وأيد هذا العمل من قبل المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منحة NIDDK (K01DK092320) وتمويل بدء التشغيل من قسم طب الأطفال في جامعة تكساس مدرسة ماكغفرن الطبية.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

استهداف سليفة الكلوة تطوير الأجنة القيطم تعتمد على تحديد وحقن قسيم أرومي الصحيح. حقن قسيم أرومي V2 الأجنة 8 خلايا يستهدف سليفة الكلوة اليسرى (18). هذا يترك سليفة الكلوة اليمنى المقابل باعتبارها الرقابة الداخلية. إذا morpholino ضربة قاضية أو يستخدم overexpression RNA لتغيي...

الكلى الجنينية القيطم، وسليفة الكلوة، هو نموذج جيد لدراسة تطور أمراض الكلى و. تكوين الجنين من الخارج، كبيرة الحجم، يمكن أن تنتج بأعداد كبيرة، والتلاعب بها بسهولة من خلال حقن مكروي أو العمليات الجراحية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم حفظها الجينات التي تحكم تطور الكلى في الثدييات والبرمائيات. الكلى الثدييات التقدم من خلال ثلاث مراحل: سليفة الكلوة، mesonephros، والكلوة التالية 1، في حين البرمائيات الجنينية لديها سليفة الكلوة والبرمائيات الكبار لديهم الكلوة التالية. وحدة التصفية الأساسية لهذه الأشكال الكلى هي كليون، وكل من الثدييات والبرمائيات تتطلب نفس شلالات الإشارات والأحداث الاستقرائية للخضوع لتكون الكلية 2 و 3. وسليفة الكلوة القيطم يحتوي على كليون واحد يتألف من الداني والمتوسط ​​والبعيد، وربط الأنابيب، والكبة (مشابهة لالكبيبة الثدييات) 1 و4-6 (الشكل 1 </strأونج&gt;). في واحد، كبير كليون موجودة في سليفة الكلوة القيطم يجعلها مناسبة كنموذج بسيط لدراسة الجينات المسؤولة عن عمليات التنمية الكلى والأمراض. وقد وضعت خرائط مصير خلية للأجنة القيطم في وقت مبكر، وتتوفر على الانترنت في Xenbase 7-11 بحرية. هنا، نحن تصف تقنية ل microinjection من استشفاف النسب لاستهداف سليفة الكلوة القيطم النامية، على الرغم من أن نفس الأسلوب يمكن تكييفها لاستهداف الأنسجة الأخرى مثل القلب أو العينين. استشفاف النسب هي تسميات (بما في ذلك الأصباغ الحيوية، dextrans fluorescently المسمى، والانزيمات التي يمكن اكتشافها الكيميائيه النسيجيه، ومرنا ترميز البروتينات الفلورية) التي يمكن حقنها إلى قسيم أرومي في وقت مبكر، والسماح للتصور من سلالة تلك الخلية خلال التنمية. يستخدم هذا البروتوكول MEM-طلب تقديم العروض مرنا، غشاء ترميز استهدف الحمراء بروتين فلوري 12، والتتبع النسب. التكنولوجيا حقن مكروي المستهدفةniques لعن Blastomeres الفردية في الأجنة 4- و8 خلايا وصفها هنا يمكن أن تستخدم للحقن مع morpholinos لاسقاط التعبير الجيني، أو مع RNA خارجي لبإفراط عن الجين من الفائدة. عن طريق حقن في بطني، قسيم أرومي النباتي، في المقام الأول سيتم استهدفت سليفة الكلوة من الجنين، وترك سليفة الكلوة المقابل كعنصر تحكم التنموية. شارك في حقن التتبع يتحقق من أن قسيم أرومي الصحيح تم حقن، والعروض التي أنسجة في الجنين نشأت من قسيم أرومي حقن، والتحقق من استهداف سليفة الكلوة. المناعية للسليفة الكلوة يسمح تصور مدى تم استهداف الأنابيب سليفة الكلوة. ويمكن بعد ذلك Overexpression وضربة قاضية الآثار أن سجل ضد الجانب المقابل للجنين، والتي هي بمثابة السيطرة التنموية، ويمكن استخدامها لحساب مؤشر سليفة الكلوة 13. توافر خرائط مصير خلية يسمح هذا الأسلوب حقن مكروي المستهدفة لاستخدامها لاستهداف الأنسجة أوراسكوم تليكوم القابضةإيه من سليفة الكلوة، وشارك في حقن التتبع الفلورسنت يسمح للحقن مكروي الموجه إلى كل الأنسجة ليتم التحقق منها قبل التحليل. خلال حقن مكروي الجنين، ينبغي تنظيم درجة حرارة التنموية بإحكام، بالنظر إلى أن معدل التنمية القيطم يعتمد اعتمادا كبيرا عليها 14. يجب حضنت الأجنة في درجات الحرارة (14-16 درجة مئوية) لحقن 4- و8 خلايا وذلك لأن سرعة تطور الزمن إلى أسفل. في 22 درجة مئوية، والوقت اللازم لتطوير من المرحلة 1 (1 الخلية) إلى مرحلة 3 (4 خلايا) ما يقرب من 2 ساعة، بينما في 16 درجة مئوية وقت التطوير إلى مرحلة 3 ما يقرب من 4 ساعات. يستغرق حوالي 15 دقيقة من نهاية المباراة من جنين 4 خلايا إلى 8 خلايا (المرحلة 4) الجنين في 22 درجة مئوية، ولكن يستغرق حوالي 30 دقيقة في 16 درجة مئوية. وبالمثل، في 22 درجة مئوية، فإنه يأخذ فقط 30 دقيقة لجنين 8 خلايا للتقدم إلى جنين 16 خلية (المرحلة 5). ويزداد هذا الوقت إلى 45 دقيقة في 16 درجة مئوية. الrefore، من المفيد أن يتباطأ معدل نمو الأجنة لتمكين ما يكفي من الوقت لحقن في مرحلة 8 خلايا قبل التقدم الأجنة إلى مرحلة 16 خلية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، ودرجات حرارة النمو يمكن أن يكون منظم لتسريع أو إبطاء التطور الجنيني حتى وضعت الكلى تماما. البشرة من الشرغوف مرحلة الأجنة القيطم شفافة نسبيا، مما يسمح للتصوير السهل من سليفة الكلوة النامية دون تشريح أو إزالة الأنسجة 15. نظرا لشفافية النسبية للأجنة القيطم، ويعيش التصوير الخلية هو أيضا من الممكن 16،17. كامل جبل المناعية لتصور سليفة الكلوة من الممكن مع الأجسام المضادة ثبت أن تسمية القريبة والمتوسطة، القاصي وربط الأنابيب من مرحلة 38-40 الأجنة التي تسمح لتقييم التنمية سليفة الكلوة بعد استهداف التلاعب في التعبير الجيني في الأجنة القيطم 18-20.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S271-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Fisher</td><td>P217-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>M63-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Fisher</td><td>C79-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP310-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S311-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamycin solution, 50 mg/ml</td><td>Amresco</td><td>E737-20ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Cysteine, 99%+</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>52-90-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP525-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mm x 15 mm Petri dish</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB0875712</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini Fridge II</td><td>Boekel</td><td>260009</td><td>Benchtop incubator for embryos.</td></tr><tr><td>Gap43-RFP plasmid</td><td></td><td></td><td>For making tracer RNA. Ref: Davidson &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt;, 2006.</td></tr><tr><td>Rhodamine dextran, 10,000 M.W.</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D1817</td><td>Tracer.</td></tr><tr><td>Molecular biology grade, USP sterile purified water</td><td>Corning</td><td>46-000-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7&quot; Drummond replacement tubes</td><td>Drummond</td><td>3-000-203-G/XL</td><td>Microinjection needles.</td></tr><tr><td>Needle puller</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>P-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>11252-30</td><td>For breaking microinjection needle tip.</td></tr><tr><td>Nanoject II</td><td>Drummond</td><td>3-000-204</td><td>Microinjector.</td></tr><tr><td>Mineral oil, heavy</td><td>Fisher</td><td>CAS 8042-47-5</td><td>Oil for needles.</td></tr><tr><td>27 G Monoject hypodermic needle</td><td>Covidien</td><td>8881200508</td><td>For loading mineral oil into microinjection needle.</td></tr><tr><td>5 ml Luer-Lok syringe</td><td>BD</td><td>309646</td><td>For loading mineral oil into microinjection needle.</td></tr><tr><td>60 mm x 15 mm Petri dish</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB0875713A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>800 micron Polyester mesh</td><td>Small Parts</td><td>CMY-0800-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transfer pipets</td><td>Fisher</td><td>13-711-7M</td><td>For transferring embryos. Cut off the tip so that the embryos are easily taken up by the pipette.</td></tr><tr><td>6-well cell culture plate</td><td>Nest Biotechnology</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MOPS</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP308-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>67-42-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP531-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mm x 45 mm Screw thread vial</td><td>Fisher</td><td>03-339-25B</td><td>For fixing, staining, and storing embryos.</td></tr><tr><td>24-well cell Culture plate</td><td>Nest Biotechnology</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benzocaine</td><td>Spectrum</td><td>BE130</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP2818-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A412-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 1x powder</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP661-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumen</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1600-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP151-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3D Mini rocker, model 135</td><td>Denville Scientific</td><td>57281</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat serum, New Zealand origin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>16210064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium azide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S227I-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monoclonal 3G8 antibody</td><td>European Xenopus Resource Centre</td><td></td><td>Primary antibody to label proximal tubules.</td></tr><tr><td>Monoclonal 4A6 antibody</td><td>European Xenopus Resource Centre</td><td></td><td>Primary antibody to label intermediate, distal and connecting tubules.</td></tr><tr><td>anti-RFP pAb, purified IgG/rabbit</td><td>MBL</td><td>PM005</td><td>Primary antibody to label Gap43-RFP tracer.</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11001</td><td>Secondary antibody to label kidney tubules.</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A21428</td><td>Secondary antibody to label Gap43-RFP tracer.</td></tr><tr><td>9 Cavity spot plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>7220-85</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benzyl benzoate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>105862500</td><td>Optional - for clearing embryos</td></tr><tr><td>Benzyl alcohol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A396-500</td><td>Optional - for clearing embryos</td></tr></tbody></table>

technique to target microinjection to the developing xenopus kidney

الكلى الجنينية من القيطم المورق (ضفدع)، وسليفة الكلوة، يتكون من كليون واحد، ويمكن استخدامها كنموذج لأمراض الكلى. الأجنة القيطم كبيرة، وتطوير خارجيا، ويمكن التلاعب بها بسهولة عن طريق حقن مكروي أو العمليات الجراحية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم إنشاء خرائط مصير لأجنة القيطم مبكرة. حقن مكروي المستهدفة في قسيم أرومي الفردية التي من شأنها أن تؤدي إلى عضو أو نسيج من الفائدة في نهاية المطاف يمكن استخدامها لبإفراط بشكل انتقائي أو هدم التعبير الجيني داخل هذه المنطقة المحظورة، والحد من الآثار الثانوية في بقية الجنين النامي. في هذا البروتوكول، ونحن تصف كيفية الاستفادة من إنشاء خرائط مصير القيطم لاستهداف القيطم الكلى تطوير (وسليفة الكلوة)، من خلال حقن مكروي إلى قسيم أرومي معين من الأجنة 4- و8 خلايا. حقن استشفاف النسب يسمح بالتحقق من استهداف معين من الحقن.بعد الأجنة قد وضعت لمرحلة 38-40، كلها جبل المناعية يستخدم لتصور تنمية سليفة الكلوة، ومساهمة من قبل خلايا تستهدف سليفة الكلوة يمكن تقييمها. يمكن تكييفها نفس الأسلوب لاستهداف أنواع الأنسجة الأخرى بالإضافة إلى سليفة الكلوة.

إبر دقيقة جدا من 4- و8 خلايا الأجنة القيطم مع MEM-طلب تقديم العروض مرنا تظهر مستويات مختلفة من استهداف للسليفة الكلوة. ويبين الشكل 4 المرحلة 40 الأجنة مع MEM-طلب تقديم العروض أنماط التعبير مرنا الصحيحة. تم حقن الأجنة في قسيم أرومي البطني الأي...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney at JoVE.com

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

تقنية لاستهداف حقن مكروي إلى البلدان النامية<em&gt; القيطم</em&gt; الكلى

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

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Developmental Biology

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

11.2K Views.  University of Texas McGovern Medical School. Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos. 

Video: Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the large size of their cells in early embryos, make Xenopus laevis a useful model for visualising GFP-tagged ligands. Synthetic mRNAs are efficiently translated after injection into early stage Xenopus embryos, and injections can be targeted to a single cell. When combined with a lineage tracer such as membrane tethered RFP, the injected cell (and its descendants) that are producing the overexpressed protein can easily be followed. This protocol describes a method for the production of fluorescently tagged Wnt and Shh ligands from injected mRNA. The methods involve the micro dissection of ectodermal explants (animal caps) and the analysis of ligand diffusion in multiple samples. By using confocal imaging, information about ligand secretion and diffusion over a field of cells can be obtained. Statistical analyses of confocal images provide quantitative data on the shape of ligand gradients. These methods may be useful to researchers who want to test the effects of factors that may regulate the shape of morphogen gradients.

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

The manuscript here provides a simple set of methods for analysing the secretion and diffusion of fluorescently tagged ligands in Xenopus. This provides a context for testing the ability of other proteins to modify ligand distribution and allowing experiments that may give insight into mechanisms regulating morphogen gradients.

باستخدام تحليل متحد البؤر من<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em&gt; بالتحقيق المغيرون من WNT وShh على محدثة التخلق التدرجات

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The efficient in vivo visualization of blood vessels and the reliable quantification of their complexity are key to understanding the biology and disease of the vascular network. Here, we provide a detailed method to visualize blood vessels with a commercially available fluorescent dye, human plasma acetylated low density lipoprotein DiI complex (DiI-AcLDL), and to quantify their complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be labeled by a simple injection of DiI-AcLDL into the beating heart of an embryo, and blood vessels in the entire embryo can be imaged in live or fixed embryos. Combined with gene perturbation by the targeted microinjection of nucleic acids and/or the bath application of pharmacological reagents, the roles of a gene or of a signaling pathway on vascular development can be investigated within one week without resorting to sophisticated genetically engineered animals. Because of the well-defined venous system of Xenopus and its stereotypic angiogenesis, the sprouting of pre-existing vessels, vessel complexity can be quantified efficiently after perturbation experiments. This relatively simple protocol should serve as an easily accessible tool in diverse fields of cardiovascular research.

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

This protocol demonstrates a fluorescence-based method to visualize the vasculature and to quantify its complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be imaged minutes after the injection of a fluorescent dye into the beating heart of an embryo after genetic and/or pharmacological manipulations to study cardiovascular development in vivo.

التصور والتحليل الكمي من الأوعية الدموية الجنينية في<em&gt; زينوبوس تروبيكاليس</em

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The ...

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic transport. Because of its large nucleus and high density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear transport can be easily visualized in the Xenopus oocyte. Much insight into the mechanisms of nuclear import and export has been gained through use of this system (reviewed by Pant&eacute;, 2006). In addition, we have used microinjection of Xenopus oocytes to dissect the nuclear import pathways of several viruses that replicate in the host nucleus. 
Here we demonstrate the cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus oocytes with a nuclear import substrate. We also show preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning EM, including dissection, dehydration, and embedding of the oocytes into an epoxy embedding resin. Finally, we provide representative results for oocytes that have been microinjected with the capsid of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) or the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and discuss potential applications of the technique.

Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with a nuclear import substrate, as well as preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

Microinjection من البويضات المورق القيطم

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

Biology

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression studies. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), microinjection of RNA, DNA, proteins, antisense oligonucleotides and other small molecules into the developing embryo provides researchers a quick and robust assay for exploring gene function in vivo. In this video-article, we will demonstrate how to prepare and microinject in vitro synthesized EGFP mRNA and a translational-blocking morpholino oligo against pkd2, a gene associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), into 1-cell stage zebrafish embryos. We will then analyze the success of the mRNA and morpholino microinjections by verifying GFP expression and phenotype analysis. Broad applications of this technique include generating transgenic animals and germ-line chimeras, cell-fate mapping and gene screening. Herein we describe a protocol for overexpression of EGFP and knockdown of pkd2 by mRNA and morpholino oligonucleotide injection.

Microinjection is a well-established and effective method for introducing foreign substances into fertilized zebrafish embryos. Here, we demonstrate a robust microinjection technique for performing mRNA overexpression, and morpholino oligonucleotide gene knockdown studies in zebrafish.

Microinjection من مرنا والعقاقير [أليغنوكليوتيد] Morpholino اسماك الزرد في الأجنة.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression ...

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During axon outgrowth, the growth cone must integrate multiple sources of guidance cue information to modulate its cytoskeleton in order to propel the growth cone forward and accurately navigate to find its specific targets1. How this integration occurs at the cytoskeletal level is still emerging, and examination of cytoskeletal protein and effector dynamics within the growth cone can allow the elucidation of these mechanisms. Xenopus laevis growth cones are large enough (10-30 microns in diameter) to perform high-resolution live imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g.2-4 ) and are easy to isolate and manipulate in a lab setting compared to other vertebrates. The frog is a classic model system for developmental neurobiology studies, and important early insights into growth cone microtubule dynamics were initially found using this system5-7 . In this method8, eggs are collected and fertilized in vitro, injected with RNA encoding fluorescently tagged cytoskeletal fusion proteins or other constructs to manipulate gene expression, and then allowed to develop to the neural tube stage. Neural tubes are isolated by dissection and then are cultured, and growth cones on outgrowing neurites are imaged. In this article, we describe how to perform this method, the goal of which is to culture Xenopus laevis growth cones for subsequent high-resolution image analysis. While we provide the example of +TIP fusion protein EB1-GFP, this method can be applied to any number of proteins to elucidate their behaviors within the growth cone.

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

Culturing neural explants from dissected Xenopus laevis embryos that express fluorescent fusion proteins allows for imaging of growth cone cytoskeletal dynamics.

يزدرع الثقافات العصبية من<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During ...

Neuroscience

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the development of neuronal connectivity. During establishment of the retino-tectal projection, optic axons extend from the eye and navigate through distinct regions of the brain to reach their target tissue, the optic tectum. Once optic axons enter the tectum, they elaborate terminal arbors that function to increase the number of synaptic connections they can make with target interneurons in the tectum. Here, we describe a method to express DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and gain- and loss-of-function gene constructs, in optic neurons (retinal ganglion cells) in Xenopus embryos. We explain how to microinject a combined DNA/lipofection reagent into eyebuds of one day old embryos such that exogenous genes are expressed in single or small numbers of optic neurons. By tagging genes with GFP or co-injecting with a GFP plasmid, terminal axonal arbors of individual optic neurons with altered molecular signaling can be imaged directly in brains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles several days later, and their morphology can be quantified. This protocol allows for determination of cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of optic axon arborization in vivo.

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

This protocol aims to demonstrate how to microinject a DNA/DOTAP mixture into eyebuds of one day old Xenopus laevis embryos, and how to image and reconstruct individual green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing optic axonal arbors in tectal midbrains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles.

الحقن المجهري للحمض النووي في براعم العيون في أجنة Xenopus laevis والتصوير من GFP التعبير عن الأشجار Axonal البصرية في سليمة، وحيا Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the ...

Polarized Translocation of Fluorescent Proteins in Xenopus Ectoderm in Response to Wnt Signaling

Cell polarity is a fundamental property of eukaryotic cells that is dynamically regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors during embryonic development 1, 2. One of the signaling pathways involved in this regulation is the Wnt pathway, which is used many times during embryogenesis and critical for human disease3, 4, 5. Multiple molecular components of this pathway coordinately regulate signaling in a spatially-restricted manner, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Xenopus embryonic epithelial cells is an excellent system to study subcellular localization of various signaling proteins. Fluorescent fusion proteins are expressed in Xenopus embryos by RNA microinjection, ectodermal explants are prepared and protein localization is evaluated by epifluorescence. In this experimental protocol we describe how subcellular localization of Diversin, a cytoplasmic protein that has been implicated in signaling and cell polarity determination6, 7 is visualized in Xenopus ectodermal cells to study Wnt signal transduction8. Coexpression of a Wnt ligand or a Frizzled receptor alters the distribution of Diversin fused with red fluorescent protein, RFP, and recruits it to the cell membrane in a polarized fashion 8, 9. This ex vivo protocol should be a useful addition to in vitro studies of cultured mammalian cells, in which spatial control of signaling differs from that of the intact tissue and is much more difficult to analyze.

Polarized Translocation of Fluorescent Proteins in Xenopus Ectoderm in Response to Wnt Signaling

Xenopus embryonic ectoderm has become an attractive model for studies of cell polarity. An assay is described, in which subcellular distribution of fluorescent proteins is assessed in ectoderm cells. This protocol will help address questions related to spatial control of signaling.

الاستقطاب إزفاء من البروتينات في نيون القيطم الأدمة في الاستجابة لاشارة Wnt

Cell polarity is a fundamental property of eukaryotic cells that is dynamically regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors during embryonic ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

سم كلوي حقن مكروي في الزرد لنموذج قصور كلوي حاد

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

Xenopus Oocytes: Optimized Methods for Microinjection, Removal of Follicular Cell Layers, and Fast Solution Changes in Electrophysiological Experiments

The Xenopus oocyte as a heterologous expression system for proteins, was first described by Gurdon et al.1 and has been widely used since its discovery (References 2 - 3, and references therein). A characteristic that makes the oocyte attractive for foreign channel expression is the poor abundance of endogenous ion channels4. This expression system has proven useful for the characterization of many proteins, among them ligand-gated ion channels.
The expression of GABAA receptors in Xenopus oocytes and their functional characterization is described here, including the isolation of oocytes, microinjections with cRNA, the removal of follicular cell layers, and fast solution changes in electrophysiological experiments. The procedures were optimized in this laboratory5,6 and deviate from the ones routinely used7-9. Traditionally, denuded oocytes are prepared with a prolonged collagenase treatment of ovary lobes at RT, and these denuded oocytes are microinjected with mRNA. Using the optimized methods, diverse membrane proteins have been expressed and studied with this system, such as recombinant GABAA receptors10-12, human recombinant chloride channels13, Trypanosome potassium channels14, and a myo-inositol transporter15, 16.
The methods detailed here may be applied to the expression of any protein of choice in Xenopus oocytes, and the rapid solution change can be used to study other ligand-gated ion channels.

Xenopus Oocytes: Optimized Methods for Microinjection, Removal of Follicular Cell Layers, and Fast Solution Changes in Electrophysiological Experiments

Optimized procedures for the isolation of single follicles, cytoplasmic RNA microinjections, the removal of surrounding cell layers, and protein expression in Xenopus oocytes are described. In addition, a simple method for fast solution changes in electrophysiological experiments with ligand-gated ion channels is presented.

القيطم البويضات: طرق الأمثل ل microinjection، إزالة طبقات الخلية مسامي، والتغييرات الحل السريع في التجارب الكهربية

The Xenopus oocyte as a heterologous expression system for proteins, was first described by Gurdon et al.1 and has been widely used since its discovery ...

Hydrodynamic Renal Pelvis Injection for Non-viral Expression of Proteins in the Kidney

Hydrodynamic injection creates a local, high-pressure environment to transfect various tissues with plasmid DNA and other substances. Hydrodynamic tail vein injection, for example, is a well-established method by which the liver can be transfected. This manuscript describes an application of hydrodynamic principles by injection of the mouse kidney directly with plasmid DNA for kidney-specific gene expression. Mice are anesthetized and the kidney is exposed by a flank incision followed by a fast injection of a plasmid DNA-containing solution directly into the renal pelvis. The needle is kept in place for ten seconds and the incision site is sutured. The following day, live animal imaging, Western blot, or immunohistochemistry may be used to assay gene expression, or other assays suited to the transgene of choice are used for detection of the protein of interest. Published methods to prolong gene expression include transposon-mediated transgene integration and cyclophosphamide treatment to inhibit the immune response to the transgene.

This protocol describes a method to inject plasmid DNA into the mouse kidney via the renal pelvis to produce transgene expression specifically in the kidney.

حقن الحوض الكلوي الهيدروديناميكي للتعبير غير الفيروسية من البروتينات في الكلي

Hydrodynamic injection creates a local, high-pressure environment to transfect various tissues with plasmid DNA and other substances. Hydrodynamic tail ...

تقنية لاستهداف حقن مكروي إلى البلدان النامية

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