysiological method to enable the measurement of electrogenesis of the central nervous system in the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, which is useful for testing a diversity of scientific hypotheses.

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar  Drosophila Melanogaster

This protocol describes a method to record the descending electrical activity of the Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system to enable the cost-efficient and convenient testing of pharmacological agents, genetic mutations of neural proteins, and/or the role of unexplored physiological pathways.

Elektrophysiologische Aufnahme der zentralen Nervensystems Tätigkeit der dritte Instar Drosophila Melanogaster

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield ...

Electrophysiological Methods for Measuring Photopigment Levels in Drosophila Photoreceptors

The Drosophila G-protein-coupled photopigment rhodopsin (R) is composed of a protein (opsin) and a chromophore. The activation process of rhodopsin is initiated by photon absorption-inducing isomerization of the chromophore, promoting conformational changes of the opsin and resulting in a second dark-stable photopigment state (metarhodopsin, M). Investigation of this bi-stable photopigment using random mutagenesis requires simple and robust methods for screening mutant flies. Therefore, several methods for measuring reductions in functional photopigment levels have been designed. One such method exploits the charge displacements within the photopigment following photon absorption and the huge amounts of photopigment molecules expressed in the photoreceptors. This electrical signal, named the early receptor potential (or early receptor current), is measured by a variety of electrophysiological methods (e.g., electroretinogram and whole-cell recordings) and is linearly proportional to functional photopigment levels. The advantages of this method are the high signal-to-noise ratio, direct linear measurement of photopigment levels, and independence of phototransduction mechanisms downstream to rhodopsin or metarhodopsin activation. An additional electrophysiological method called prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) exploits the bi-stability of Drosophila photopigment and the absorption-spectral differences of fly R and M pigment states. The PDA is induced by intense blue light, converting saturating amounts of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin, resulting in the failure of light-response termination for an extended time in darkness, but it can be terminated by metarhodopsin to rhodopsin conversion using intense orange light. Since the PDA is a robust signal that requires massive photopigment conversion, even small defects in the biogenesis of the photopigment lead to readily detected abnormal PDA. Indeed, defective PDA mutants led to the identification of novel signaling proteins important for phototransduction.

Electrophysiological Methods for Measuring Photopigment Levels in Drosophila Photoreceptors

We present a protocol to electrophysiologically characterize bi-stable photopigments: (i) exploiting the charge displacements within the photopigment molecules following photon-absorption and their huge amount in the photoreceptors, and (ii) exploiting the absorption-spectra differences of rhodopsin and metarhodopsin photopigment states. These protocols are useful to screen for mutations affecting bi-stable photopigment systems.&#160;

Elektrophysiologische Methoden zur Messung des Photopigmentgehalts in Drosophila-Photorezeptoren

The Drosophila G-protein-coupled photopigment rhodopsin (R) is composed of a protein (opsin) and a chromophore. The activation process of rhodopsin is ...

Electrophysiological Recording of Voltage Responses of Drosophila Retinal Photoreceptors to Light Stimuli

Source: Juusola, M., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/54142">Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video outlines the protocol for electrophysiological recording of photoreceptor activity in the eye of an immobilized Drosophila, enabling precise measurement of voltage changes in response to light stimuli.

Elektrophysiologische Aufzeichnung der Spannungsantworten von retinalen Photorezeptoren der Drosophila auf Lichtreize

1. Recording from R1-R6 Photoreceptors 

	Always be grounded when operating the microelectrode amplifier (for example by touching the metal surface of the ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

Extracellular Recording of Electrical Activity in the Drosophila Central Nervous System

Source: Swale, D. R., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/58375">Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar Drosophila Melanogaster.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
The video demonstrates the extracellular recording of neuronal activity from the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae. The transected CNS is positioned in a recording chamber, and the electrical activity from a descending nerve is recorded to establish the baseline firing frequency. A test agent is then introduced, and the change in firing frequency is recorded to determine the agent&#39;s excitatory or inhibitory effect.

Extrazelluläre Aufzeichnung der elektrischen Aktivität im zentralen Nervensystem der Drosophila

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Dissect and Prepare the Larval ...

Elektrophysiologische Verfahren zur Aufzeichnung von intrazellulärer Spannung Antworten von

Zusammenfassung

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