Core - Organic Chemistry

Chapter 3

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

3.1 : Structure of Alkanes

3.1 : Structure of Alkanes

The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott ...

3.2 : Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

3.2 : Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

Organic compounds of the same molecular formula can have different structural formulas called constitutional isomers, and the phenomenon is known as ...

3.3 : Nomenclature of Alkanes

3.3 : Nomenclature of Alkanes

In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system ...

3.4 : Physical Properties of Alkanes

3.4 : Physical Properties of Alkanes

Alkanes are nonpolar molecules due to the presence of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is ...

3.5 : Newman Projections

3.5 : Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used ...

3.6 : Conformations of Ethane and Propane

3.6 : Conformations of Ethane and Propane

In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this ...

3.7 : Conformations of Butane

3.7 : Conformations of Butane

Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky ...

3.8 : Cycloalkanes

3.8 : Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in the form of rings. They have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding ...

3.9 : Conformations of Cycloalkanes

3.9 : Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused ...

3.10 : Conformations of Cyclohexane

3.10 : Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts ...

3.11 : Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

3.11 : Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of ...

3.12 : Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

3.12 : Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial ...

3.13 : Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: <em>cis-trans</em> Isomerism

3.13 : Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers ...

3.14 : Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

3.14 : Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were initially ...

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