This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

NOT: Burada yapılan tüm işlemler sunulan ve onaylanan IACUC (Araştırma Uyum Ofisi) tarafından ve NIH yönergeleri izleyerek yapılmıştır bulundu. Davranışsal testler paradigma kullanılır Fareler naif ve diğer testler için kullanılan değildi. Bu protokolde kullanılan, C57BL / 6 vahşi tipli ve olmayan fareler 9 daha önce tarif edilmiş ve burada sunulan veriler bu yazıda vardır. Test Odası ve Açık Alan Aparatı 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Dört aktivitesi odadan oluşan bir çoklu birim açık alan labirent (OFM) kullanarak, bu analizi (Şekil 1) için kullanılmıştır. Her bölme ölçülen 50 sm (uzunluk) 50 cm (genişlik) 38 cm (yükseklik) x beyaz yüksek yoğunluklu ve gözenekli olmayan plastikten yapıldığı x. </li><li> Labirent duvarları pürüzsüz iken yürüme sırasında çekiş için labirentin zemin doku. Labirent kadran bu testin amacı tamamen boştu. Bu proto geri kalanı dikkate alınaraksütun, yukarıda tarif edilen labirent tek kadran OFM göstermek için kullanılacaktır. </li><li> Önceki konu fare tarafından sol herhangi bir koku ipuçları kaldırmak için kullanmadan önce% 95 Etanol ve sonraki testlerde önce odasına silin. </li><li> Etanol fareler test önce tamamen buharlaşmasına izin verin. Bu, her test oturumu arasında 5-10 dakika sürebilir. </li><li> Bu analiz için, kayıt ve fare hareketi değerlendirmek için PanLab / Harvard Aparatı SMART Video Takip yazılımı kullanın. NOT: Herhangi bir ticari bir video izleme kamera ve yazılım açık alan labirent sonuçları Test konuyu takip etmek ve değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir. Son kullanıcı kalibre nasıl anlamak ve her analiz için kullanılan yazılımı çalıştırmak için çok önemlidir. Kamera ve yazılım doğru üreticinin talimatlarına göre kalibre zaman olursa olsun, video kamera ve kullanılan izleme yazılımı, en iyi sonuçlar elde edilir. </li><li> Test i gerçekleştirinna standart labirent aparatı ve yazılımı çalıştırmak için gerekli bilgisayar içeren yeteneğine oda yaktı. Tavana takarak ya da kamera lensi tüm labirent alanı (Şekil 2) görmek için izin veren herhangi bir yüksek destek sistemini kullanarak ya labirent üzerinde video kamera Askıya. </li><li> Testin insan yönetici olarak, farelerin davranışlarını etkilemek şekilde değil labirent denek tamamen gözlemlenemeyen olması için odada yeterince yer olduğundan emin olun. </li></ol> 2. Etkinlik Tedbir Yazılımı Hazırlama <ol><li> Video Takip yazılımını açın. </li><li> Yazılım açıldıktan sonra, &quot;Veri Toplama&quot; sekmesine ve bu seçeneği açmak için tek tıklama altında bulunan &quot;Tek konu izleme&quot; seçeneği imleci. </li><li> Ekranın alt kısmında bulunan &quot;Statik Arkaplan&quot; seçeneğini seçin. </li><li> Seçtikten sonra &quot;Statik Arkaplan&quot; seçti olduğunun, o önce denek ilavesinden labirent bir görüntü almak için yazılımı kullanmak için gereklidir. Bunu yapmak için, ekranın ve tek bir tıklama alt kısmında bulunan &quot;Fotoğraf&quot; butonuna imleci. NOT: Yazılım izleme sürecinde alınan görüntüden çıkarılacaktır denek olmadan senaryo resmini çekecektir. Bu sadece nesnenin hareket yazılımı ile analiz ile sonuçlanmaktadır. </li><li> Yukarıda alınan arka plan görüntüsü tamamen ekranın alt kısmında bulunan &quot;Test&quot; butonuna imleci hareket ve bir kez tıklayarak takip yazılımı tarafından kaldırıldığını onaylayın. Arka plan görüntüsü tamamen izleme görüntüden kaldırılır eğer bir katı beyaz alan gösterilir. Aydınlatma koşulları değiştirmek veya labirent yanlışlıkla hareket ise, iki görüntü mükemmel uyuşmuyorsa belirten bu alanda kara &quot;gölgeler&quot; göreceksiniz. Bu durumu düzeltmek için, sadece ste tekrars 2.4 yukarıda. </li><li> Arka plan ayarlarını onayladıktan sonra, zaman satın alma sırasında kontrol edilir şekilde yapılandırmak için Zamanlama seçeneğini kullanın. Bunu yapmak için, &quot;Yapılandırma&quot; sekmesine imleci ve &quot;Zamanlama&quot; başlığı üzerine bir kez tıklayın. Deneysel parametreleri girmek için yeni açılan penceresini kullanın. </li><li> Bu protokol için, 10 dakika izleme dönemi olarak &quot;Programlanmış zaman&quot; seçeneğini seçtim. Labirentin merkezindeki fare koyun ve izleme başlamadan önce uzaklaşmaya kullanıcı zaman tanımak 5 sn &quot;Gecikme dönemi&quot; olarak ayarlayın. Test süresince 10 dakika &quot;Edinim zaman&quot; komutu kullanılabilir. &quot;Programlanmış zaman (10 dk) bittiğinde&quot; kamerayı otomatik olarak ve yazılım izleme fonksiyonunu kapanacaktır hangi set &quot;Dur kontrolü&quot; olarak ayarlayın. </li><li> Tüm zamanlamaları penceresini kapatmak için ayarlanmış edildikten sonra &quot;Kapat&quot; düğmesine taşıyın. Şimdi Testi başlatmak için hazırızprosedürü ing. </li></ol> Açık Alan Testi 3. İdaresi NOT: Bu protokolde kullanılan yazılım paketi tek seferde 16 adete kadar tek tek farelerin izlenmesine olanak sağlar. Tamamlanması kolaylığı için ve yukarıda sözü edildiği gibi, burada açıklanan protokol OFM tek bir kadranı ile tek bir fare içindir. Bu protokol için kullanım ekipmanı için, 4 ayrı farelerin maksimum labirent her kadranda kullanılarak izleniyor olabilir. Çok muhafaza labirent kullanan varsa, tanımlanmış kadranda ilk konu fare yerleştirdikten sonra, analiz izleme kendi labirent kadranda içine kalan fareler yerleştirin. Bu protokolün amaçları için, daha fazla talimat labirent tek kadranda özgü olacaktır. <ol><li> Test odasına onların konut odadan evlerinde kafeslerde fareler getirin. Farenin teste başlamadan önce 30 dakika en az prosedür odasının havasına alışmalan izin verir. </li><li> Tek bir m kaldıryavaşça kuyruğunu tutarak ev kafesinden OUSE ve aynı zamanda fare hareketi izlemeye başlamak için Başlat düğmesini tek tıklayarak SMART yazılım aktive ederken açık alan labirentin ortasında fare koyun. Fare labirent çevresi duvar ve tahliye zamanlaması hemen hareket ve fare yakalama izleme Bu hareketi kaydetmek için aynı olmalıdır normaldir. </li><li> , Izleme yazılımı hareketi kaydeder ve bu süre içinde bir tek 10 dakikalık bir süre (Şekil 3) için labirent ilgili kadranda boyunca konu fare serbest ve kesintisiz hareketine izin. </li><li> Test süresi sonunda, nazikçe konu fare pick up labirent çıkarırken ve ev kafesine geri. </li><li> Labirent temizlik öncesinde, görsel labirent mevcut dışkı boli pelet saymak ve manuel daha fazla analiz için numaralarını kaydedin. </li><li> Tüm fekal pelet çıkarın ve idrar tüm noktalar silin. Zemin ve% 95 etanol ile labirent çeyrek duvarlarını Sprey ve temiz bir kağıt havlu ile silin. İzin etanol çözeltisi önce diğer farelere test için tamamen kuru. </li><li> Bir sonraki fare ile işlemi tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 4. Ölçme ve Test Prosedürü sırasında Davranış Analizi NOT: ölçüm için, açık alan davranış üç yönü kolayca (tartışma) Bu protokolü kullanılarak karakterize edilir. Video izleme yazılımı bu ölçümleri erişmek için nasıl kısa bir yönerge izler. <ol><li> SMART yazılımın ana ekranında, Bölge Düzenleyicisi&#39;ni açmak için &quot;Bölgeler&quot; sekmesine ve tek bir tıklama &quot;tanımı&quot; imleci. </li><li> SMART yazılım Kullanım Kılavuzunda ayrıntılı talimatlar izleme yolları üzerinde bindirmek için bölgeleri veya ızgaraları tanımlıyorsunuz izleyin. Burada, yazılım labirentin zemin kaplama 10 cm kareler 5 x 5 ızgara (tanımlamak için kullanılan <strong&gt; Şekil 4). Önce Bölge Editörü kapanış oluşturulan bölge dosyasını kaydetmek için emin olun. </li><li> SMART yazılımın ana ekranında, &quot;Analiz&quot; sekmesine imleci ve tek Veri Analizi penceresini açmak için tıklayın. </li><li> &quot;Dosya&quot; sekmesine İmleci ve yukarıda oluşturduğunuz Bölge dosyasını açın. </li><li> &quot;Yapılandırma&quot; sekmesine imleci hareket ettirin ve &quot;Parça Analizi&quot; seçeneğini açın. Bu &quot;Tek konu analiz yapılandırma&quot; penceresi açılacaktır. <ol><li> &quot;Standart&quot; sekmesine İmleci ve Dahil Parametreleri kutusuna (sağ taraf) Mevcut Parametreleri kutusuna (sol taraf) gelen &quot;gitti mesafe&quot; parametresini taşıyın. </li><li> &quot;Bölgeler Geçişler&quot; sekmesine İmleci ve yukarıdaki gibi Dahil Parametreler kutusuna uygun tüm parametreleri taşıyın. </li><li> &quot;Tam Parça&quot; kutu penceresinin altındaki işaretli olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> MoOK tuşuna imleci ettik ve Tek konu analiz yapılandırma penceresini kapatın. NOT: Gerçekleştirmek istediğiniz analizi bağlı, diğer birçok seçenek analiz maden verilerine bu pencerede seçilebilir. Parametreler verilerin analizi için en önemli olduğunu belirlemek için belirli bir program ayrıntılı Kullanıcı kitapçığını okuyun. </li></ol></li><li> Program penceresinin sol üst köşesindeki Dosya sekmesi altında, Tek konu parça penceresini açın ve tüm parçaları analiz edilen yanında bir onay işareti koyun. Pencerenin üst kısmında Check Mark düğmesini imleci hareket ettirin ve Parça Explorer penceresini kapatmak için tıklayınız. </li><li> Veri Analizi penceresinde &quot;git&quot; butonuna imleci hareket ettirin ve tek parça verilerinin analizi başlatmak için tıklayın. </li><li> Analiz verileri ya ASCII metin dosyaları olarak çıkış olabilir ya da doğrudan bir EXCEL elektronik tabloya ihraç edilebilir. Çıkış da Sizin kullandığınız yazılım programının çıkış araçlarını kullanınKendi kullanımınız için ta. NOT: Toplam mesafe gitti ve belirtilen bölgelerde harcanan zaman, yukarıda özetlenen veri analizi adımları aşağıdaki çıkış olacaktır. Yine, bu adımlar kullanılan kullanıcı yazılımına bağlı olarak farklılık burada temsil bu ölçümleri ulaşmak olduğunu vurguladı edilmektedir. Ancak veri kendisi ve sonuçların yorumlanması kullanılan yazılım programının benzer bağımsız olmalıdır. O testi yönetici önyargı yazılım ve yönetici tarafından ölçülen verileri sayısal toplanan tüm veriler bu protokol kaldırılır da fazlalaştı. Böylece açıklandığı gibi toplanan verilere hiçbir değerlendirilemez unsur yoktur. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hall, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emotional+behavior+in+the+rat:+defecation+and+urination+as+measures+of+individual+differences+in+emotionality.">Emotional behavior in the rat: defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality.</a> J. Comp. Psychol. 18, 385-403 (1934).</li><li>Walsh, R. N., Cummins, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+test:+a+critical+review.">The open field test: a critical review.</a> Psychol. Bull. 83, 482-504 (1976).</li><li>Prut, L., Belzung, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+as+a+paradigm+to+measure+the+effects+of+drugs+on+anxiety-like+behaviors:+a+review.">The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review.</a> Eur. J. of Pharm. 463, 3-33 (2003).</li><li>Choleris, E., Thomas, A. W., Kavaliers, M., Prato, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+detailed+ethological+analysis+of+the+mouse+open+field+test:+effects+of+diazepam,+chlordiazpoxide+and+an+extremely+low+frequency+pulsed+magnetic+field.">A detailed ethological analysis of the mouse open field test: effects of diazepam, chlordiazpoxide and an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25, 235-260 (2001).</li><li>Ramos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+of+anxiety:+do+I+need+multiple+tests.">Animal Models of anxiety: do I need multiple tests.</a> TIPS. 29, 493-498 (2008).</li><li>Archer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+for+emotionality+in+rats+and+mice:+a+review.">Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: a review.</a> Anim. Behav. 21, 205-235 (1973).</li><li>Gray, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emotionality+in+male+and+female+rodents:+a+reply+to+Archer.">Emotionality in male and female rodents: a reply to Archer.</a> Brit. J. Psych. 70, 425-440 (1979).</li><li>Carola, V., D&#8217;Olimpio, F., Brunamonti, E., Mangia, F., Renzi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+elevated+plus-maze+and+open-field+tests+for+the+assessment+of+anxiety-related+behavior+in+inbred+mice.">Evaluation of the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests for the assessment of anxiety-related behavior in inbred mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 134, 49-57 (2002).</li><li>Ramesh Babu, J., Seibenhener, M. L., Peng, J., Strom, A. L., Kemppainen, R., Cox, N., Zhu, H., Wooten, M. C., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Moscat, J., Wooten, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+inactivation+of+p62+leads+to+accumulation+of+hyperphosphorylated+tau+and+neurodegeneration.">Genetic inactivation of p62 leads to accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and neurodegeneration.</a> J. Neurochem. 106, 107-120 (2008).</li><li>Simon, P., Dupuis, R., Costentin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thigmotaxis+as+an+index+of+anxiety+in+mice:+influence+of+dopaminergic+transmissions.">Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice: influence of dopaminergic transmissions.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 61, 59-64 (1994).</li><li>Denenberg, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-field+behavior+in+the+rat:+what+does+it+mean.">Open-field behavior in the rat: what does it mean.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 159, 852-859 (1969).</li><li>Stanford, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+test:+reinventing+the+wheel.">The open field test: reinventing the wheel.</a> J. Psychopharm. 21, 134-135 (2007).</li><li>Ennaceur, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+of+unconditional+anxiety+&#8211;+pitfalls+and+disappointments.">Tests of unconditional anxiety &#8211; pitfalls and disappointments.</a> J. Phys. Behav. 135, 55-71 (2014).</li><li>Borta, A., Schwarting, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+avoidance,+pain+reactivity,+and+plus-maze+behavior+in+Wistar+rats+with+high+versus+low+rearing+activity.">Inhibitory avoidance, pain reactivity, and plus-maze behavior in Wistar rats with high versus low rearing activity.</a> J. Phys. Behav. 84, 387-396 (2005).</li><li>Costall, B., Jones, B. J., Kelly, M. E., Naylor, R. J., Tomkins, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+mice+in+a+black+and+white+test+box:+validation+as+a+model+of+anxiety.">Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: validation as a model of anxiety.</a> Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32, 777-785 (1989).</li><li>Bouwknecht, J. A., Paylor, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitfalls+in+the+interpretation+of+genetic+and+pharmacological+effects+on+anxiety-like+behavior+in+rodents.">Pitfalls in the interpretation of genetic and pharmacological effects on anxiety-like behavior in rodents.</a> Behav. Pharm. 19, 385-402 (2008).</li><li>Webster, D. G., Baumgardner, D. J., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+field+behavior+in+eight+taxa+of+muriod+rodents.">Open field behavior in eight taxa of muriod rodents.</a> Bull. Psychonom. Soc. 13, 90-92 (1979).</li><li>Wilson, R. C., Vacek, T., Lanier, D. L., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+field+behavior+in+muroid+rodents.">Open field behavior in muroid rodents.</a> Behav. Biol. 17, 495-506 (1976).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+transgenic+and+knockout+mice:+experimental+designs+and+evaluation+of+general+health,+sensory+functions,+motor+abilities+and+specific+behavioral+tests.">Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: experimental designs and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities and specific behavioral tests.</a> Brain Res. 835, 18-26 (1999).</li><li>Simon, P., Dupuis, R., Costentin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thigmotaxis+as+an+index+of+anxiety+in+mice.+influence+of+dopaminergic+transmissions.">Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice. influence of dopaminergic transmissions.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 61, 59-64 (1994).</li><li>Miller, B. H., Schultz, L. E., Gulati, A., Su, A. I., Pletcher, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+characterization+of+a+genetically+diverse+panel+of+mice+for+behavioral+despair+and+anxiety.">Phenotypic characterization of a genetically diverse panel of mice for behavioral despair and anxiety.</a> PLoS One. 5, e14458 (2010).</li><li>Tannenbaum, B., Anisman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+chronic+intermittent+challenges+in+stressor-susceptible+and+resilient+strains+of+mice.">Impact of chronic intermittent challenges in stressor-susceptible and resilient strains of mice.</a> Biol. Psych. 53, 292-303 (2003).</li><li>Lister, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethologically-based+animal+models+of+anxiety+disorders.">Ethologically-based animal models of anxiety disorders.</a> Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 321-340 (1990).</li><li>Kulesskaya, N., Voikar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+mouse+anxiety-like+behavior+in+the+light-dark+box+and+open-field+arena:+role+of+equipment+and+procedure.">Assessment of mouse anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark box and open-field arena: role of equipment and procedure.</a> Phys. Behav. 133, 30-38 (2014).</li><li>Han, H., Du, W., Zhou, B., Zhang, W., Xu, G., Niu, R., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chronic+fluoride+exposure+on+object+recognition+memory+and+mRNA+expression+of+SNARE+complex+in+hippocampus+of+male+mice.">Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice.</a> Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 158, 58-64 (2014).</li><li>Barrow, P., Leconte, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+body+weight+on+open+field+and+swimming+maze+performance+during+the+post-weaning+period+in+the+rat.">The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat.</a> Lab. Animals. 30, 22-27 (1996).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Açık Alan Labirent hayvan davranış çalışmalarda en yaygın kullanılan platformlardan biridir. Önemli genel ve etiyolojik parametreleri 2,4 çok sayıda toplanmış ve OFM uygulanması sırasında analiz edilebilir. Bu veriler araştırmacı anksiyete ile ilgili duygusal davranışlar 8 genel lokomotor aktivite arasında değişen davranışlarını ölçmek için izin verir. Ancak, OFM kullanımı, eksiklikler olmadan değildir. Bir karıştırıcı konu herhangi bir test oturumu sırasın...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Multi Unit Open Field Test</td><td>San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td><td>White 7001-0354</td><td>Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td></tr><tr><td>SMART DT Tracking Software</td><td>PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td><td>76-0695</td><td>Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td></tr><tr><td>Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td><td>Sony</td><td>CCD-TRV328</td><td>Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

çoğu durumda, test edilmiş farelerin suş başına kişilerin ortalama sayısı yeterli istatistiksel önemi oluşturmak için yaklaşık 20&#39;dir. Yine de bu sayı fare durumuna bağlı olarak 8-30 aralığı içinde olabilmektedir. Gerekli ölçüm veya karşılaştırmalar bağlı olarak, aynı zamanda, aynı yaştaki resimleri kullanmak tercih edilir. Açık Alan Maze ölçmek için ilk ve belki de en önemli özel parametre toplam ayaktan mesafedir. Ölçüm birimi karşılaştırm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Açık Alan Maze Kullanım Fare lokomotor ve Anksiyete-benzeri Davranışı Tedbir

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

72.4K Görüntüleme.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Video: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Fare ve Sıçanlarda Anksiyete Ardışık sokaklar Testi

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Davranış

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

Farelerde Lashley III Labirent Düşük stres Rota Öğrenme

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

Nörobilim

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Küçük ve Büyük Kemirgen Modelleri ile Barnes Labirent Test Stratejileri

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

Açık alanda Kulesi Maze yerleştirmek ve Yanıt Öğrenme

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

Farelerde Yüksek mertebeden Tekrarlanan Davranışlar için bir potansiyel Testi olarak yeni nesne Keşif

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given gene on a specific behavior can be determined by behavioral analysis of mutant mice. If a target gene is expressed in the brain, behavioral phenotype of the mutant mice could elucidate the genetic mechanism of normal behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments. The apparatus consists of open arms and closed arms, crossed in the middle perpendicularly to each other, and a center area. Mice are given access to all of the arms and are allowed to move freely between them. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in the open arms are used as indices of open space-induced anxiety in mice. Unfortunately, the procedural differences that exist between laboratories make it difficult to duplicate and compare results among laboratories. Here, we present a detailed movie demonstrating our protocol for the elevated plus maze test. In our laboratory, we have assessed more than 90 strains of mutant mice using the protocol shown in the movie. These data will be disclosed as a part of a public database that we are now constructing.
Visualization of the protocol will promote better understanding of the details of the entire experimental procedure, allowing for standardization of the protocols used in different laboratories and comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of various strains of mutant mice assessed using this test. 


The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we present a movie showing the detailed procedures for conducting the test.

Fareler için Yükseltilmiş Artı Labirent

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Biyoloji

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

Kayma öğrenme ve Barnes labirent ve sıkıntı içinde küçük hanım paradigmalar kullanılarak farelerde Prosocial davranış analiz

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

Motor becerileri, ruh hali ve biliş farelerde tekrar tekrar değerlendirilmesi için bir davranış Test pil

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

Farelerde Işıktan Kaçınma Kullanarak Migren Benzeri Davranışların İncelenmesi

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

Davranışsal Testler Kullanarak Angelman Sendromunun Murin Modelini Doğrulama

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

Yazar Spotlight: Bir Angelman Sendromu Murin Modelini Doğrulamak için Yüksek Derecede Tekrarlanabilir Davranış Testleri Dizisi 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

Angelman Sendromlu Bir Fare Modelinin Davranışsal Karakterizasyonu

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...