This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

注：ここに実行されたすべての手順は、に提出され、動物実験委員会（研究コンプライアンス室）によって承認され、NIHガイドライン以下の行われたました。行動試験パラダイムで使用されるマウスは、ナイーブと他のテストには使用されませんでした。このプロトコルで使用されるC57BL / 6野生型およびノックアウトマウスは、9以前に記載されており、ここに示されたデータは、その原稿からのものである。 テストルームとオープンフィールド装置の作製<ol><li> 4活動チャンバーからなる複数の単位オープンフィールド迷路（OFM）を使用するこの分析（ 図1）のために使用した。各チャンバ50センチメートル（長さ）を測定した50センチメートル（幅）38センチメートル（高さ）×白と高密度非多孔性プラスチックから作られたxは。 </li><li>迷路の壁が滑らかであったが、歩行時のトラクションのための迷路の床を質感。迷路の象限は、この試験の目的のために完全に空だった。このプロトの残りの部分を考慮して鞍部、上述の迷路の単一象限はOFMを実証するために利用される。 </li><li>使用前に、前の主題をマウスで左どんな香り手がかりを除去するために次の試験の前に95％エタノールを有するチャンバを拭きます。 </li><li>エタノールは、試験前のマウスに完全に蒸発することを許可する。これは、各テストセッションの間に5〜10分かかる場合があります。 </li><li>この分析のために、マウスの動きを記録し、評価するPanLab /ハーバード装置からSMARTビデオ追跡ソフトウェアを使用しています。 注：すべての商用ビデオ追跡カメラおよびソフトウェアは、被験者を追跡し、オープンフィールド迷路の結果を評価することができる。エンドユーザがキャリブレーションする方法を理解し、個々の分析のために使用されるソフトウェアを実行することは非常に重要である。カメラおよびソフトウェアが正しく製造業者の指示書に従って較正されたときにかかわらず使用されるビデオカメラやトラッキングソフトウェアの、最良の結果が得られる。 </li><li>テストIを実行します標準迷路装置及びソフトウェアを実行するために必要なコンピュータを含むことが可能な照明された部屋をナ。天井に取り付けることにより、カメラのレンズが全体迷路領域（ 図2）を見ることを可能にする任意の高められたサポートシステムのいずれかを使用して迷路の上にビデオカメラを中断する。 </li><li>テストの人間の管理者として、マウスの動作に影響しないように迷路内の被験者によって完全に観察不能であることが部屋に十分なスペースを用意してください。 </li></ol> 2.活性を測定するためにソフトウェアの準備<ol><li>ビデオ追跡ソフトウェアを開きます。 </li><li>ソフトウェアが開かれると、「データ収集」タブと、このオプションを開くには、シングルクリックの下に位置する「シングルターゲット追尾」オプションにカーソルを移動。 </li><li>画面の下部にある「静的背景」オプションを選択します。 </li><li> 「静的背景」を選択した後選んだあるnは、その前の被験者の添加迷路の画像を撮影するためのソフトウェアを使用する必要がある。これを行うには、画面とシングルクリックの下部にある「写真」ボタンにカーソルを移動します。 注：ソフトウェアは、追跡プロセス中に撮影された画像から減算される被験者なしシナリオを撮影します。これは、被写体の動きをソフトウェアにより分析されることになる。 </li><li>上記撮影した背景画像が完全に画面の下部にある「テスト」ボタンにカーソルを移動し、一度クリックすることにより、追跡ソフトウェアによって除去されることを確認します。背景画像が完全に追跡画像から削除された場合、白色の固体フィールドが表示される。照明条件が変化したり迷路を誤って移動した場合は、2つのイメージが完全に一致していないことを示す、このフィールドに黒の「影」を参照してくださいます。この状況を解決するには、単にサントを繰り返すP上記2.4。 </li><li>背景の設定を確認した後、時間が取得時に制御されている方法を設定するタイミングオプションを使用します。これを行うには、「設定」タブにカーソルを合わせ、「タイミング」の見出しを一度クリックしてください。実験パラメータを入力するために、新しく開いたウィンドウを使用してください。 </li><li>このプロトコルのために、10分間の追跡期間として「プログラムされた時間」オプションを選択しました。迷路の中央にマウスを置くと追跡の開始前に離れて移動するためのユーザーの時間を可能にするために5秒に「​​潜伏期間」に設定します。試験期間のための10分の「取得時間」と入力します。自動的にカメラとソフトウェアのトラッキング機能をオフにします」プログラムされた時間（10分）が終了すると &quot;に設定し「停止制御」を設定してください。 </li><li>すべてのタイミングは、ウィンドウを閉じるように設定された後、「閉じる」ボタンにカーソルを移動します。これで、テストを開始する準備ができました手順をる。 </li></ol>オープンフィールド試験の3.管理注：このプロトコルで使用されるソフトウェアパッケージは、一度に最大16の個々のマウスの追跡を可能にする。完了を容易にするために、上述したように、ここで説明するプロトコルは、OFMの単一象限を使用して、単一のマウスである。このプロトコルの使用中の機器については、4個々のマウスの最大は迷路の各象限を使用して追跡することができた。複数エンクロージャー迷路を利用した場合は、その定義された象限に第一の主題のマウスを配置した後、分析を追跡するための、それぞれの迷路の象限に残りのマウスを置く。このプロトコルの目的のために、さらなる命令は、迷路の単一象限に特異的である。 <ol><li>試験室に彼らの住宅の部屋から自分のホームケージでマウスを持参してください。マウスは、試験の開始前に最低30分間​​処置室に順応できるようにします。 </li><li>シングルMを削除そっとその尾をつかんでホームケージからウーズと同時にマウスの動きの追跡を開始するには、[開始]ボタンをシングルクリックすることでSMARTソフトウェアを起動しながら、オープンフィールド迷路の中央にマウスを置く。マウスは迷路の周囲の壁とリリースのタイミングに速やかに移動し、マウスのキャプチャをトラッキングこの動きを記録するために一致すべきであるのは正常です。 </li><li> 、追跡ソフトウェアは動きを記録します、その間に1つの10分の期間（ 図3）のために迷路のそれぞれの象限を通じて主題マウスの自由と途切れない移動を可能に。 </li><li>試験期間の終わりに、静かに主題マウスを拾う迷路からそれを削除し、そのホームケージに戻す。 </li><li>迷路をクリーニングする前に、視覚的に迷路に存在する糞丸薬ペレットをカウントし、手動で、さらなる分析のための番号を記録します。 </li><li>すべての糞を削除し、排尿の全てのスポットを拭き取る。 95％のエタノールで迷路象限の床と壁をスプレーし、清潔な紙タオルで拭いてください。事前の他のマウスの試験に完全に乾燥さエタノール溶液を許可する。 </li><li>次のマウスを使って手順を繰り返します。 </li></ol> 4.測定とテスト手順の間挙動の解析注：測定のために、オープンフィールド行動の三つの側面が容易に（説明を参照してください）​​このプロトコルを使用して特徴づけられる。ビデオトラッキングソフトウェアでこれらの測定値にアクセスする方法についての簡単な命令は以下の通りである。 <ol><li> SMARTソフトウェアのメイン画面から、ゾーンエディタを開くには、「ゾーン」タブをシングルクリック、「定義」にカーソルを移動します。 </li><li> SMARTソフトウェアのユーザーズマニュアルの詳細な手順は、追跡経路上にオーバーレイするゾーンまたはグリッドを定義しない従ってください。ここでは、ソフトウェアは、迷路の床をカバーする10cmの正方形（5×5グリッドを定義するために使用された<stronG&gt;図4）。事前のゾーンエディタを閉じるに作成したゾーンファイルを保存してください。 </li><li> SMARTソフトウェアのメイン画面から、「分析」タブにカーソルを移動して、単一のデータ分析]ウィンドウを開きます。 </li><li> 「ファイル」タブにカーソルを移動し、上記で作成したゾーンファイルを開きます。 </li><li> 「設定」タブにカーソルを移動し、「トラック分析」オプションを開きます。これは「シングル主題分析の設定」ウィンドウが開きます。 <ol><li> 「標準」タブにカーソルを移動し、含まれるパラメータボックス（右側）に使用可能なパラメータボックス（左側）から「同伴距離」パラメータを移動します。 </li><li> 「ゾーントランジション」タブにカーソルを移動し、上記のように含まれるパラメータボックスにすべての適切なパラメータを移動します。 </li><li> 「フルトラック」ボックスがウィンドウの下部にチェックされていることを確認してください。 </li><li>モーOKボタンにカーソルをVEの、シングルサブジェクト解析設定ウィンドウを閉じます。 注：あなたが実行したい分析によっては、他の多くのオプションが解析から、鉱山データに、このウィンドウで選択することができます。パラメータは、あなたのデータの分析のために最も重要であるか決定するためにあなたの特定のプログラムの詳細な取扱説明書をお読みください。 </li></ol></li><li>プログラムウィンドウの左上の[ファイル]タブの下では、単一の対象トラックウィンドウを開き、分析されているすべてのトラックの横にチェックマークを付けます。ウィンドウの上部にあるチェックマークボタンにカーソルを移動し、トラックExplorerウィンドウを閉じます。 </li><li>データ解析ウィンドウ内の「移動」ボタンにカーソルを移動し、シングルトラックデータの分析を開始するためにクリックします。 </li><li>分析データは、いずれかのASCIIテキストフ​​ァイルとして出力することができるか、または直接EXCELスプレッドシートにエクスポートすることができる。出力DAには、使用しているソフトウェアプログラムの出力ツールを使用して、あなた自身の使用のためにTA。 注：総移動距離と指示されたゾーンで過ごした時間は、上記で概説したデータ分析の手順に従って出力されます。ここでも、ここに表され、これらの測定に到達するまでの手順を使用し、ユーザソフトウェアによって異なりますことを強調している。しかし、データ自体と結果の解釈は、使用されるソフトウェアプログラムの同じような独立している必要があります。これは、収集されたすべてのデータは、ソフトウェアではなく、管理者が測定したデータを定量化し、試験管理バイアスが、このプロトコルから取り出されていることも注目に値する。以上説明のように収集されたデータへのqualifiable要素は存在しない。 </li></ol>

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Behav. 133, 30-38 (2014).</li><li>Han, H., Du, W., Zhou, B., Zhang, W., Xu, G., Niu, R., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chronic+fluoride+exposure+on+object+recognition+memory+and+mRNA+expression+of+SNARE+complex+in+hippocampus+of+male+mice.">Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice.</a> Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 158, 58-64 (2014).</li><li>Barrow, P., Leconte, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+body+weight+on+open+field+and+swimming+maze+performance+during+the+post-weaning+period+in+the+rat.">The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat.</a> Lab. Animals. 30, 22-27 (1996).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

オープンフィールド迷路は、動物行動研究において最も広く使用されているプラ​​ットフォームのひとつです。 2,4 OFMの実行中に収集し、分析することができる重要な従来の動物行動学パラメータの数。これらのデータは、研究者は、全体的な運動活性から不安関連感情的な行動8に至るまでの行動を測定することができます。しかし、OFMの使用はその欠点がないわけではな...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Multi Unit Open Field Test</td><td>San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td><td>White 7001-0354</td><td>Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td></tr><tr><td>SMART DT Tracking Software</td><td>PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td><td>76-0695</td><td>Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td></tr><tr><td>Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td><td>Sony</td><td>CCD-TRV328</td><td>Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

ほとんどの場合、試験したマウスの株当たりの個体の平均数は約20で十分な統計的関連性を生成することである。しかし、この数は、マウスの可用性に応じて8-30の範囲にすることができる。必要な測定または比較に応じて、年齢をマッチさせた被験者を使用することも好ましい。 オープンフィールド迷路に測定するための第一と間違いなく最も重要な特定のパラメータ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

72.4K ビュー.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

ビデオ: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

行動学

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

マウスでラシュリーIIIの迷路を用いた低ストレスルートの学習

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

神経科学

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

オープンフィールドタワー迷路に置き、レスポンス学習

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

マウスにおける高次反復行動のための電位アッセイとして新規物体探査

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given gene on a specific behavior can be determined by behavioral analysis of mutant mice. If a target gene is expressed in the brain, behavioral phenotype of the mutant mice could elucidate the genetic mechanism of normal behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments. The apparatus consists of open arms and closed arms, crossed in the middle perpendicularly to each other, and a center area. Mice are given access to all of the arms and are allowed to move freely between them. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in the open arms are used as indices of open space-induced anxiety in mice. Unfortunately, the procedural differences that exist between laboratories make it difficult to duplicate and compare results among laboratories. Here, we present a detailed movie demonstrating our protocol for the elevated plus maze test. In our laboratory, we have assessed more than 90 strains of mutant mice using the protocol shown in the movie. These data will be disclosed as a part of a public database that we are now constructing.
Visualization of the protocol will promote better understanding of the details of the entire experimental procedure, allowing for standardization of the protocols used in different laboratories and comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of various strains of mutant mice assessed using this test. 


The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we present a movie showing the detailed procedures for conducting the test.

マウス用高架式十字迷路

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

生物学

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

空間的な学習とバーンズ迷路と乙女の苦痛のパラダイムを用いたマウスの向社会的行動の分析

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

運動能力、気分およびマウスにおける認知の繰り返しの評価のための行動テスト バッテリー

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

マウスの光嫌悪を用いた片頭痛様行動の調査

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

行動試験を用いたアンジェルマン症候群のマウスモデルの検証

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

著者スポットライト:アンジェルマン症候群マウスモデルを検証するための再現性の高い一連の行動試験 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

アンジェルマン症候群モデルマウスの行動特性

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

マウスでラシュリーIIIの迷路を用いた低ストレスルートの学習

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

オープンフィールドタワー迷路に置き、レスポンス学習

マウスにおける高次反復行動のための電位アッセイとして新規物体探査

マウス用高架式十字迷路

空間的な学習とバーンズ迷路と乙女の苦痛のパラダイムを用いたマウスの向社会的行動の分析

運動能力、気分およびマウスにおける認知の繰り返しの評価のための行動テストバッテリー

マウスの光嫌悪を用いた片頭痛様行動の調査

アンジェルマン症候群モデルマウスの行動特性

マウスにおける自発運動と不安様行動を測定するために、オープンフィールド迷路の利用

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスおよびラットにおける不安の連続路地テスト

マウスでラシュリーIIIの迷路を用いた低ストレスルートの学習

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

オープンフィールドタワー迷路に置き、レスポンス学習

マウスにおける高次反復行動のための電位アッセイとして新規物体探査

マウス用高架式十字迷路

空間的な学習とバーンズ迷路と乙女の苦痛のパラダイムを用いたマウスの向社会的行動の分析

運動能力、気分およびマウスにおける認知の繰り返しの評価のための行動テスト バッテリー

マウスの光嫌悪を用いた片頭痛様行動の調査

アンジェルマン症候群モデルマウスの行動特性

運動能力、気分およびマウスにおける認知の繰り返しの評価のための行動テストバッテリー