Name: modifying the bank erosion hazard index (behi) protocol for rapid assessment of streambank erosion in northeastern ohio
Uploaded: 2015-02-13T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 13 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge the Cleveland Metroparks, including J. Grieser, J. Markowitz, B. Garman, and supporting staff; Case Western Reserve University, Dr. J. Burns; and GLISTEN, the Great Lakes Innovative Stewardship through Education Network.

1.河岸鉴定<ol><li>确定在流的一侧银行的均匀截面。由银行，不同银行的材料，或植被休息的显着不同的斜率区别本节。此部分河岸的应该从两侧的部分明显不同。没有一个最小值或银行的最大长度。分离极长的路段分成小段将简化评估。 </li></ol> 2.预筛选BEHI问卷（图1） <ol><li>回答关于从图1是/否响应的均匀河岸节以下问题。 <ol><li>回答这个问题:"做银行表现出小于或等于50％的保护在银行的脚趾的军装款吗？"脚趾位于它在基流条件下遇水银行的基础;平均底部六到八英寸的银行。普罗特挠度包括嵌入式巨石，嵌入式大型木质残骸，并扎根植被。基岩算作保护足趾;但是，容易破裂基岩不是保护足趾。 </li><li>回答"不为50％以上的银行表现出的底切为0.5英尺或以上​​的？"一个底切银行是已经历侵蚀地面之下的河岸。 </li><li>回答这个问题:"确实在50％以上的银行表现出分层？"分层是地质学明确定义的水平突破。分层的一层必须由能够侵蚀的材料（砂，砾石，或矩阵）的。 </li><li>回答这个问题:"确实该银行50％以上的有十英尺或以上​​，50％以上的土壤暴露银行的高度？" </li><li>回答这个问题:"请问银行表现出缺乏基层银行的材料（土）的50％以上？" </li><li>回答"是50％以上的银行空隙植根植被的？＆＃8221; </li></ol></li><li>如果有，在图1中问卷两个或两个以上的"是"的回答，则执行该银行的BEHI评价，因为这里是河岸冲蚀正在发生或将发生显著机会。 </li><li>如果有，在图1问卷不到两年的"YES"的答案，不要继续进行BEHI评估，因为银行正在经历几乎没有侵蚀（ 即非常低低BEHI等级）。 </li></ol> 3. BEHI评估数据表（图3） <ol><li>记录日期，天气，和人员提供在BEHI评价数据表中的空格。 </li><li>记录被评估该行的数目。例如，1是第一银行被评估当天，2是第二堤岸被评估，3，4，5 ...等等。 </li><li>取的GPS在最上游（其中水被从流动的）和最下游（其中水我坐标š流向）的银行点。作为站在靠近岸边尽可能确保准确性。 </li><li>拍照时都对银行的上游和下游的点。拍摄的照片在银行的主要特点。采取额外的照片捕捉到了银行或通道（ 即 ，分层，大型木质杂物堵塞等）功能。记录的图片号码，以供参考。 </li><li>记录该流的侧面被评估（左行，右行）。确定左岸和右岸面对下游;左，右分别。 </li><li>测量行高度，以脚，从银行的银行顶部的脚趾。确定银行的顶部由斜坡第一可定义的突破，一般躺在平行水流。 </li><li>测量行长度在脚趾，以英尺，在银行的最上游和最下游点之间。 </li><li>写的是，在回答"是"的问题数最初的"预筛选BEHI问卷"中的第2步。 </li><li>请注意，以基础设施的距离和基础设施的类型（ 即 ，桥梁，涵洞，道路，公用设施，住宅等）。 </li><li>圈下列任何定性指标的存在:无植被中期通道酒吧/辫状河道，裸露的树根两侧，两侧扶着树，露基础设施，大坝下游，滑塌streambanks，headcuts，栖息支流，失败"最佳管理实践"（BMP的），如护岸墙，石笼筐或涵洞。 </li><li>注意银行材料的组合物。记录沿着河岸部分是在评估中发现的主要材料。 注:Streambanks可以是材料的组合。例如，一个银行可能有"页岩脚趾和粉砂与上述跟踪碎石"。 "粉砂"表示多风沙比淤泥和"跟踪砾石"表示少量砾石。 "桑迪淤泥"表示比沙更淤泥。 </li><li>使基于该材料的可蚀性银行材料调整。 <ol><li>减去最多10点的材料不具有侵蚀性的高速率（ 即 ，卵石）。最多可加10分，非常易受侵蚀材料（ 即 ，砂）。材料的混合物（ 即 ，砂一些碎石或粉砂与跟踪碎石）更经常流系统中找到这样的平均得分会比较合适（ 图4）。这不是强制性的调整。 参见图4在结果部分。 </li></ol></li><li>确定植物的研究银行高度的平均根系深度的比率，以百分比表示，由植物（ 图5）来估计银行材料的粘附性。 <ol><li>直观地估计根深度垂直从银行的顶部银行的脚趾。对于examp乐，如果根生长在隔堤的上半部分中，根深度将是50％。如果有根从银行到脚趾的顶部生长，根深度将是100％。 </li><li>就拿根沿深度评测下整款的平均百分比。不要认为根源是无效的银行材料（ 即 ，挂根）。 </li><li>估计基于整个银行的比例，然后使用"BEHI评分表"，记录的得分数据表上的百分比。 参见图5中的结果部分。 </li></ol></li><li>确定通过使银行根材料组成的量的视觉评估根的密度，以百分比表示。 <ol><li>不要认为根源是无效的银行材料。小，须根可以非常稠密并且提供了更大的土壤保持相比树木的大根系统（ 图6A和6B）。估计的基础上的百分比全行，然后用"BEHI评分表"记录得分上的数据表的百分比。 参见图6中的结果部分。 </li></ol></li><li>基流给银行的顶部（ 图7）期间测量从在水线下的银行的角度。极底切银行可以有一个角度高达120度。 <ol><li>放置在一个90度角的水线测量棒，以便估计倾斜角，或者如果可用的使用倾斜计。取平均坡度的下沿评价整节。例如，如果该段主要是90度的一小部分具有110度底切，所记录的程度将是大约100度。 </li><li>估计基于整个银行的比例，然后使用"BEHI评分表"，记录的得分数据表上的百分比。 参见图7中的结果S挠度。 </li></ol></li><li>确定表面保护本，河岸覆盖和碎木片，带根植物，嵌入式巨石，护岸，基岩，或其它嵌入材料保护河岸免受侵蚀（ 图8）的保护的量。 <ol><li>目测估计河岸的不暴露于侵蚀力的百分比。估计基于整个银行的比例，然后使用"BEHI评分表"，记录的得分数据表上的百分比。 参见图8中的结果部分。 </li></ol></li><li>视觉上确定分层层数。分层是指在地质学一个明确界定的横断其具有以引起并提高优先侵蚀（ 图9）的区域中的电势。 <ol><li>记录有多少分层的层次都存在。 参见图9中的结果部分。 </li></ol> &lt;/ li&gt; <li>使分层的调整，如果增加侵蚀是由于分层的层发生。 <ol><li>加起来5点为分层的单个层（两个不同的地质层）。最多可加10分，分层的多层（三个不同的地质层）。只调整分层如果至少一个材料层是可侵蚀（砂，砾石，或矩阵）。 </li><li>考虑其中所述分层的层是相对于水， 即 ，分层的层即50英尺以上的基流可能不具有腐蚀性的效果。岸边的脚趾采用分层层可能有一个非常糜烂的效果。平均得分可能是必要的，尤其是当考虑到分层层如何可侵蚀的材料和其中是相对于水。这不是强制性的调整。 </li></ol></li><li>将所有的分数，共同确定整体修改BEHI评价（非常低/低:4 - 15.5，中度:15.75211; 23.5，高:23.75 - 31.5，非常高:31.75 - 36.5，或极端:&gt; 36.5），用于评估河岸。记录总分和所提供的数据表空间的等级。 </li><li>注意到河岸具体情况。例如，河岸上是曲折弯曲，大木质碎片堵塞，一出地方涵洞，或强石油气味的外侧。注意任何失败的基础设施在这里。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rosgen, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Stream+Channel+Assessment+Methodology.">A Stream Channel Assessment Methodology.</a> Proceedings of 7th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference. , 26 (2001).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Upper Esopus Creek Management Plan. 1-3, (2007).</li><li>Karr, J. R., Dudley, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecological+perspective+on+water+quality+goals.">Ecological perspective on water quality goals.</a> Environmental Management. 5 (1), 55-68 (1981).</li><li>Trimble, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+Stream+Channel+Erosion+to+Sediment+Yield+from+an+Urbanizing+Watershed.">Contribution of Stream Channel Erosion to Sediment Yield from an Urbanizing Watershed.</a> Science. 278 (1), 1442-1444 (1997).</li><li>Lee, J. G., Heaney, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+Urban+Imperviousness+and+its+Impacts+on+Storm+Water+Systems.">Estimation of Urban Imperviousness and its Impacts on Storm Water Systems.</a> Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 129 (5), 419-426 (2003).</li><li>Bilotta, G. S., Brazier, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+influence+of+suspended+solids+on+water+quality+and+aquatic+biota.">Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota.</a> Water Research. 42 (12), 2849-2861 (2008).</li><li>Hansen, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streambank+(RBS)+erosion+study+for+the+Minnesota+River+basin.">Streambank (RBS) erosion study for the Minnesota River basin.</a> Report prepared for the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. , (2010).</li><li>Fox, N., Goodman, B., Teel, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+Conservation+Reserve+Program+Impacts+on+Smith+Creek+Erosion+Rates+in+the+Shenendoah+Valley.">Evaluating Conservation Reserve Program Impacts on Smith Creek Erosion Rates in the Shenendoah Valley.</a> Virginia Water Research Symposium. , 103-113 (2004).</li><li>Rosgen, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Practical+Method+of+Computing+Streambank+Erosion+Rate.">A Practical Method of Computing Streambank Erosion Rate.</a> , 15 (2001).</li><li>Simpson, A., Turner, I., Brantley, E., Helms, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bank+erosion+hazard+index+as+an+indicator+of+near-bank+aquatic+habitat+and+community+structure+in+a+southeastern+Piedmont+stream.">Bank erosion hazard index as an indicator of near-bank aquatic habitat and community structure in a southeastern Piedmont stream.</a> Ecological Indicators. 43 (1), 19-28 (2014).</li><li>Rosgen, D. L., Frantila, D., Silvey, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=River+Stability:+Field+Guide.">River Stability: Field Guide.</a> Wildland Hydrology. , (2008).</li><li>Prosser, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Huron+and+Cleveland+Shales+of+Northern+Ohio.">The Huron and Cleveland Shales of Northern Ohio.</a> The Journal of Geology. 21 (4), 323-362 (1913).</li><li>Rathbun, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standard+operating+procedure:+assessing+bank+erosion+potential+using+Rosgen's+bank+erosion+hazard+index+(BEHI).">Standard operating procedure: assessing bank erosion potential using Rosgen's bank erosion hazard index (BEHI).</a> Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Water Bureau, Nonpoint Source Division. , (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The most critical steps for accurate completion of the modified BEHI protocol are to: correctly identify a uniform section of streambank to assess, if the streambank length has too much variability it is best to separate and assess smaller segments to accurately capture the erodibility of the streambank; complete the Pre-Screening Questionnaire to confirm that a BEHI assessment should be completed on that streambank, if there is uncertainty in whether a bank passes the Pre-Screening Questionnaire, a BEHI assessment shoul...

溪流的侵蚀是一个自然过程;然而，过度的侵蚀悬浮泥沙2的形式，有助于一个显著量的非点源污染。增加悬浮泥沙影响水质，物理和流3的生物学功能。人类的影响会大大影响河岸侵蚀，显著增加输沙量4，特别是在城市系统中有一个增加雨水径流量和不透水表面5。更高的泥沙量能水质和流6的生态系统产生负面影响。整个克利夫兰城市流域管理办法试图找到和库存的来源和潜在的评级侵蚀河岸的风险，以协助有效的管理策略，以及在河流，河岸和栖息地恢复。 大卫乐志勤，与荒地水文，开发银行侵蚀危险指数（BEHI），其计算上的流溪流的侵蚀的敏感性达到基于若干可蚀变量7的组合。 BEHI使用各种指标来排名的严重程度和溪流的侵蚀的可能性，包括银行材料，分层，根系深度和密度，坡度角，所述平滩高度银行高度比，而且表面保护的存在量。所述BEHI评估分配对应于整体BEHI评级（非常低，低，中，高，非常高，或极端），对于特定的河岸的数值。该协议已有效地评估潜在的河岸侵蚀和8-10可以与其他水质和栖息地评估结合使用。 Streambanks表现出高BEHI等级已经显示，以对应于较少多样化和稳定性较差底栖动物群落，为主机会种11。虽然原BEHI方法我兴利，它可以是非常耗时，很难对非专业人士，并限制在特定的地貌区，专为冲积流条件12量身定做。 是必要的，以解决这些限制修改本协议。 "预筛选问卷"（ 图1）的开发，以识别和消除streambanks有可能排名很低或低，从而专注于更高的水土流失面积的评估，并减少了时间和资源来进行BEHI所需的金额评估对整个流。问卷还涉及见于东北俄亥俄冲积和非冲积流条件之间的地质差异，如极度侵蚀基岩页岩13，这将不会被评定为在原有基础上BEHI协议的侵蚀的材料。消除包括平滩阶段研究银行高比度量，其可以是很难确定，允许更快的河岸的评估和对非专业人士来完成与入门培训的评估。这消除了研究银行高比例的是基于由乔拉思在环境质量14的密执安部门制定了修改BEHI程序。消除的必要性在现场额外的计算，所有其它度量表示为除了坡度百分比，以及分层和银行材料调整。根密度最初表达为土壤根，其中根部延伸的组成的百分比。此乘以根深度占整个银行高度;然而，我们换成这种有根在全行密度的简单估算。分数调整是为了解释为消除研究银行高度的比度量和估计的百分比的原始BEHI评分系统进行。如在原始BEHI描述协议所测量的度量被转换为1-10的风险等级（10为风险最高级别）。从1到10的风险评级对应风险非常低，低，中，高，非常高，而极端潜在侵蚀的评级。根据现场观察10的目录建立这些关系。在改性BEHI协议，分数为研究银行高比度量从原始BEHI评分系统中减去，以反映新的总分数和风险评分（ 图2）。这些修改涉及在美国俄亥俄州东北部原BEHI协议的局限性，并协助保持一致性，减少用户的偏见。 改性BEHI协议被用来评估内克利夫兰城市几个高优先级流。原来BEHI评估是由受过训练的克利夫兰景的人员进行，在流的长度，以确认identi修改的有效性fying streambanks与侵蚀率较高。修改后的BEHI协议所使用的专业人士，志愿者，工作人员和学生评价整个克利夫兰城市河岸侵蚀。

<table><tbody><tr><td>200&#039; reel tape measure</td><td></td><td></td><td>Tape measure can be used to measure bank length and height</td></tr><tr><td>Inclinometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>Inclinometer may be used to measure bank angle.</td></tr><tr><td>GPS</td><td></td><td></td><td>GPS is used to take points along the stream, make sure for mapping purposes to use a GPS that takes accurate readings.</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td></td><td></td><td>Camera is used to take photos of the banks under assessment and of any major stream features.</td></tr></tbody></table>

modifying the bank erosion hazard index (behi) protocol for rapid assessment of streambank erosion in northeastern ohio

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. Sediments from highly eroding streambanks are a major source of pollution in a stream system and have the potential to jeopardize habitat, infrastructure, and stream function. Watershed management practices throughout the Cleveland Metroparks attempt to locate and inventory the source and rate the risk of potential streambank erosion to assist in formulating effect stream, riparian, and habitat management recommendations. The Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), developed by David Rosgen of Wildland Hydrology is a fluvial geomorphic assessment procedure used to evaluate the susceptibility of potential streambank erosion based on a combination of several variables that are sensitive to various processes of erosion. This protocol can be time consuming, difficult for non-professionals, and confined to specific geomorphic regions. To address these constraints and assist in maintaining consistency and reducing user bias, modifications to this protocol include a &#8220;Pre-Screening Questionnaire&#8221;, elimination of the Study Bank-Height Ratio metric including the bankfull determination, and an adjusted scoring system. This modified protocol was used to assess several high priority streams within the Cleveland Metroparks. The original BEHI protocol was also used to confirm the results of the modified BEHI protocol. After using the modified assessment in the field, and comparing it to the original BEHI method, the two were found to produce comparable BEHI ratings of the streambanks, while significantly reducing the amount of time and resources needed to complete the modified protocol.

Streambanks未通过预筛分问卷，并没有评估与改性BEHI协议，排名低或非常低时，与原来的BEHI协议（ 图10）进行评估。这支持使用预筛选问卷的方式来快速识别遇到中度侵蚀极度率streambanks。 如图10所示。 在一般情况下，streambanks评估置于使用原始和修改后的BEHI协议相同的最终BEHI评级。评估与两个BEHI协议streambanks十六出18，或者89％接受相...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio at JoVE.com

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen&#8217;s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

修改银行侵蚀危险指数（BEHI）协议的河岸侵蚀美国俄亥俄州东北部的快速评估

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. ...

modifying-bank-erosion-hazard-index-behi-protocol-for-rapid

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

9.0K 次观看.  Cleveland Metroparks. Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen’s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

视频: Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

科研

环境科学

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

用于操纵植物诱导土壤异质性的实验协议

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

土壤重采样的方法监控森林土壤的化学浓度的变化

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to severe environmental impacts. The understanding of sheet erosion is, consequently, a worldwide issue with implications for both environment and economies. However, the knowledge on how erosion evolves in space and time is still limited, as well as its effects on the environment. Below, we explain a new dendrogeomorphological protocol for deriving eroded soil thickness (Ex) by acquiring accurate microtopographic data using both terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and microtopographic profile gauges. Additionally, standard dendrogeomorphic procedures, dependent on anatomical variations in root rings, are utilized to establish the timing of exposure. Both TLS and microtopographic profile gauges are used to obtain ground surface pro&#64257;les, from which Ex is estimated after the threshold distance (TD) is determined, i.e., the distance between the root and the sediment knickpoint, which allows de&#64257;ning the lowering of the ground surface caused by sheet erosion. For each profile, we measured the height between the topside of the root and a virtual plane tangential to the ground surface. In this way, we intended to avoid small-scale impacts of soil deformation, which may be due to pressures exerted by the root system, or by the arrangement of exposed roots. This may provoke small amounts of soil sedimentation or erosion depending on how they physically affect the surface runoff. We demonstrate that an adequate microtopographic characterization of exposed roots and their associated ground surface is very valuable to obtain accurate erosion rates. This finding could be utilized to develop the best management practices designed to eventually halt or perhaps, at least, lessen soil erosion, so that more sustainable management policies can be put into practice.

Characterizing erosion from dendrogeomorphology has usually focused on accurately finding the starting time of root exposure, by examining macroscopic or cell level changes caused by exposure. Here, we offer a detailed description of different novel techniques to obtain more precise erosion rates from highly accurate microtopographic data.

利用树形地貌估算板材侵蚀速率的实验室和现场协议

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to ...

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water and assessing the performance of edge-of-field conservation practices. Determining drainage flow rates requires monitoring the head in a drainage control structure and applying an appropriate equation for the weir installed in the structure. Previous studies that developed calibrated equations for weirs in control structures have produced different equations (i.e., different weir flow equation coefficients) for the same type of weir and control structure size. This study describes procedures for setting up experimental water flow rate and head measurements within a drainage control structure and developing a weir equation for flows contained within a V-notch weir. Additionally, the procedure for obtaining a weir equation for overtopping flows -- when the water level exceeds the top of the V-notch weir -- is outlined. This process involves using the weir equation developed in the laboratory for a V-notch weir and an online tool, the &#34;Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator&#34;, developed by the authors. The online tool can also generate weir flow equation coefficients for both V-notch-contained and overtopping flows across various sizes of Agri Drain water control structures, even when users lack site-specific flow rate vs. head relationship.

This protocol describes methods for obtaining weir flow equation coefficients for a V-notch weir within a drainage control structure using (1) a laboratory calibration procedure and (2) an online tool, the "Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator", developed by the authors. These methods apply to flows contained within the V-notch and overtopping flows.

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water ...