我们感谢M. Channey，E.洲和K.托马斯为他们的项目援助。工程物资部分被加州州立理工大学资助。

1.媒体和微生物菌种培养注:在所有实验使用无菌技术。使用无菌材料。消毒使用前所有容器，工具和试剂。高压灭菌所有废旧物资处置前，因为它们被认为是生物危害。高压釜的温度和时间的组合是≥121℃的点¯x≥15分钟所有的以下过程。 <ol><li>让〜1-L中的胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂（TSA）中，首先在含有磁性搅拌棒的2-L的锥形瓶中加1升去离子水。使用的烧瓶中，比最终体积大至少两次。添加30克胰蛋白酶大豆肉汤粉末和20g琼脂颗粒到烧瓶中。 注:使用2％琼脂，而不是1.5％，限制某些弧菌的蜂拥。 <ol><li>通过接通搅拌器充分混合。在搅拌的同时，打开加热煮沸混合物。一旦除去来自加热器的烧瓶作为混合物开始沸腾。轻轻盖次Ë量瓶中，用锡箔。大盘箔釜前将其固定到烧瓶中。 </li><li>为了使胰蛋白酶大豆肉汤（TSB）中，从配方省略琼脂在步骤1.1。 注意:可以用，而不是锥形瓶中瓶。 </li><li>使补充有2％氯化钠或氯化钠（旅游业附属帐户）胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂，在该混合物搅拌和加热之前加入20克氯化钠。使补充有2％的NaCl（TSB）的胰蛋白酶大豆肉汤，省略琼脂，在该混合物搅拌和加热之前加入20克氯化钠。 </li></ol></li><li>使脑心脏浸液（BHI）琼脂，暂停37克BHI粉末并在1L的精制水琼脂15克颗粒。热火频繁搅拌溶解粉末。高压灭菌。省略了琼脂，使BHI肉汤。 </li><li>使TCBS琼脂，暂停89克的TCBS粉末在1L纯净水。热火频繁搅拌，煮1分钟，以完全溶解粉末。不要高压。 </li><li>对于所有的琼脂培养基，冷却热琼脂45-50℃下在水浴中。安排五至六个板块栈空培养皿。从堆栈的底部开始，倒入熔融的琼脂到每个培养皿达到约半满。浇筑后关闭培养皿的盖子。允许琼脂通过使板在室温下放置固化。 <ol><li>使用第二天或之后12小时的琼脂平板上。存放不用的板在冰箱中长达两周。在使用前，从冰箱取出板并在室温下平衡他们至少15分钟。 注意:一升琼脂使得〜45琼脂平板上。允许琼脂平板，以充分干燥制备的天，然后将它们平衡至室温冷藏后，有效地降低了集落的蔓延。 </li></ol></li><li>获得的巧克力和生色琼脂平板和每次实验前在室温下平衡它们。 </li><li>继代表1中每隔几大显示的所有54微生物菌种YS。 <ol><li>使用无菌接种环从冷冻的储存或前一批非选择性培养基，如BHI，TSB / TSA或巧克力琼脂转移的文化。成长嗜盐弧菌 。在TSB的/旅游业附属帐户。 </li><li>要检查文化的纯洁性，连胜将允许分离的菌落的观察模式的所有菌株。例如，使用三相条纹图案大量细菌稀释至量较小，最终产生孤立的殖民地。 </li></ol></li><li>孵育在35-37℃下将板倒置长达48小时。对于弯曲杆菌，培养管或板 在含有气体袋一个闭合盖子罐以产生微需氧环境。观察培养后菌落形态。纯培养应该产生表现出类似的菌落形态菌落。 注:孵育所有平板倒置，以防止形成在盖的下侧，冷凝的水滴掉落在栏onies。 </li></ol> 2种测定PCR <ol><li>开展TLH-PCR证实V的身份副溶血性弧菌菌株。使用的引物TLH -F（5&#39;AAA GCG GAT TAT GCA GAA GCA CTG 3&#39;）和TLH -R（5&#39;GCT ACT TTC TAG CAT TTT CTC TGC 3&#39;）扩增耐热溶血素基因20的450-bp的片段。 <ol><li>使用无菌接种环转移的每个V的几个孤立的殖民地副溶血性弧菌菌株从旅游业附属帐户到5ml TSB的的。孵育在35-37℃进行16-24小时。 </li><li>离心培养物以14,000 xg离心1分钟。除去上清液，用磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）洗沉淀两次。煮悬浮液3分钟，得到细胞溶解产物。 注:V.副溶血容易被裂解。因此裂解试剂不是必需的。另外，也可以直接使用比特菌落作为模板。 </li><li>在25微升反应v执行PCRolume。制备含有1x PCR缓冲液中的终浓度，1.5毫氯化镁 ，100μM的每种dNTP，每种引物为1μM，1U的Taq聚合酶和1μl细胞裂解物的反应混合物。预温育在94℃进行5分钟，运行94℃35个扩增循环，30秒，58℃30秒和72℃60秒21后。 </li><li>在1.5％琼脂糖凝胶5微升的扩增子的负载等分试样。接通电源，开始电泳。可视化的扩增子在紫外光照射下的溴化乙锭染色后在存在或不存在。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.在增长选择性和差异媒体<ol><li>实验前二至四天，条纹在非选择性培养基（旅游业附属帐户，BHI或巧克力琼脂） 表1菌落分离示出的所有的微生物菌株。在35-37℃下孵育板48小时。通过培养后观察菌落形态检查文化的纯洁性。纯培养应该产生表现出类似的菌落形态菌落。 </li><li>从步骤3.1传输几个孤立的殖民地到5毫升肉汤。在35-37℃培养试管16-24小时。 注意:使用年轻人的殖民地，这是不到四天的时候，在所有的实验准备过夜培养。 </li><li>连胜对菌落分离选择性和差异介质（TCBS和显色琼脂）过夜培养的菌环。在35-37°C至96小时孵育板。 </li><li>通过检查两个上盘的文化密度和隔离殖民地的尺寸记录所有菌株的整体增长。记录下的环境和/或紫外光菌落的颜色。注意隔离殖民地的其他特性，如高度，保证金和形式。 </li></ol> 4.恢复试验<ol><li> 五，选择一个代表性的子集副溶血性弧菌菌株包括不同血清型和孤立的起源（N = 14） <s达&gt; 22。从接种板块年轻文化到5毫升TSB的的。孵育在35-37℃下在管16-24小时。 </li><li>如下所述进行过夜培养的标准平板计数法。 <ol><li>涡混合过夜培养好。由100微升过夜培养物转移到含有900微升的PBS的管进行10倍或10 -1稀释。涡旋拌匀。 </li><li>使用新的枪头从10 -1稀释管转移100微升含有900微升PBS另一支管。涡旋拌匀。这构成10 -2的稀释。重复过程依次获得10 -7稀释。 </li><li>使用10 -4〜10 -7稀释管，板的发色，TCBS和旅游业附属帐户琼脂平板上每100微升。 注:在板的稀释因子（DF）分别变成10 -5至10 -8。 </li><li>均匀分布等分在T他琼脂表面。 注:它是精细使用每株相同吊具的相同培养基上，只要在最稀释等分试样首先传播（ 即从10 -8至10 -5）。不要使用不同的介质相同吊具。 </li><li>在35-37°C至96小时孵育板。指望平板菌落。忽略板轴承菌落是不计其数（TNTC）或小于25计算CFU / ml为根据以下内容: <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54493/54493eq1.jpg" /> 哪里 N = 表示在未稀释的管细胞的数量，表示为CFU / ml或CFU / g的 C =而承受25-300菌落计数平板上菌落总数 N + 1 =式计算菌落从下DF板（S）的数量 N 2 =，其中计数菌落从随后10倍稀释板（多个）的数量 ðF =较低的稀释倍数（ 即 ，多集中稀释） </li></ol></li><li>比较CFU / ml的不同媒体间。使用CFU /毫升的旅游业附属帐户为100％，计算五回收％ 副溶血性弧菌生长在显色和TCBS琼脂。 </li></ol> 5.竞争测定法<ol><li>选择表现出对生色和TCBS琼脂不同菌落形态菌株的子集。 注意:此方式，将有可能进行计数菌落来自五只有副溶血性弧菌 ，尽管其他物种的种菌的存在。 <ol><li>选择一个V.副溶血性弧菌菌株，分别产生于TCBS和显色琼脂预期的绿松石和青色的殖民地。 </li><li>选择一个非V.副溶血并且不在任这些介质的生长，或表现出不同的菌落颜色的非弧菌 。 注:例如，V. metschnikovii增长极弱ØñTCBS并没有生长在琼脂色， 宋内氏痢疾不是从天上TCBS但产生的显色琼脂品红殖民地。 </li></ol></li><li>上述菌株的选择后，准备用生长在非选择性培养基分离的菌落过夜肉汤培养物。 <ol><li>让五 ，过夜培养副溶血性弧菌和V.通过转移一些孤立的菌落从旅游业附属帐户到5ml TSB的的metschnikovii。孵育在35-37℃进行16-24小时。 </li><li>通过将来自BHI琼脂几个孤立的殖民地到5ml BHI肉汤让宋内氏痢疾的过夜培养。孵育在35-37℃进行16-24小时。 </li></ol></li><li>每一株，执行类似于步骤4.2.1和4.2.2系列稀释。上旅游业附属帐户或BHI板适当稀释，以确定CFU /毫升过夜培养物，使用在步骤4.2.5中所示的方程。 注意:通常情况下，从10 -5至10 -7稀释100μl的管适用于大多数文化。使用CFU / ml的值来计算回用于下一步细胞的确切数额。计算出的CFU / ml的值，温育后获得的，尽管以下的步骤与步骤5.3在同一日期进行。 </li><li>利用在步骤5.2和5.3过夜培养和稀释管，混合不同量的五 ， 副溶血性弧菌菌株和非五副溶血性弧菌物种。例如，混合500微升五的10-5稀释管副溶血性弧菌 500微升V的过夜培养metschnikovii。 注:这种混合物模拟高菌群的背景。为了模拟低菌群的背景下，每一个10-5稀释管从两个物种的混合500微升。 </li><li>铺在生色，TCBS和旅游业附属帐户琼脂平板100微升混合物的每个。 </li><li>在35-37℃孵育之后长达96小时，算上五菌落parahaemolyticuS和非V.根据他们在成长和菌落形态上显色和TCBS琼脂差异溶血性弧菌物种。 注意:例如，如果非五副溶血性弧菌物种不生长在显色和TCBS琼脂，所有的殖民地会五 ， 副溶血性弧菌 。如果非V.副溶血性弧菌生长的物种都介质，只能在TCBS和青色殖民地殖民地绿松石色上琼脂将是五 ， 副溶血性弧菌 。非V.副溶血物种可以或可以不表现出相似的集落形态给V.副溶血性弧菌对旅游业附属帐户。 <ol><li>如果非V.副溶血性弧菌物种同样增长到V.此非选择性培养基上溶血性弧菌 ，除以二的菌落数，以获得五号码副溶血性弧菌而已。与来自步骤5.3获得的预期计数比较实际的菌落数。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6. Eff为牡蛎匀浆学分<ol><li>从称量≥12贝类≥50摹牡蛎肉包括肉类和酒类。 <ol><li> PBS的等量添加到牡蛎肉和酒。混合在高速混合物90秒。这构成2 -1稀释牡蛎匀浆。 </li><li> 100克2 -1稀释牡蛎匀浆添加至400g的PBS。用刻度来测量重量，而不是体积。混合在高速混合物1分钟。高压灭菌牡蛎匀浆。 注意:这将是用于扣球牡蛎匀浆。 </li></ol></li><li>重复牡蛎匀浆的存在下恢复测定（步骤4）。 <ol><li>在500克牡蛎匀浆液冷却后，加入100微升五 。 副溶血性弧菌在临时附属机构发展到它过夜培养。 五，确定的实际金额副溶血弧菌细胞接种通过实施步骤4.2中所述的标准平板计数程序。 </li></ol></li><li>众议员吃牡蛎匀浆存在竞争法（第五步）。 <ol><li>在500克牡蛎匀浆液冷却后，加入100微升每五的过夜培养副溶血性弧菌和非V.副溶血性弧菌它。确定的细菌的实际量 细胞接种通过进行标准平板计数程序步骤4.2节</li></ol></li><li>混合细菌细胞与牡蛎匀浆以及通过使用均化器。 注:在混合后，将含有有意添加的细胞被称为牡蛎匀浆尖刺牡蛎匀浆。 </li><li>使加标牡蛎匀浆稀释至按照步骤4.2.2中描述的方法获得10 -1至10 -3稀释管中。传播各100μl稀释到发色，TCBS和旅游业附属帐户琼脂。在35-37°C至96小时孵育板。 </li><li>在比较和显色培养基TCBS实际菌落数与前存在意外菌落总数从步骤6.2.1和6.3.1推断。 注意:例如，如果V的管副溶血过夜培养物包含10 8 CFU /毫升，100微升的接种物是指10 7个细胞被添加到牡蛎匀浆500克，得到5×10 4个细胞/ g以下。稀释和电镀后，具有自由度的板= 10 -2应产生500个菌落;而其自由度 = 10-3应产生50个菌落。这些是期望的菌落计数。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Yeung, P. S., Boor, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology,+pathogenesis,+and+prevention+of+foodborne+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+infections.">Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections.</a> Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 1 (2), 74-88 (2004).</li><li>Yeung, P. S. M., Boor, K. J., Faruque, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology,+molecular+biology,+and+detection+of+foodborne+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+infections.">Epidemiology, molecular biology, and detection of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections.</a> Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial pathogens: Epidemiology, Evolution and Molecular Biology. , 153-184 (2012).</li><li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vital+Signs:+Incidence+and+Trends+of+Infection+with+Pathogens+Transmitted+Commonly+Through+Food+-+Foodborne+Diseases+Active+Surveillance+Network,+10+U.S.+Sites,+1996-2010.">Vital Signs: Incidence and Trends of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 1996-2010.</a> Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 10, 1996-2010 (2011).</li><li>. Summary of human Vibrio cases reported to CDC, 2008 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21591">https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21591</a> (2008)</li><li>Scallan, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foodborne+illness+acquired+in+the+United+States+-+major+pathogens.">Foodborne illness acquired in the United States - major pathogens.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17 (1), 7-15 (2011).</li><li>Baross, J., Liston, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+of+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+and+related+hemolytic+vibrios+in+marine+environments+of+Washington+State.">Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related hemolytic vibrios in marine environments of Washington State.</a> Appl. Microbiol. 20 (2), 179-186 (1970).</li><li>Baross, J., Liston, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+from+the+Northwest+Pacific.">Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the Northwest Pacific.</a> Nature. 217 (5135), 1263-1264 (1968).</li><li>Kueh, C. S., Chan, K. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacteria+in+bivalve+shellfish+with+special+reference+to+the+oyster.">Bacteria in bivalve shellfish with special reference to the oyster.</a> J. Appl. Bacteriol. 59 (1), 41-47 (1985).</li><li>Food and Drug Administration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bad Bug Book, Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins. , (2012).</li><li>Qadri, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+and+inflammatory+immune+responses+in+patients+infected+with+strains+of+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus.">Adaptive and inflammatory immune responses in patients infected with strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.</a> J. Infect. Dis. 187 (7), 1085-1096 (2003).</li><li>MacFaddin, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Media for isolation-cultivation-identification-maintenance of medical bacteria. 1, (1985).</li><li>Bottone, E. J., Robin, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrio+parahaemolyticus:+suspicion+of+presence+based+on+aberrant+biochemical+and+morphological+features.">Vibrio parahaemolyticus: suspicion of presence based on aberrant biochemical and morphological features.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 8 (6), 760-763 (1978).</li><li>Lotz, M. J., Tamplin, M. L., Rodrick, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thiosulfate-citrate-bile+salts-sucrose+agar+and+its+selectivity+for+clinical+and+marine+vibrio+organisms.">Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar and its selectivity for clinical and marine vibrio organisms.</a> Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 13 (1), 45-48 (1983).</li><li>Hara-Kudo, Y., Nishina, T., Nakagawa, H., Konuma, H., Hasegawa, J., Kumagai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+method+for+detection+of+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+in+seafood.">Improved method for detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (12), 5819-5823 (2001).</li><li>Eddabra, R., Piemont, Y., Scheftel, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+new+chromogenic+medium,+chromID+Vibrio,+for+the+isolation+and+presumptive+identification+of+Vibrio+choleare+and+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+from+human+clinical+specimens.">Evaluation of a new chromogenic medium, chromID Vibrio, for the isolation and presumptive identification of Vibrio choleare and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from human clinical specimens.</a> Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30 (6), 733-737 (2011).</li><li>Kodaka, H., Teramura, H., Mizuochi, S., Saito, M., Matsuoka, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+Compact+Dry+VP+method+for+screening+raw+seafood+for+total+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus.">Evaluation of the Compact Dry VP method for screening raw seafood for total Vibrio parahaemolyticus.</a> J. Food. Prot. 72 (1), 169-173 (2009).</li><li>Su, Y. C., Duan, J., Wu, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selectivity+and+specificity+of+a+chromogenic+medium+for+detecting+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus.">Selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus.</a> J. Food Prot. 68 (7), 1454-1456 (2005).</li><li>Bej, A. K., Patterson, D. P., Brasher, C. W., Vickery, M. C., Jones, D. D., Kaysner, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+total+and+hemolysin-producing+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+in+shellfish+using+multiplex+PCR+amplification+of+tl,+tdh+and+trh.">Detection of total and hemolysin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish using multiplex PCR amplification of tl, tdh and trh.</a> J. Microbiol. Methods. 36 (3), 215-225 (1999).</li><li>Yeung, P. S. M., DePaola, A., Kaysner, C. A., Boor, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+PCR+assay+for+specific+detection+of+the+pandemic+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+O3:K6+clone+from+shellfish.">A PCR assay for specific detection of the pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 clone from shellfish.</a> J. Food Sci. 68 (4), 1459-1466 (2003).</li><li>Yeung, P. S. M., Hayes, M. C., DePaola, A., Kaysner, C. A., Kornstein, L., Boor, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+phenotypic,+molecular,+and+virulence+characterization+of+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+O3:K6+isolates.">Comparative phenotypic, molecular, and virulence characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 isolates.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (6), 2901-2909 (2002).</li><li>Duan, J., Su, Y. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+a+chromogenic+medium+with+thiosulfate-citrate-bile+salts-sucrose+agar+for+detecting+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus.">Comparison of a chromogenic medium with thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus.</a> J. Food Sci. 70, M125-M128 (2005).</li><li>Pinto, A. D., Terio, V., Novello, L., Tantillo, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+between+thiosulphate-citrate-bile+salt+sucrose+(TCBS)+agar+and+CHROMagar+Vibrio+for+isolating+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus.">Comparison between thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt sucrose (TCBS) agar and CHROMagar Vibrio for isolating Vibrio parahaemolyticus.</a> Food Control. 22 (1), 124-127 (2011).</li><li>Canizalez-Roman, A., Flores-Villase&#241;or, H., Zazueta-Beltran, J., Muro-Amador, S., Le&#242;n-Sicairos, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+evaluation+of+a+chromogenic+agar+medium-PCR+protocol+with+a+conventional+method+for+isolation+of+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+strains+from+environmental+and+clinical+samples.">Comparative evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium-PCR protocol with a conventional method for isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from environmental and clinical samples.</a> Can J Microbiol. 57 (2), 136-142 (2011).</li><li>Kriem, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+Vibrio+spp.+in+raw+shrimps+(Parapenaeus+longirostris)+and+performance+of+a+chromogenic+medium+for+the+isolation+of+Vibrio+strains.">Prevalence of Vibrio spp. in raw shrimps (Parapenaeus longirostris) and performance of a chromogenic medium for the isolation of Vibrio strains.</a> Lett Appl Microbiol. 61 (3), 224-230 (2015).</li><li>Food Drug Administration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+guidance+on+reporting+results+from+studies+evaluating+diagnostic+tests.">Statistical guidance on reporting results from studies evaluating diagnostic tests.</a> http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071148.htm. , (2007).</li><li>Burd, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+laboratory-developed+molecular+assays+for+infectious+diseases.">Validation of laboratory-developed molecular assays for infectious diseases.</a> Clin Microbiol Rev. 23 (3), 550-576 (2010).</li></ol>

Some media were generously provided by Hardy Diagnostics, Santa Maria, CA. Thorsen conducted this study while a student at California Polytechnic State University. He is currently an employee of Hardy Diagnostics.

本研究着重于文化传媒开发和评估。按照惯例，TCBS是选择性和鉴别培养基用于分离和检测V.副溶血性弧菌，霍乱弧菌和V.创伤弧菌 12。然而，限制已报道这个介质，例如无法区分V.从霍乱 弧菌等品种。蔗糖和pH指示剂是TCBS的分化剂。因此，产酸由蔗糖发酵导致介质的颜色变化。介质的着色是TCBS的一个缺点，因为它可能会掩盖菌落形态的观察。新开发的显色培养基采用高pH值和盐度抑制许多海洋样品中发现的非弧菌的生长。新的显色培养基具有8.6±0.2的最终pH值。每升去离子水，它由将10克蛋白胨，10克海盐混合物，10克牛胆汁，10克硫酸钠硫代，5克酵母提取物，5克的柠檬酸钠，2.2克碳酸钠，2克乳糖，0.5g的丙酮酸钠，0.3g的生色组合和15g琼脂。发色搭配让弧菌之间的分化。根据自己的不同的能力产生一定的酶。代替改变TCBS琼脂培养基，不同弧菌的颜色。将呈现新的显色培养基上菌落不同的颜色。相比之下，可商购的色培养基含有琼脂15克的，将8g蛋白胨和酵母提取物，51.4克盐，0.3g的生色组合和9.0±0.2的最终pH。 的测定评价的鲁棒性取决于样品的大小。由于本研究强调新色培养基的效力分离和检测V.副溶血性弧菌 ，它积聚许多不同的V.是非常重要的副溶血性弧菌菌株。以往的研究比较和TCBS新的文化传媒经常涉及含有未知类型和微生物23,24,25,26的数量环境或食品样品。每个样品的菌落多分离尚未分离株的克隆性质往往是不确定的。理想的是，不同的菌株应该在检测开发测试否则测定的精度将被充气。应变同一性可以通过常规的子类型的方法，例如脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）或多位点测序来确定。V.在这项研究中副溶血性弧菌菌株以前的特点是核糖分型和PFGE 19。 在研发分析，敏感性，特异性和检测限可查的关键因素之一。灵敏度，也被称为精度或诊断的灵敏度，是参考和测试方法之间的阳性百分比的协议。特异性，也被称为精度或诊断特异性，是负百分之一<html>参考和测试方法之间greement。在这项研究中，我们使用基于PCR的方法为基准的方法，因为对结果进行不同的组之间进行验证。 TCBS和生色媒体分别的试验方法。为了确定灵敏度，从五结果副溶血性弧菌菌株使用， 也就是说 ，灵敏度= 100％×真阳性/（真阳性+假阴性）。另一方面，从非五结果溶血性弧菌菌株被用来确定特异性;因此，特异性= 100％×真阴性/（真阴性+假阳性）。提供更可靠的特异性的结果，非五溶血性弧菌菌株应当从取样将进行的环境中分离。我们的敏感性和特异性计算是基于对有关试验开发和验证一个话题写了27政府，学术界28和科研机构29文件。 核苷酸"&gt;根据我们的结果，显色介质表现出比TCBS在副溶血性弧菌的鉴定性能更好。参考方法和显色介质之间的总体百分比协议是94.4％，而参考方法和TCBS之间77.8％。生色介质的灵敏度和特异性是90.9％和96.9％分别，这比TCBS（分别为86.4％和71.9％，）的大。先前的研究评估其它生色媒体用于检测副溶血性弧菌的发现，灵敏度范围从85至88％，而特异性范围从94％到95％23,24,25。然而，这些研究并没有使用相同的计算方法如我们的研究中。此外，它们有时使用不同的参考方法或它们组合来自两个生化结果分析并作为一种测试方法显色介质，其结果，难以直接比较我们的结果与这些先前的研究。 五呈现更好的性能副溶血弧菌 ，在该研究中使用的色琼脂也可以分化多弧菌比TCBS由于培养基配方中列入生色组合，产生多种颜色。虽然不是本研究检测五重点霍乱 V.创伤弧菌 ，值得注意的是这些物种表现出深红色的菌落，可以进一步通过荧光在UV鉴别。一个限制使用显色培养基用于检测V的霍乱 V.创伤弧菌是这些物种其明显的回收率低。为了规避这个问题，一个富集步骤必须包括在内。生色琼脂的另一种可能的限制是其货架寿命比TCBS短。这种新的媒体的持续优化需要在储存过程中保持pH值。 尽管分子技术的普及根据培养的方法仍然是有价值的，因为他们往往是成本更低，具有更好的检测限。这些培养方法可用于作为筛选工具。相反，它们可以被用来确认以下分子分析微生物的身份和生存能力。要通过文化不同的方法计算细菌，标准平板计数是公认的标准方法。在步骤4.2.5中所示的方程是确定的CFU / g或CFU / ml的比平均从不同稀释因素的CFUs一个更准确的方法。要注意，在整个程序的所有稀释剂和介质必须包含足够的盐以维持嗜盐菌如V的生存力是非常重要的副溶血性弧菌 。温育温度和环境必须是最佳的细菌生长。 生色介质被设计为检测弧菌是重要的人类病原体。因此，进一步的研究必须进行至determiNE其有效性检测等环保弧菌不属于医学相关。在未来的应用，新的生色琼脂可以掺入用于五环境样品的常规检测副溶血性弧菌 。这可以通过样品的直接条纹上生色琼脂进行以检测推定V的存在副溶血性弧菌 。生色琼脂也可用于枚举V.副溶血性弧菌以下稀释。量化，也可以通过使用富集肉汤，随后划线上进行确认显色琼脂进行一个最大可能数法估计。

作为弧菌属，V的构件副溶血是革兰氏阴性，非孢子形成，弯曲的，棒状细菌。它显示出在液体和半固体环境中的高运动性。 五大部分溶血性弧菌菌株是非致病对人类，但致病亚型在许多国家1,2-引起流行和大流行，因此这种被认为是一个重要的食源性病原体。 弧菌感染在美国的发病率自2000年3已经显示出上升的趋势，其中弧菌属，V.副溶血是报道最频繁的物种引起的疾病，在美国4,5。其他临床相关品种包括V.溶藻弧菌 ，V.创伤弧菌 ，V.霍乱 等疾病的一小部分是由多个物种同时引起的。 副溶血性弧菌是一种自然的我海洋水nhabitant，因此广泛分布于世界各地的海洋水域，包括河口。该品种于1950年发现了以下食物中毒在日本爆发。在美国，该物种首次在海水，沉积物和贝类在普吉特海湾地区6,7隔离。在海洋生物栖息地，如双壳贝类滤食动物，能够携带V.副溶血性弧菌作为他们的自然菌群8的一部分。正因为如此， 五在人类溶血性弧菌感染往往与受污染的海鲜，尤其是生的或未煮熟的贝类的消耗。当开放伤口暴露于海水，导致皮肤发生感染进入一个不太常见的途径。 五大部分副溶血性弧菌菌株不会引起人类疾病，但某些亚型窝藏致病因素，如耐热直接溶血素（TDH）是致病。食源性五，最普遍的症状副溶血性弧菌感染的腹泻和腹痛，接着恶心，呕吐，和发热。也报道头痛和发冷。平均潜伏期为15小时，但致病菌株9的足够量的食用后可高达96小时。这种疾病由两至三天持续。该肠胃炎引起的症状V.副溶血性在很大程度上是自限性的，因此，特殊处理是没有必要的。肠胃炎的轻症病例可口服补液得到有效治疗。更严重的疾病可以通过抗生素如四环素或环丙沙星10进行处理。死亡率为胃肠炎例约2％，但也可以是高达29％，为那些谁开发血流感染或败血症。任何人谁消耗的海鲜或有暴露于海水开放的伤口是V.的风险副溶血性弧菌感染。疾病，危及生命的败血症的更严重的形式，多见于有潜在的医疗合作亚群nditions 11，它包括酒精中毒，肝脏疾病，糖尿病，肾病，恶性肿瘤，和其它条件，导致削弱免疫应答。值得注意的是，这一群人也是在为收缩严重的疾病的风险较高所致V.创伤弧菌 ，它可以以类似于五自然栖息地找到副溶血性弧菌 。 副溶血性弧菌 ，使用硫代-柠檬酸盐-胆盐-蔗糖（TCBS）琼脂作为选择性和鉴别介质常规地分离。富集在碱性蛋白胨水可在TCBS琼脂先隔离。上TCBS推定菌落然后进一步在生化检查和/或分子检测靶向的种特异性基因的存在的阵列进行测试。基于PCR的方法经常被用来确认V的身份通过放大耐热溶血毒素基因，TLH 12 溶血性弧菌 。 不管通道的确认方法音色，它有隔离和分化V.的有效媒介是很重要的从副溶血性摆在首位的其他海洋弧菌。 TCBS已经经常被用来根据自己的能力发酵蔗糖12 弧菌属内分化的物种。阳性发酵反应伴随pH指示剂溴百里酚蓝的颜色变化。V.副溶血性弧菌菌落是相当独特的TCBS上，展出蓝绿色。然而，这种介质不能轻易区分V.溶藻弧菌和V.霍乱弧菌，蔗糖发酵变形杆菌可能会产生黄色菌落类似V.霍乱弧菌或V.溶藻弧菌 13。上TCBS， 五初始隔离副溶血性弧菌也可能误认为嗜水，邻单胞shigelloides和假单孢菌属14。迟发蔗糖FERM株entation可以与其它蔗糖非发酵弧菌 13，其包括五相混淆副溶血性弧菌 。 TCBS被发现是对大肠杆菌 ， 腐败假单胞菌等等不敏感。其他几个品种产量绿它们可能与五混淆灰色菌落副溶血性弧菌或V.创伤弧菌 15。其结果是，希望开发替代培养基具有更好的灵敏度和特异性朝向检测和分离V.副溶血性弧菌等密切相关的物种。 几个媒体替代最近已开发的。除了包含选择剂的，最掺入生色底物根据它们的差分酶活性来区分物种。例如，吲哚酚-β葡糖苷和吲哚酚β-D-半乳糖苷已被用作显色底物来区分V.第从这些五 ，溶血殖民地（这似乎蓝绿色） 霍乱 （紫色），由于其差的能力，以产生β葡糖苷酶和β半乳糖苷酶16。通过几组开发的显色培养基的不同配方进行了评估，报告履行同等或高于TCBS 17,18,19更好。使用显色介质的一个优点是，周围介质的着色最小从而促进特定菌落的分离。在这项研究中，我们评估了新制定的显色介质的检测和隔离五的能力霍乱弧菌 ，V.副溶血性弧菌和V.创伤弧菌 ;特别注重其分化能力V.副溶血来自其它物种。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagent/Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>DF0140-15-4</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Autoclave</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BHI powder</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>DF0418-17-7</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Blender</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>to blend oyster meat</td></tr><tr><td>CampyGen gas generator</td><td>Hardy Diagnostics</td><td>CN035A</td><td>to provide a microaerophilic atmosphere; may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Chocolate agar plates</td><td>Hardy Diagnostics</td><td>E14</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Common PCR reagents (dNTPs, MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Taq&lt;/em&gt; Polymerase)</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>or use PCR beads (Fisher Sci 46-001-014)</td></tr><tr><td>Culture tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S50712</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S348903</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Gel doc</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HardyChrom Vibrio agar plates</td><td>Hardy Diagnostics</td><td>G319</td><td>This study evaluates this medium</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inoculating loops</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22-363-606</td><td>10 microliter-size was used in this study</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP358-212</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Oysters</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>R23701</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>FB0875713</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette and tips</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Sterilized tips</td></tr><tr><td>Primers for &lt;em&gt;tlh&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>IDT DNA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scale</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spreader</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-100-11</td><td>Beads may be used instead</td></tr><tr><td>Stomacher blender</td><td>Stomacher</td><td>400</td><td>Samples were homogenized at 200 rpm for 30 sec.&amp;nbsp; Other homogenizer can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile filter bags for blenders</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>01-812-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TCBS powder</td><td>Hardy Diagnostics</td><td>265020</td><td>This study evaluates this medium</td></tr><tr><td>Thermocycler</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TSB powder</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>DF0370-07-5</td><td>may use other brands</td></tr><tr><td>UV viewing cabinet</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Emit long-wave UV light</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Bacterial species and strains&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Campylobacter jejuni&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Proteus mirabilis&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Salmonella&lt;/em&gt; Choleraesuis</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Shigella boydii&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Shigella flexneri&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Shigella sonnei&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Vibrio alginolyticus&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. cholerae&lt;/em&gt; (serotypes include &lt;em&gt;O139, O1,&lt;/em&gt; non &lt;em&gt;O1, El Tor&lt;/em&gt; biovars)</td><td>FDA, ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. damsela&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>FDA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. fisheri&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Environment</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. fluvialis&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>CDC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. furnissii&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>CDC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. hollisae&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>FDA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. metschnikovii&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. mimicus&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>FDA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. parahaemolyticus&lt;/em&gt; (serotypes include O3:K6, O1:K56, O4:K8, O5:K15, O8, &lt;em&gt;etc.&lt;/em&gt;)</td><td>ATCC, FDA, CDC, Environment</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. proteolyticus&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>FDA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;V. vulnificus&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>FDA</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

development of a more sensitive and specific chromogenic agar medium for the detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrio species

造成弧菌美国食源性感染呈上升趋势。在弧菌属，副溶血性弧菌是负责为广大弧菌机相关感染。因此， 弧菌之间的辨证准确。和检测五 。 副溶血性弧菌是非常重要的，以确保食品供应的安全。虽然分子技术也越来越普遍，这取决于培养的方法仍然经常做，他们被认为在某些情况下的标准方法。因此，一种新的生色琼脂培养基用提供用于隔离和临床相关弧菌的分化更好方法的目标测试。该协议相比，检测V的敏感性，特异性和检测限新的显色培养基和传统媒体之间溶血性弧菌 。 五，各副溶血性弧菌菌株（N = 22），重呈现多样化的血清型和起源的源头中使用。他们以前由食品和药物管理局（FDA）和美国疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）鉴定，并通过TLH -PCR在我们的实验室中进一步验证。在至少四个独立的试验中，这些菌株在35-37℃下接种在显色琼脂和硫代 - 柠檬酸盐 - 胆盐 - 蔗糖（TCBS）琼脂，它是用于培养该种类推荐的培养基，然后孵育24 -96小时。三V.溶血性弧菌菌株（13.6％）未对TCBS最优生长，然而表现出绿色菌落是否有增长。两种菌株（9.1％）没有取得对生色琼脂预期青色菌落。 五，非溶血性弧菌菌株（32）也被测试，以确定显色琼脂的特异性。在这些菌株，31没有增长或者表现出其他菌落形态。 五的平均回收率副溶血性弧菌在chromoge网卡琼脂为〜相对于补充有2％的NaCl的胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂96.4％。最后，新的生色琼脂是检测V.有效介质副溶血性弧菌和其他弧菌区别开来。

在这项研究中，54的微生物菌株被组装，其中包括五内22株副溶血弧菌种，其他19 弧菌和13非弧菌种（ 表1）。 五大部分副溶血性弧菌菌株无论是从FDA，CDC或其他国家卫生部门接收。他们代表不同的血清型和孤立的来源。这些菌株以前由监管机构标识。我们进一步确认了这些五的身份通过进行TLH-PCR 21,22 溶血性弧菌 。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2"> 种类 </td><td rowspan="2"> 株的测试号 </td><td colspan="2"> 生长和菌落颜色 </td></tr><tr><td> TCBS </td><td> Chromogenic中</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> 嗜水气单 </td><td rowspan="2"> 2 </td><td rowspan="2">没有增长</td><td> 1株没有增长; </td></tr><tr><td> 1株洋红色</td></tr><tr><td> 白色念珠菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>增长乏力，黄色</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 空肠弯曲菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>没有增长</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 大肠杆菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>没有增长</td><td>增长乏力，品红</td></tr><tr><td> 奇异变形杆菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>没有增长</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 铜绿假单胞菌 </td><td> 2 </td><td>绿松石</td><td>黄色</td></tr><tr><td> 金黄色葡萄球菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>增长乏力，黄色</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 沙门氏菌choleraesu是</td><td> 1 </td><td>没有增长</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 鲍氏志贺氏菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>没有增长</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 福氏痢疾杆菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>没有增长</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 宋内氏痢疾 </td><td> 1 </td><td>没有增长</td><td>增长乏力，品红</td></tr><tr><td> 溶藻弧菌 </td><td> 3 </td><td>黄色或绿松石</td><td>黄色</td></tr><tr><td> 霍乱弧菌 </td><td> 4 </td><td>黄色或绿松石</td><td>品红</td></tr><tr><td> 五，美人鱼 </td><td> 1 </td><td>绿松石</td><td>钴</td></tr><tr><td> 五fisheri </td><td> 1 </td><td>增长乏力，黄色</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 河流弧菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>绿松石</td><td>钴</td></tr><tr><td> V.furnissii </td><td> 1 </td><td>黄色</td><td>黄色</td></tr><tr><td> 五，霍利斯 </td><td> 1 </td><td>绿松石</td><td>黄色</td></tr><tr><td> 五metschnikovii </td><td> 1 </td><td>没有增长</td><td>没有增长</td></tr><tr><td> 拟态弧菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>绿松石</td><td>品红</td></tr><tr><td> 副溶血性弧菌 </td><td> 22 </td><td>大多数菌株绿松石</td><td>大多数菌株青色;几个清晰</td></tr><tr><td> 溶蛋白弧菌 </td><td> 1 </td><td>绿松石</td><td>钴</td></tr><tr><td> 创伤弧菌 </td><td> 4 </td><td>绿松石或清除</td><td>品红</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1.本研究中使用的微生物种类和选择性和差分介质上的生长特性。颜色呼叫是巴sed的上一个色轮。青色类似于蓝绿色;洋红类似于粉红色薰衣草，绿松石类似于绿色，黄色橄榄包括和棕色。 四个单独的试验被进行，以确定选择和鉴别介质上这些菌株的生长和菌落形态 - TCBS和生色琼脂。 TCBS是用于一些弧菌的分离，其中包括五常规介质霍乱 V.副溶血性弧菌 12。生长在TCBS殖民地色彩变化呈黄色，青绿色（绿色）或明确（ 图1）。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54493/54493fig1.jpg" /> 图1. 弧菌 的菌落形态 。在TCBS琼脂。V. 副溶血性弧菌 （绿松石），V。霍乱 （黄色），和点<html>这两个物种的ixed接种（a）中 。 五，菌落副溶血性弧菌出现绿松石，有一个圆形，全缘，和凸形态（b）所示 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54493/54493fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 一个新的显色培养基的选择用于从食品和环境样品的临床相关弧菌的能力进行了测试。此外，此介质的同时彼此区分这些种类的能力进行了评价。在生色琼脂观察菌落颜色为钴，青色，品红色，黄色或透明（ 图2）。如表1所示，TCBS和生色琼脂都表现出一定程度的对非弧菌微生物选择性。 1"&gt; <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54493/54493fig2.jpg" /> 图2. 弧菌 的菌落形态 。在新开发的显色培养基。V. 副溶血性弧菌 （青色），V。霍乱 （品红色），并且两个物种的混合接种（a）中 。 五，菌落副溶血性弧菌出现青色，有一个圆形，全缘，和凸形态（b）所示 。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54493/54493fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 五，对过夜培养遵循标准的平板计数法，菌落副溶血性弧菌 ，观察上获得最高稀释倍数（ 即 df = 10-8）显色琼脂平板上。这些结果与那些非选择性培养基上（旅游业附属帐户）。这表明，显色介质的检测极限是类似于非选择性培养基，这大约是在没有食物基质的10个细胞或更低。其他弧菌 ，如五 ，检测能力溶藻弧菌，河流弧菌和V.童女也还过得去相比，非选择性培养基。然而， 五 ，一些菌株霍乱弧菌 ，V.创伤弧菌和V.拟态弧菌产生的显色琼脂10至100倍以下的CFU。在显色或其他选择性培养基中使用的选择性药物不可避免地抑制某些细胞。损伤的细胞，例如，不可能在选择培养基中恢复。尽管如此，稍差的检测能力是在采用一个富集步骤最常规的程序，一个非问题。在食品或环境样品的微生物的少量将乘以在富集肉汤一个较高的水平，超过了检测限。富集在碱性蛋白胨水ofteÑ完成，以确定环境样品12 弧菌的流行。 在牡蛎匀浆的情况下，显色琼脂继续显示良好程度的恢复。换句话说，大比例V的（&gt; 70％） 副溶血性弧菌细胞能够对发色琼脂上生长，由牡蛎矩阵（ 图3a）的存在影响。增长和V.恢复副溶血弧菌细胞也不会受到另一弧菌 （ 图3b）的存在。这是一个重要的属性，因为环境样品结合到包含不同弧菌种，其中 在高数尤其是铀浓缩过程后。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54493/54493fig3.jpg" /> 图 3。 </一个 五 强 &gt; 恢复百分比 副溶血弧菌 菌株在具有和不具有细菌竞争者牡蛎匀浆 。恢复（平均值±SD）是根据观察到的VS的预期CFU的琼脂平板计数来计算。预期的CFU计数的基础上在接种细菌负荷计算。一五 ，高价回收在所有媒体观察弧菌菌株没有竞争（ 一个 ）。复苏的类似水平时，观察到高浓度的五metschnikovii细胞存在（B）。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54493/54493fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 进一步比较显色和TCBS琼脂，敏感性和特异性进行了计算。 表2示出这些媒体到ACCU能力rately识别V.副溶血性弧菌 。灵敏度是与真阳性的百分比，这意味着V.溶血性弧菌菌株产生在介质上的预期菌落形态。特异性与真阴性的比例，这意味着非五溶血性弧菌菌株应表现差没有增加，或不同的集落形态比五副溶血性弧菌 。为TCBS的灵敏度和特异性来识别V.副溶血性弧菌分别为86.4％和71.8％。相比较而言，显色介质的灵敏度和特异性分别为90.9％和96.9％。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 一个） </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TCBS琼脂 </td><td> 副溶血性弧菌 </td><td> 非-V。副溶血性弧菌 </td></tr><tr><td>良好的成长性和绿松石Çolonies </td><td> 19 </td><td> 9 </td></tr><tr><td>生长不良或不绿松石菌落</td><td> 3 </td><td> 23 </td></tr><tr><td> b） </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 显色琼脂 </td><td> 副溶血性弧菌 </td><td> 非-V。副溶血性弧菌 </td></tr><tr><td>良好的成长性和青色的菌落</td><td> 20 </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td>生长不良或非青色菌落</td><td> 2 </td><td> 31 </td></tr></tbody></table> 在检测 V 的表2.灵敏度和TCBS的特异性（a）和显色（B）的琼脂 副溶血性弧菌 ， 五的身份副溶血性弧菌进行生化试验和PCR tlh-先前确定。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a More Sensitive and Specific Chromogenic Agar Medium for the Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrio Species at JoVE.com

Development of a More Sensitive and Specific Chromogenic Agar Medium for the Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrio Species

Detection and isolation of clinically relevant Vibrio species require selective and differential culture media. This study evaluated the ability of a new chromogenic medium to detect and identify V. parahaemolyticus and other related species. The new medium was found to have better sensitivity and specificity than the conventional medium.

对于检测到的敏感性和特异性显色琼脂培养基发展<em&gt;副溶血性弧菌</em&gt;及其他<em&gt;弧菌</em&gt;物种

Foodborne infections in the US caused by Vibrio species have shown an upward trend. In the genus Vibrio, V. parahaemolyticus is responsible for the ...

development-more-sensitive-specific-chromogenic-agar-medium-for

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Development of a More Sensitive and Specific Chromogenic Agar Medium for the Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrio Species

14.4K 次观看.  California Polytechnic State University. Detection and isolation of clinically relevant Vibrio species require selective and differential culture media. This study evaluated the ability of a new chromogenic medium to detect and identify V. parahaemolyticus and other related species. The new medium was found to have better sensitivity and specificity than the conventional medium. 

视频: Development of a More Sensitive and Specific Chromogenic Agar Medium for the Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrio Species

'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens

Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis are Category A bacterial pathogens that are the causative agents of the plague and anthrax, respectively 1. Although the natural occurrence of both diseases&#39; is now relatively rare, the possibility of terrorist groups using these pathogens as a bioweapon is real. Because of the disease&#39;s inherent communicability, rapid clinical course, and high mortality rate, it is critical that an outbreak be detected quickly. Therefore methodologies that provide rapid detection and diagnosis are essential to ensure immediate implementation of public health measures and activation of crisis management.
Recombinant reporter phage may provide a rapid and specific approach for the detection of Y. pestis and B. anthracis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention currently use the classical phage lysis assays for the confirmed identification of these bacterial pathogens 2-4. These assays take advantage of naturally occurring phage which are specific and lytic for their bacterial hosts. After overnight growth of the cultivated bacterium in the presence of the specific phage, the formation of plaques (bacterial lysis) provides a positive identification of the bacterial target. Although these assays are robust, they suffer from three shortcomings: 1) they are laboratory based; 2) they require bacterial isolation and cultivation from the suspected sample, and 3) they take 24-36 h to complete. To address these issues, recombinant &#34;light-tagged&#34; reporter phage were genetically engineered by integrating the Vibrio harveyi luxAB genes into the genome of Y. pestis and B. anthracis specific phage 5-8. The resulting luxAB reporter phage were able to detect their specific target by rapidly (within minutes) and sensitively conferring a bioluminescent phenotype to recipient cells. Importantly, detection was obtained either with cultivated recipient cells or with mock-infected clinical specimens 7.
For demonstration purposes, here we describe the method for the phage-mediated detection of a known Y. pestis isolate using a luxAB reporter phage constructed from the CDC plague diagnostic phage &#934;A1122 6,7 (Figure 1). A similar method, with minor modifications (e.g. change in growth temperature and media), may be used for the detection of B. anthracis isolates using the B. anthracis reporter phage W&#946;::luxAB 8. The method describes the phage-mediated transduction of a biolumescent phenotype to cultivated Y. pestis cells which are subsequently measured using a microplate luminometer. The major advantages of this method over the traditional phage lysis assays is the ease of use, the rapid results, and the ability to test multiple samples simultaneously in a 96-well microtiter plate format.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2740/2740fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Detection schematic. The phage are mixed with the sample, the phage infects the cell, luxAB are expressed, and the cell bioluminesces. Sample processing is not necessary; the phage and cells are mixed and subsequently measured for light.

A simple method for the identification of priority bacterial pathogens is to use genetically engineered reporter phage. These reporter phage, which are specific to their particular host species, are capable of rapidly transducing a bioluminescent signal response to host cells. Herein, we describe the use of reporter phage for the detection of Yersinia pestis.

"发光法"的分类检测细菌病原体的记者噬菌体

Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis are Category A bacterial pathogens that are the causative agents of the plague and anthrax, respectively 1. ...

科研

免疫与感染

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food webs. Toxicity testing based on microorganisms are widely used because they are relatively quick, reproducible, cheap, and are not associated with ethical issues. Here, we describe an ecotoxicological method to evaluate the biological response of the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method assesses the acute toxicity of chemical compounds, including new contaminants such as nanoparticles, as well as environmental samples. The endpoint is the reduction of bacterial culturability (i.e., the capability to replicate and form colonies) due to exposure to a toxicant. This reduction can be generally referred to as mortality. The test allows for the determination of the LC50, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease of bacteria actively replicating and forming colonies, after a 6 h exposure. The culturable bacteria are counted in terms of colony forming units (CFU), and the &#34;mortality&#34; is evaluated and compared to the control. In this work, the toxicity of copper sulphate (CuSO4) was evaluated. A clear dose-response relationship was observed, with a mean LC50 of 1.13 mg/L, after three independent tests. This protocol, compared to existing methods with microorganisms, is applicable in a wider range of salinity and has no limitations for colored/turbid samples. It uses saline solution as the exposure medium, avoiding any possible interferences of growth medium with the investigated contaminants. The LC50 calculation facilitates comparisons with other bioassays commonly applied to ecotoxicological assessments of the marine environment.

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

This work describes a new protocol to assess the ecotoxicity of pollutants, including emerging contaminants such as nanomaterials, using the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method allows for the determination of the LC50, or mortality, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease in bacteria culturability, after a 6 h exposure.

生物毒理学方法与海洋细菌<em&gt;鳗弧菌</em&gt;评估环境污染物的急性毒性

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

环境科学

Colonization of Euprymna scolopes Squid by Vibrio fischeri

Specific bacteria are found in association with animal tissue1-5. Such host-bacterial associations (symbioses) can be detrimental (pathogenic), have no fitness consequence (commensal), or be beneficial (mutualistic). While much attention has been given to pathogenic interactions, little is known about the processes that dictate the reproducible acquisition of beneficial/commensal bacteria from the environment. The light-organ mutualism between the marine Gram-negative bacterium V. fischeri and the Hawaiian bobtail squid, E. scolopes, represents a highly specific interaction in which one host (E. scolopes) establishes a symbiotic relationship with only one bacterial species (V. fischeri) throughout the course of its lifetime6,7. Bioluminescence produced by V. fischeri during this interaction provides an anti-predatory benefit to E. scolopes during nocturnal activities8,9, while the nutrient-rich host tissue provides V. fischeri with a protected niche10. During each host generation, this relationship is recapitulated, thus representing a predictable process that can be assessed in detail at various stages of symbiotic development. In the laboratory, the juvenile squid hatch aposymbiotically (uncolonized), and, if collected within the first 30-60 minutes and transferred to symbiont-free water, cannot be colonized except by the experimental inoculum6. This interaction thus provides a useful model system in which to assess the individual steps that lead to specific acquisition of a symbiotic microbe from the environment11,12.
Here we describe a method to assess the degree of colonization that occurs when newly hatched aposymbiotic E. scolopes are exposed to (artificial) seawater containing V. fischeri. This simple assay describes inoculation, natural infection, and recovery of the bacterial symbiont from the nascent light organ of E. scolopes. Care is taken to provide a consistent environment for the animals during symbiotic development, especially with regard to water quality and light cues. Methods to characterize the symbiotic population described include (1) measurement of bacterially-derived bioluminescence, and (2) direct colony counting of recovered symbionts.

Colonization of Euprymna scolopes Squid by Vibrio fischeri

The method outlines the procedure by which the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes and its bacterial symbiont, Vibrio fischeri, are raised separately and then introduced to allow for specific colonization of the squid light organ by the bacteria. Colonization detection by bacterially-derived luminescence and by direct colony counting are described.

定植 Euprymna scolopes鱿鱼由弧菌鲵</em

Specific bacteria are found in association with animal tissue1-5. Such host-bacterial associations (symbioses) can be detrimental (pathogenic), have no ...

Development of an Electrochemical DNA Biosensor to Detect a Foodborne Pathogen

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, significantly affecting the rate of human mortality and morbidity. Conventional methods for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus such as culture-based methods, immunological assays, and molecular-based methods require complicated sample handling and are time-consuming, tedious, and costly. Recently, biosensors have proven to be a promising and comprehensive detection method with the advantages of fast detection, cost-effectiveness, and practicality. This research focuses on developing a rapid method of detecting V. parahaemolyticus with high selectivity and sensitivity using the principles of DNA hybridization. In the work, characterization of synthesized polylactic acid-stabilized gold nanoparticles (PLA-AuNPs) was achieved using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). We also carried out further testing of stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of the PLA-AuNPs. We found that the PLA-AuNPs formed a sound structure of stabilized nanoparticles in aqueous solution. We also observed that the sensitivity improved as a result of the smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct) value and an increase of active surface area (0.41 cm2). The development of our DNA biosensor was based on modification of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with PLA-AuNPs and using methylene blue (MB) as the redox indicator. We assessed the immobilization and hybridization events by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). We found that complementary, non-complementary, and mismatched oligonucleotides were specifically distinguished by the fabricated biosensor. It also showed reliably sensitive detection in cross-reactivity studies against various food-borne pathogens and in the identification of V. parahaemolyticus in fresh cockles.

A protocol for the development of an electrochemical DNA biosensor comprising a polylactic acid-stabilized, gold nanoparticles-modified, screen-printed carbon electrode to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus is presented.

电化学 DNA 生物传感器检测食源性致病菌的研究进展

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, ...

生物工程

A Rapid Image-based Bacterial Virulence Assay Using Amoeba

Traditional bacterial virulence assays involve prolonged exposure of bacteria over the course of several hours to host cells. During this time, bacteria can undergo changes in the physiology due to the exposure to host growth environment and the presence of the host cells. We developed an assay to rapidly measure the virulence state of bacteria that minimize the extent to which bacteria grow in the presence of host cells. Bacteria and amoebae are mixed together and immobilized on a single imaging plane using an agar pad. The procedure uses single-cell fluorescence imaging with calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM) as an indicator of host cell health. The fluorescence of host cells is analyzed after 1 h of exposure of host cells to bacteria using epifluorescence microscopy. Image analysis software is used to compute a host killing index. This method has been used to measure virulence within planktonic and surface-attached Pseudomonas aeruginosa sub-populations during the initial stage of biofilm formation and may be adapted to other bacteria and other stages of biofilm growth. This protocol provides a rapid and robust method of measuring virulence and avoids many of the complexities associated with the growth and maintenance of mammalian cell lines. Virulence phenotypes measured here using amoebae have also been validated using mouse macrophages. In particular, this assay was used to establish that surface attachment upregulates virulence in P. aeruginosa.

Here, we present a protocol to measure the virulence of planktonic or surface-attached bacteria using D. discoideum (amoeba) as a host. Virulence is measured over a period of 1 h and host killing is quantified using fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. We demonstrate this protocol using the bacterium P. aeruginosa.

一种基于变形虫的快速图像细菌毒力检测方法

Traditional bacterial virulence assays involve prolonged exposure of bacteria over the course of several hours to host cells. During this time, bacteria ...

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

The aquatic Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious gastrointestinal disease cholera. Due to the global prevalence and severity of this disease, V. cholerae has been extensively studied in both environmental and laboratory settings, requiring proper maintenance and culturing techniques. Classical and El Tor are two main biotypes that compose the V. cholerae O1 serogroup, each displaying unique genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that provide reliable mechanisms for biotype characterization, and require distinct virulence inducing culturing conditions. Regardless of the biotype of the causative strain for any given infection or outbreak, the standard treatment for the disease involves rehydration therapy supplemented with a regimen of antibiotics. However, biotype classification may be necessary for laboratory studies and may have broader impacts in the biomedical field. In the early 2000&#39;s clinical isolates were identified which exhibit genotypic and phenotypic traits from both classical and El Tor biotypes. The newly identified hybrids, termed El Tor variants, have caused clinical and environmental isolate biotype identification to become more complex than previous traditional single assay identification protocols. In addition to describing V. cholerae general maintenance and culturing techniques, this manuscript describes a series of gene specific (ctxB and tcpA) PCR-based genetic screens and phenotypic assays (polymyxin B resistance, citrate metabolism, proteolytic activity, hemolytic activity, motility, and glucose metabolism via Voges-Proskauer assay) collectively used to characterize and/or distinguish between classical and El Tor biotypes. Together, these assays provide an efficient systematic approach to be used as an alternative, or in addition, to costly, labor-intensive experiments in the characterization of V. cholerae clinical (and environmental) isolates.

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

This manuscript describes proper Vibrio cholerae maintenance techniques in addition to a series of biochemical assays, collectively utilized for quick and reliable differentiation between clinical and environmental V. cholerae biotypes in a laboratory setting.

用于维持和区分生物型的实验室技术<em&gt;霍乱弧菌</em&gt;临床和环境隔离

The aquatic Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious gastrointestinal disease cholera. Due to the global ...

Induction of Cellular Differentiation and Single Cell Imaging of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Swimmer and Swarmer Cells

The ability to study the intracellular localization of proteins is essential for the understanding of many cellular processes. In turn, this requires the ability to obtain single cells for fluorescence microscopy, which can be particularly challenging when imaging cells that exist within bacterial communities. For example, the human pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus exists as short rod-shaped swimmer cells in liquid conditions that upon surface contact differentiate into a subpopulation of highly elongated swarmer cells specialized for growth on solid surfaces. This paper presents a method to perform single cell fluorescence microscopy analysis of V. parahaemolyticus in its two differential states. This protocol very reproducibly induces differentiation of V. parahaemolyticus into a swarmer cell life-cycle and facilitates their proliferation over solid surfaces. The method produces flares of differentiated swarmer cells extending from the edge of the swarm-colony. Notably, at the very tip of the swarm-flares, swarmer cells exist in a single layer of cells, which allows for their easy transfer to a microscope slide and subsequent fluorescence microscopy imaging of single cells. Additionally, the workflow of image analysis for demographic representation of bacterial societies is presented. As a proof of principle, the analysis of the intracellular localization of chemotaxis signaling arrays in swimmer and swarmer cells of V. parahaemolyticus is described.

Induction of Cellular Differentiation and Single Cell Imaging of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Swimmer and Swarmer Cells

This protocol enables single cell microscopy of the differentially distinct Vibrio parahaemolyticus swimmer and swarmer cells. The method produces a population of swarmer cells easily available for single cell analysis and covers preparation of cell cultures, induction of swarmer differentiation, sample preparation, and image analysis.

诱导细胞分化和单细胞成像<em&gt;副溶血性弧菌</em游泳者和Swarmer细胞

The ability to study the intracellular localization of proteins is essential for the understanding of many cellular processes. In turn, this requires the ...

Bile Salt-induced Biofilm Formation in Enteric Pathogens: Techniques for Identification and Quantification

Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multistage process that occurs in bacteria under harsh environmental conditions or times of stress. For enteric pathogens, a significant stress response is induced during gastrointestinal transit and upon bile exposure, a normal component of human digestion. To overcome the bactericidal effects of bile, many enteric pathogens form a biofilm hypothesized to permit survival when transiting through the small intestine. Here we present methodologies to define biofilm formation through solid-phase adherence assays as well as extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix detection and visualization. Furthermore, biofilm dispersion assessment is presented to mimic the analysis of events triggering release of bacteria during the infection process. Crystal violet staining is used to detect adherent bacteria in a high-throughput 96-well plate adherence assay. EPS production assessment is determined by two assays, namely microscopy staining of the EPS matrix and semi-quantitative analysis with a fluorescently-conjugated polysaccharide binding lectin. Finally, biofilm dispersion is measured through colony counts and plating. Positive data from multiple assays support the characterization of biofilms and can be utilized to identify bile salt-induced biofilm formation in other bacterial strains.

This protocol enables the reader to analyze bile salt-induced biofilm formation in enteric pathogens using a multifaceted approach to capture the dynamic nature of bacterial biofilms by assessing adherence, extracellular polymeric substance matrix formation, and dispersion.

胆汁盐诱导肠道病原菌生物膜形成的鉴别和定量技术

Biofilm formation is a dynamic, multistage process that occurs in bacteria under harsh environmental conditions or times of stress. For enteric pathogens, ...

Coincubation Assay for Quantifying Competitive Interactions between Vibrio fischeri Isolates

This manuscript describes a culture-based, coincubation assay for detecting and characterizing competitive interactions between two bacterial populations. This method employs stable plasmids that allow each population to be differentially tagged with distinct antibiotic resistance capabilities and fluorescent proteins for selection and visual discrimination of each population, respectively. Here, we describe the preparation and coincubation of competing Vibrio fischeri strains, fluorescence microscopy imaging, and quantitative data analysis. This approach is simple, yields quick results, and can be used to determine whether one population kills or inhibits the growth of another population, and whether competition is mediated through a diffusible molecule or requires direct cell-cell contact. Because each bacterial population expresses a different fluorescent protein, the assay permits the spatial discrimination of competing populations within a mixed colony. Although the described methods are performed with the symbiotic bacterium V. fischeri using conditions optimized for this species, the protocol can be adapted for most culturable bacterial isolates.

Coincubation Assay for Quantifying Competitive Interactions between Vibrio fischeri Isolates

Bacteria encode diverse mechanisms for engaging in interbacterial competition. Here, we present a culture-based protocol for characterizing competitive interactions between bacterial isolates and how they impact the spatial structure of a mixed population.

用于量化Vibrio Fischeri分离物之间竞争交互的联合孵化测定

This manuscript describes a culture-based, coincubation assay for detecting and characterizing competitive interactions between two bacterial populations. ...

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has become the method of choice for introducing DNA into prokaryotes that are not naturally competent. Electroporation is a rapid, efficient, and streamlined transformation method that, in addition to purified DNA and competent bacteria, requires commercially available gene pulse controller and cuvettes. In contrast to the pulsing step, preparation of electrocompetent cells is time consuming and labor intensive involving repeated rounds of centrifugation and washes in decreasing volumes of sterile, cold water, or non-ionic buffers of large volumes of cultures grown to mid-logarithmic phase of growth. Time and effort can be saved by purchasing electrocompetent cells from commercial sources, but the selection is limited to commonly employed E. coli laboratory strains. We are hereby disseminating a rapid and efficient method for preparing electrocompetent E. coli, which has been in use by bacteriology laboratories for some time, can be adapted to V. cholerae and other prokaryotes. While we cannot ascertain whom to credit for developing the original technique, we are hereby making it available to the scientific community.

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation is a commonly employed method for introducing DNA into bacteria in a process known as transformation. Traditional protocols for the preparation of electrocompetent cells are time consuming and labor intensive. This article describes an alternate, rapid, and efficient method for the preparation of electrocompetent cells presently employed by some laboratories.

对于电感受的制备快速协议<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em&gt;和<em&gt;霍乱弧菌</em

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has ...

对于检测到的敏感性和特异性显色琼脂培养基发展

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

"发光法"的分类检测细菌病原体的记者噬菌体

生物毒理学方法与海洋细菌

定植 Euprymna scolopes鱿鱼由弧菌鲵

电化学 DNA 生物传感器检测食源性致病菌的研究进展

一种基于变形虫的快速图像细菌毒力检测方法

用于维持和区分生物型的实验室技术

诱导细胞分化和单细胞成像

胆汁盐诱导肠道病原菌生物膜形成的鉴别和定量技术

用于量化Vibrio Fischeri分离物之间竞争交互的联合孵化测定

对于电感受的制备快速协议