Chapter 13
An Overview of the Cardiovascular System: Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, and Abnormalities
Anatomie des Herzens
The human heart is a hollow cone-shaped muscle that comprises three layers.
The outermost layer is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and ...
Anatomie der Blutgefäße
The vascular system is a circulatory network of arteries and veins essential for maintaining homeostasis.
The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the ...
Physiologie des Herzens: Der Herzzyklus
The cardiac cycle occurs during a complete heartbeat and consists of three phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole.
The cardiac cycle ...
Leitungssystem des Herzens
The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This ...
Kardiales Aktionspotenzial
A cardiac action potential involves a series of electrical changes across the heart cell membrane, leading to contraction and relaxation.
Nodal cells and ...
Herzzeitvolumen I: Einfluss der Herzfrequenz auf das Herzzeitvolumen
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, ...
Herzzeitvolumen II: Einfluss des Schlagvolumens auf das Herzzeitvolumen
Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart ...
Regulation des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems
The regulation of the cardiovascular system is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
This process involves the autonomic nervous system, baroreceptors, ...
Beurteilung des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems I: Subjektive Daten
Cardiovascular assessment involves gathering subjective data covering the following elements.
First, ask the patient to verbalize about past medical and ...
Beurteilung des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems II: Inspektion
Inspection is the first step in assessing the cardiovascular system, providing vital information about circulatory and cardiac health.
Begin by placing ...
Beurteilung des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems III: Palpation
Palpation in cardiovascular examination assesses jugular pressure, maximal impulse, pulses, capillary refill, and edema.
First, place the patient in a ...
Beurteilung des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems IV: Auskultation
Cardiac auscultation involves listening to heart sounds using a stethoscope.
The normal heart sounds are S1 and S2 and are heard using the ...
Auffällige Befunde des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems I: Inspektion und Palpation
Abnormal findings during the inspection and palpation of a cardiovascular examination include the following:
First, examine for signs of distress, such as ...
Auffällige Befunde des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems II: Auskultation
Abnormal heart sounds such as S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs occur due to structural or functional issues during systole ...
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