Name: fabrication and operation of a nano-optical conveyor belt
Uploaded: 2015-08-26T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 10 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Professor Yuzuru Takashima at the University of Arizona for discussions on optical imaging, Mr. Karl Urbanek for assistance with high power lasers, and Max Yuen for discussions of Brownian motion. The authors send further thanks to Professor Kenneth Crozier at Harvard University for helpful discussions on optical trapping experiments. Funding was provided in part by the United States National Science Foundation (award number 1028372).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

NOCB sadece geleneksel odaklanmış ışın teknikleri için uzun müsait parçacıklar, taşıma güçlü yakalama kuvvetleri ve yeteneği ile plasmonik yaklaşımların küçük tuzak boyutunu birleştirir. NOCB Benzersiz, sistemin yakalama ve taşıma özellikleri yüzey şekillendirilmesinin bir sonucu olan ve olmayan aydınlatma ışını şekillendirme. Sağlanan aydınlatma yeterince parlak ve onun polarizasyon veya dalga boyu, modüle edilebilir parçacıklar tutulan ya da yüzeyde karmaşık protokoller hareket...

Yakalama, sorgulama ve tek nanopartiküllerin manipülasyon nanoteknoloji önemi artan vardır. Optik cımbız böyle tek DNA moleküllerinin 4 ve mekanik özelliklerinin ölçümü gibi atılım deneyleri sağladı moleküler biyoloji 1-4, kimya 5-7 ve nano-montaj 7-10, deneyler için özellikle başarılı manipülasyon tekniği haline gelmiştir optik özelliklerinin 11,12 ile hücrelerin sıralama. Bu sınırlara Keşifler daha küçük sistemlerin çalışma açmak ve yeni pratik yararlı ürün ve teknikleri mühendisliği için yol yapmak. Buna karşılık, bu eğilimin yeni teknikler daha küçük, daha ilkel parçacıkların işlemek için ihtiyaç sürücüler. Buna ek olarak, dışarı kimyasal ve biyolojik testler getirmek için daha ucuza ve daha küçük bir paket içinde bu işlevleri gerçekleştirmek için &#39;lab-on-a-chip&#39; cihazlar oluşturmak için bir itme varlaboratuar ve tıbbi ve diğer amaçlar için 13,14 alana. Ne yazık ki, geleneksel optik yakalama (COT) nanoteknolojinin artan talepleri karşılamak mümkün değil. COT optik yoğunluk ve elektromanyetik alan enerjisi yüksek geçişlerini yerelleştirilmiş bir zirve oluşturarak, sıkı bir odak lazer ışığı getirmek için bir yüksek sayısal açıklık (NA) objektif lens kullanarak mekanizması çalışır. Bu enerji yoğunluğu gradyanlar genellikle odak merkezine doğru onları çekiyor ışık saçılma parçacıklar üzerinde net kuvvet uygularlar. Daha küçük parçacıklar Yakalama yüksek optik güç ya da sıkı bir odaklanmayı gerektirir. Ancak, ışık odaklanmış ışınlar odak noktasının minimum boyutunu sınırlar ve enerji yoğunluğu degrade bir üst sınır koyar saptırma prensibi, itaat edin. Verimli COT olamaz tuzak küçük nesneleri ve COT, bir yakalama çözünürlüğü sorun birbirine yakın parçacıklar arasında ayrım vardır: Bu iki anlık sonuçları yoktursınırlama &#39;şişman parmak&#39; sorunu olarak bilinir. Buna ek olarak, COT ile birden parçacık yakalama uygulanması büyük ölçüde bir optik yakalama sisteminin maliyet ve karmaşıklığını artırmak ışın direksiyon optik veya uzaysal ışık modülatörlerinin, bileşenlerin sistemlerini gerektirir. Işığın geleneksel odaklı ışınlarının temel sınırlamaları aşmak için bir yolu, uzak alanda yerine yakın alanda optik elektromanyetik enerji geçişlerini istismar olduğunu yaymak dedi. Yakın alan katlanarak uzak elektromanyetik alanların, kaynaklarından oldukça bu kaynaklardan lokalize değil sadece anlamına gelir çürür, ama aynı zamanda, enerji yoğunluğu çok yüksek eğimler sergiler. Bu tür fiyonk deliklerin, nano sütunlar ve C-şekilli gravürler gibi nano-metalik rezonatörler, yakın alan, yakın infr daha ileri altın ve gümüş plasmonik etkisi ile geliştirilmiş elektromanyetik enerji, olağanüstü konsantrasyonlarını sergiledikleri gösterilmiştirared ve optik dalga boylarında. Bu rezonatörler yüksek verim ve çözünürlük 15-22 kapanı, son derece küçük parçacıkların için kullanılmıştır. Bu tekniğin küçük parçacıkların yakalama de etkili olduğu kanıtlanmıştır, aynı zamanda yakın alan sistemler uzak alan sistemleri veya Mikroakiskan ile arayüz eğer gerekli kayda değer aralığı üzerinde partikülleri taşımak kabiliyeti sınırlı olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Son zamanlarda, bizim grup bu soruna bir çözüm önerdi. Rezonatörler birbirine çok yakın yerleştirildiğinde, bir tanecik prensipte yüzeyinden salınan olmadan sonraki bir yakın alan optik tuzaktan geçirebilirsiniz. Bitişik tuzakları kapalı ayrı açık ve olabilir eğer taşıma yönü belirlenebilir. Her rezonatör komşularının bu bir kutuplaşma ya da hafif farklı dalga boyu duyarlı olduğu üç veya daha fazla adreslenebilir rezonatörlerin, bir doğrusal dizi, nanoparti taşınması, optik konveyör bant gibi çalışırbir çip üzerinde birkaç mikronluk bir mesafe boyunca ması durumunda. Yerine parçacıkları tutabilir, ama aynı zamanda desenli yolları boyunca yüksek hızda taşıyabilirsiniz, toplamak veya parçacıkların dağıtmak değil, sadece sözde &#39;Nano-Optik Konveyör Bant&#39; (NOCB), plasmonik rezonatör yakalama planları arasında benzersizdir mix ve onları sıraya ve hatta onların hareketlilik 23 olarak özelliklerine göre bunları sıralamak. Bu işlevlerin tümü ışını direksiyon optik için bir gerek olmadan, aydınlatma polarizasyon veya dalga boyu tarafından kontrol edilmektedir. Yakın bir alan optik tuzak olarak çözünürlük yakalama NOCB geleneksel odaklanmış ışın optik tuzakları daha yüksek olduğu, bu nedenle yakın parçacıklar ayırt edebilir; bir de yakalama içine ışık konsantre metal nano yapısını kullandığı için, güç-verimli ve böyle bir yüksek NA objektif olarak pahalı optik bileşenleri gerektirmez. Ayrıca, birçok NOCBs yüksek paketleme den de paralel olarak çalıştırılabilir1200 23 delikleri üzerinde versitesi, aynı alt tabaka üzerine ve güç 1 W sürebilirim. Son zamanlarda düzgün bir şekilde geri ve ileri 4,5 um iz 24 boyunca bir nanoparçacık itilmesi ilk polarizasyon odaklı NOCB göstermiştir. Bu yazıda optik cihazı tasarlamak ve imal etmek gerekli adımları sunuyoruz etkinleştirmek ve ulaşım deney yeniden. Biz bu tekniğin daha yaygın olarak kullanılabilir hale mikroakışkanlar, uzak alan optik ve nano ölçekli cihazlar ve deneyler arasındaki boyut köprü yardımcı olacağını umuyoruz.

<table><tbody><tr><td>HSQ e-beam resist</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>XR-1541-006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMMA</td><td>MicroChem</td><td>950A2 M230002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast curing optical adhesive</td><td>Norland Optical Adhesive</td><td>NOA 81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent carboxyl microspheres</td><td>Bangs Laboratories</td><td>FC02F, FC03F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent carboxylate-modified microspheres</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>F-8888</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quartz slide</td><td>SPI Supplies</td><td>1020-AB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted fluorescent microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>ECLIPSE TE2000-U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nd:YAG laser</td><td>Lightwave Electronics</td><td>221-HD-V04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sCMOS camera</td><td>PCO</td><td>EDGE55</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CCD camera</td><td>Watec</td><td>WAT-120N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zero-order half-wave plate</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>WPH05M-1064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T8787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Distilled water</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10977-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Si Wafer</td><td>Silicon Quest International</td><td>708069</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical lenses</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication and operation of a nano-optical conveyor belt

Küçük parçacıklar üzerindeki kuvvetleri yakalamak için odaklanmış lazer ışınları kullanılarak ve sarf tekniği son birkaç on yılda nano ölçekli biyolojik ve fiziksel bilimlerde pek çok önemli keşifler sağladı. Bu alanda kaydedilen ilerleme daha kolay dağıtılan ve daha yaygın olarak kullanılabilir yapılabilir araçları, daha küçük sistemler ve daha büyük bir ölçekte daha fazla çalışma davet ediyor. Ne yazık ki, kırınım temel yasaları tuzak sabit çaplı bir yarım dalga boyundan daha küçük parçacıklar yapan bir lazer ışınının odak noktasının en az boyutunu sınırlamak ve genel olarak bir yarısından daha yakın olan parçacıklar arasındaki ayrım bir operatöre önler -wavelength. Bu, birçok yakın aralıklı nanopartiküller optik manipülasyon engeller ve optik-mekanik sistemlerin çözünürlüğü sınırlar. Ayrıca, odaklanmış ışınlar kullanarak manipülasyon çok hantal ve pahalı olabilir ışın şekillendirme veya direksiyon optik gerektirir. Adresegeleneksel optik yakalama laboratuarımızda sistem ölçeklenebilirlik bu sınırlamalar bir çip üzerinde partikülleri taşımak için yakın alan optik kullanan alternatif bir teknik tasarladı. Bunun yerine uzak alanda lazer ışınlarını odaklama, plasmonik rezonatörlerin optik yakın alan kırınım kısıtlamaları aşmak ve daha yüksek çözünürlükte parçacıkları işlemek için gerekli yerel optik yoğunluk artışı üretir. Yakından aralıklı rezonatörler bir konveyör bant-benzeri bir şekilde birinden diğerine parçacıkların el bırakma aracılık hitap edilebilir güçlü optik tuzakları üretir. Burada, biz tasarım ve plasmonik C-şekilli rezonatörlerin ve nasıl süper çözünürlük nanoparçacık manipülasyon ve taşıma ulaşmak için polarize lazer ışığı ile çalıştırmak için desenli altın yüzey kullanarak bir konveyör kayışı üretmek için nasıl açıklar. Nano-optik taşıyıcı bant çip litografi teknikleri kullanılarak üretilmektedir ve kolay bir şekilde paketlenebilir ve dağıtılabilir.

Şekil 7 Final aygıtın bir resmi vardır. 1 cm x 1 cm altın yüzey merkezinde ancak açılı bir görünümde görülebileceği CSE ve taşıyıcı desenleri matriksidir. 6 son cihazın bir örneği, CSE modeli bir tarama elektron mikroskobu görüntüsüdür Şekil. Uzunluğunda bir nano-optik taşıyıcı bant 5 um arasında seyahat eden bir 390 nm polistiren boncuk parçacık hareketi, Şekil 9&#39;da gösterilmiştir....

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Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

Bir Nano-Optik Konveyör Bant imalatı ve İşletilmesi

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

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11.5K Görüntüleme.  Stanford University. The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

Video: Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating metal patterns on a submicron scale requires a combination of nanofabrication tools and several material processing steps. For example, steps to create planar metal structures using ultraviolet photolithography and electron-beam lithography can include sample exposure, sample development, metal deposition, and metal liftoff. To create 3D metal structures, the sequence is repeated multiple times. The complexity and difficulty of stacking and aligning multiple layers limits practical implementations of 3D metal structuring using standard nanofabrication tools. Femtosecond-laser direct-writing has emerged as a pre-eminent technique for 3D nanofabrication.1,2 Femtosecond lasers are frequently used to create 3D patterns in polymers and glasses.3-7 However, 3D metal direct-writing remains a challenge. Here, we describe a method to fabricate silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm. The method enables the fabrication of patterns not feasible using other techniques, such as 3D arrays of disconnected silver voxels.8 Disconnected 3D metal patterns are useful for metamaterials where unit cells are not in contact with each other,9 such as coupled metal dot10,11or coupled metal rod12,13 resonators. Potential applications include negative index metamaterials, invisibility cloaks, and perfect lenses.
In femtosecond-laser direct-writing, the laser wavelength is chosen such that photons are not linearly absorbed in the target medium. When the laser pulse duration is compressed to the femtosecond time scale and the radiation is tightly focused inside the target, the extremely high intensity induces nonlinear absorption. Multiple photons are absorbed simultaneously to cause electronic transitions that lead to material modification within the focused region. Using this approach, one can form structures in the bulk of a material rather than on its surface.
Most work on 3D direct metal writing has focused on creating self-supported metal structures.14-16 The method described here yields sub-micrometer silver structures that do not need to be self-supported because they are embedded inside a matrix. A doped polymer matrix is prepared using a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and water (H2O). Samples are then patterned by irradiation with an 11-MHz femtosecond laser producing 50-fs pulses. During irradiation, photoreduction of silver ions is induced through nonlinear absorption, creating an aggregate of silver nanoparticles in the focal region. Using this approach we create silver patterns embedded in a doped PVP matrix. Adding 3D translation of the sample extends the patterning to three dimensions.

Femtosecond-laser direct-writing is frequently used to create three-dimensional (3D) patterns in polymers and glasses. However, patterning metals in 3D remains a challenge. We describe a method for fabricating silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm.

3D Disconnected Gümüş Nanoyapılar Fabrikasyona için Bir Yöntem

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

Mühendislik

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Nanopartiküllerin Optik Yakalama

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

Fabrikasyon Pulsed Lazer Biriktirme tarafından Transparent letken Oksitler Nano-mühendislik

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing its free spectral range (FSR), the module is put in parallel with a fiber taper-microcavity system and then calibrated through isolating and eliminating random shifts in the laser frequency (i.e. laser jitter noise). To realize the taper-microcavity junction and to maximize the optical power that is transferred to the resonator, a single-mode optical fiber waveguide is pulled. Solutions containing polystyrene nanobeads are then prepared and flown to the microcavity in order to demonstrate the system&#8217;s ability to sense binding to the surface of the microcavity. Data is post-processed via adaptive curve fitting, which allows for high-resolution measurements of the quality factor as well as the plotting of time-dependent parameters, such as resonant wavelength and split frequency shifts. By carefully inspecting steps in the time-domain response and shifting in the frequency-domain response, this instrument can quantify discrete binding events.

A reference interferometer technique, which is designed to remove undesirable laser jitter noise for nanodetection, is utilized for probing an ultra-high quality factor microcavity. Instructions for assembly, setup, and data acquisition are provided, alongside the measurement process for specifying the cavity quality factor.

Nanodetection için bir referans Interferometer Uygulanması

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

Fabrikasyon ve mikroakışkan optomechanical Osilatörler Testi

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Reducing the scale of etched nanostructures below the 10 nm range eventually will require an atomic scale understanding of the entire fabrication process being used in order to maintain exquisite control over both feature size and feature density. Here, we demonstrate a method for tracking atomically resolved and controlled structures from initial template definition through final nanostructure metrology, opening up a pathway for top-down atomic control over nanofabrication. Hydrogen depassivation lithography is the first step of the nanoscale fabrication process followed by selective atomic layer deposition of up to 2.8 nm of titania to make a nanoscale etch mask. Contrast with the background is shown, indicating different mechanisms for growth on the desired patterns and on the H passivated background. The patterns are then transferred into the bulk using reactive ion etching to form 20 nm tall nanostructures with linewidths down to ~6 nm. To illustrate the limitations of this process, arrays of holes and lines are fabricated. The various nanofabrication process steps are performed at disparate locations, so process integration is discussed. Related issues are discussed including using fiducial marks for finding nanostructures on a macroscopic sample and protecting the chemically reactive patterned Si(100)-H surface against degradation due to atmospheric exposure.

We report a protocol for combining the atomic metrology of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope for surface patterning with selective Atomic Layer Deposition and Reactive Ion Etching. Using a robust process involving numerous atmospheric exposures and transport, 3D nanostructures with atomic metrology are fabricated.

Atomik İzlenebilir Nanoyapı İmalatı

Reducing the scale of etched nanostructures below the 10 nm range eventually will require an atomic scale understanding of the entire fabrication process ...

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

Femtosaniye Lazer kaynaklı Ablasyonu kullanarak nanolif 1-D Fotonik Kristal Kavitenin Fabrikasyon

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

Construction and Operation of a Light-driven Gold Nanorod Rotary Motor System

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and artificial nanomotors and may provide new routes towards single cell analysis, studies of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and mechanical actuation of nanoscale systems. A facile way to drive rotation is to use focused circularly polarized laser light in optical tweezers. Using this approach, metallic nanoparticles can be operated as highly efficient scattering-driven rotary motors spinning at unprecedented rotation frequencies in water.
In this protocol, we outline the construction and operation of circularly-polarized optical tweezers for nanoparticle rotation and describe the instrumentation needed for recording the Brownian dynamics and Rayleigh scattering of the trapped particle. The rotational motion and the scattering spectra provides independent information on the properties of the nanoparticle and its immediate environment. The experimental platform has proven useful as a nanoscopic gauge of viscosity and local temperature, for tracking morphological changes of nanorods and molecular coatings, and as a transducer and probe of photothermal and thermodynamic processes.

Plasmonic gold nanorods can be trapped in liquids and rotated at kHz frequencies using circularly-polarized optical tweezers. Introducing tools for Brownian dynamics analysis and light scatteringspectroscopy leads to a powerful system for research and application in numerous fields of science.

İnşaat ve ışık tahrik altın Nanorod Rotary Motor sistemi

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

Tasarım ve üretim bir optik fiber su

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...

Fabrication of Nanoheight Channels Incorporating Surface Acoustic Wave Actuation via Lithium Niobate for Acoustic Nanofluidics

Controlled nanoscale manipulation of fluids is known to be exceptionally difficult due to the dominance of surface and viscous forces. Megahertz-order surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices generate tremendous acceleration on their surface, up to 108 m/s2, in turn responsible for many of the observed effects that have come to define acoustofluidics: acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation forces. These effects have been used for particle, cell, and fluid manipulation at the microscale, although more recently SAW has been used to produce similar phenomena at the nanoscale through an entirely different set of mechanisms. Controllable nanoscale fluid manipulation offers a broad range of opportunities in ultrafast fluid pumping and biomacromolecule dynamics useful for physical and biological applications. Here, we demonstrate nanoscale-height channel fabrication via room-temperature lithium niobate (LN) bonding integrated with a SAW device. We describe the entire experimental process including nano-height channel fabrication via dry etching, plasma-activated bonding on lithium niobate, the appropriate optical setup for subsequent imaging, and SAW actuation. We show representative results for fluid capillary filling and fluid draining in a nanoscale channel induced by SAW. This procedure offers a practical protocol for nanoscale channel fabrication and integration with SAW devices useful to build upon for future nanofluidics applications.

We demonstrate fabrication of nanoheight channels with the integration of surface acoustic wave actuation devices upon lithium niobate for acoustic nanofluidics via liftoff photolithography, nano-depth reactive ion etching, and room-temperature plasma surface-activated multilayer bonding of single-crystal lithium niobate, a process similarly useful for bonding lithium niobate to oxides.

Akustik Nanofluidics için Lityum Niyobat ile Yüzey Akustik Dalga Aktüasyon Birleştiren Nanoheight Kanallarıimalatı

Controlled nanoscale manipulation of fluids is known to be exceptionally difficult due to the dominance of surface and viscous forces. Megahertz-order ...