Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pela Grants-in-Aid para a Investigação Científica da Sociedade Japonesa para a Promoção da Ciência (JSPS), Grant-in-Aid do Ministério da Educação, Cultura, Desporto, Ciência e Tecnologia do Japão, Grants-in- ajuda do BIRD e do Japão CREST Ciências e Tecnologia, Grant-in-Aid da Neuroinformática Japan Center (NIJC), RIKEN e por Grant-in-Aid para a Investigação Científica da Prioridade Brain Research Areas-Integrativa (Shien) - de MEXT em Japan. Agradecemos a O&#39;hara &amp; Co. e Mariko Hayashi por sua assistência na criação deste filme.

Protocolo <ol><li> O aparelho utilizado para o teste de labirinto em cruz elevado é na configuração de um + e compreende dois braços abertos (25 x 5 x 0,5 cm) em frente a si e perpendiculares a dois braços fechados (25 x 5 x 16 cm) com um centro de plataforma (5 x 5 x 0,5 cm). Os braços abertos têm uma pequena parede (0,5 cm) para diminuir o número de quedas, enquanto os braços fechados e uma parede (16 cm) de altura para colocar o braço. Todo o aparelho é de 50 cm acima do piso (Ohara &amp; Co., Tokyo) e é colocado em um tanque vazio circular (100 cm de diâmetro, 35 cm de altura, normalmente utilizada para a tarefa de labirinto aquático de Morris) para proteger os ratos que caem ou tentativa de fuga durante o experimento. O aparelho é feito de materiais plásticos. A plataforma é branco e as paredes são transparentes. Há uma variação de materiais e cores dos aparelhos de labirinto elevado. </li><li> Os ratos são alojados com uma luz de 12 h / ciclo escuro (luzes acesas às 07:00), como descrito anteriormente (Takao &amp; Miyakawa, 2006a). Testes comportamentais é realizada 09h00 - 18:00. Todos os camundongos experimental são transferidos para a sala de testes de comportamento min 30 antes de começar o primeiro teste para habituar à condição da sala de testes de comportamento. A ordem dos ensaios é contrabalançada em genótipos. Há dois fins de julgamento de teste usando um animal prática. Uma delas é para se certificar de que está tudo bem com o sistema de gravação. Outra é manter a condição de teste mais uniforme possível. Ou seja, o mouse primeiro em toda a sessão seria condição experiência um pouco diferente com os outros (isto é, sem ruídos, antes feita por operações de teste e sem odor pistas de ensaios anteriores), sem um tal prática julgamento. Os animais são mantidos de acordo com as diretrizes do Comitê de Pesquisa Animal da Universidade de Kyoto. </li><li> A sala de testes de comportamento (170 x 210 x 200 cm, Ohara &amp; Co., Tóquio) é à prova de som e do nível de iluminação é mantida a 100 lux. Um rato é colocado na área central do labirinto com a cabeça voltada para um braço fechado. O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado é gravado com uma câmera de vídeo conectada a um computador, que é controlado por um dispositivo remoto. O número de entradas (uma entrada é definida como o centro de massa do mouse entra o braço) em cada braço e do tempo gasto nos braços abertos são gravados e estas medidas servem como um índice de ansiedade-como o comportamento. </li><li> Os ratos são autorizados a circular livremente sobre o labirinto por 10 min. Cada rato recebe um julgamento em nossa bateria de testes. O aplicativo utilizado para a aquisição e análise de dados comportamentais (Image EP) é baseado no programa público de domínio J Imagem (desenvolvido por Wayne Rasband no Instituto Nacional de Saúde Mental e disponível em <a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/">http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ ij /</a> ), que foi modificado por Tsuyoshi Miyakawa (disponível através de O&#39;Hara &amp; Co., Tóquio, Japão). </li><li> A distância percorrida, o número de entradas em cada braço, o tempo gasto em cada braço, ea porcentagem de entradas nos braços abertos são calculados pelo programa PE Image. </li><li> Depois de cada julgamento, todas as armas e na área central são limpos com água hipocloroso super, que é um agente eficiente remoção de odor e tem odor relativamente fraco de si mesmo em comparação com outras soluções de limpeza, para evitar uma polarização com base em pistas olfactivas. Assim, podemos realizar os testes sob condições controladas sobre pistas olfativas. </li></ol>

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<li>Seeger, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((M2+muscarinic+acetylcholine+receptor+knockout+mice+show+deficits+in+behavioral+flexibility%2C+working+memory%2C+and+hippocampal+plasticity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice show deficits in behavioral flexibility, working memory, and hippocampal plasticity.</a> J Neurosci. 24, 10117-10127 (2004).</li>
<li>Morishima, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Enhanced+cocaine+responsiveness+and+impaired+motor+coordination+in+metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+subtype+2+knockout+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA%22%5BJournal%5D)">Enhanced cocaine responsiveness and impaired motor coordination in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 knockout mice.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102, 4170(2005).</li>
<li>Miyamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Tight+junctions+in+Schwann+cells+of+peripheral+myelinated+axons%3A+a+lesson+from+claudin-19-deficient+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Cell+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Tight junctions in Schwann cells of peripheral myelinated axons: a lesson from claudin-19-deficient mice.</a> J Cell Biol. 169, 527-538 (2005).</li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((NFAT+dysregulation+by+increased+dosage+of+DSCR1+and+DYRK1A+on+chromosome+21%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">NFAT dysregulation by increased dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21.</a> Nature. 441, 595-600 (2006).</li>
<li>Hattori, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Enriched+environments+influence+depression-related+behavior+in+adult+mice+and+the+survival+of+newborn+cells+in+their+hippocampi%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Behav+Brain+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Enriched environments influence depression-related behavior in adult mice and the survival of newborn cells in their hippocampi.</a> Behav Brain Res. 180, 69-76 (2007).</li>
<li>Niemann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Genetic+ablation+of+NMDA+receptor+subunit+NR3B+in+mouse+reveals+motoneuronal+and+non-motoneuronal+phenotypes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Europ+J+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Genetic ablation of NMDA receptor subunit NR3B in mouse reveals motoneuronal and non-motoneuronal phenotypes.</a> Europ J Neurosci. 26, 1407-1420 (2007).</li>
<li>Sano, H., Nagai, Y., Miyakawa, T., Shigemoto, R., Yokoi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Increased+social+interaction+in+mice+deficient+of+the+striatal+medium+spiny+neuron-specific+phosphodiesterase+10A2%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Neurochem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Increased social interaction in mice deficient of the striatal medium spiny neuron-specific phosphodiesterase 10A2.</a> J Neurochem. 105, 546-556 (2008).</li>
<li>Horii, Y., Yamasaki, N., Miyakawa, T., Shiosaki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Increased+anxiety-like+behavior+in+neuropsin+%28kallikrein-related+peptidase+8%29+gene-deficient+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Behav+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Increased anxiety-like behavior in neuropsin (kallikrein-related peptidase 8) gene-deficient mice.</a> Behav Neurosci. 122, 498-504 (2008).</li>
<li>Fukuda, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Down-regulation+of+protocadherin-%CE%B1%2C+A+isoforms+in+mice+changes+contextual+fear+conditioning+and+spatial+working+memory%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Eur+J+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Down-regulation of protocadherin-α, A isoforms in mice changes contextual fear conditioning and spatial working memory.</a> Eur J Neurosci. , In Press Forthcoming.</li>
<li>Ikeda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Identification+of+YWHAE%2C+a+gene+encoding+14-3-3epsilon%2C+as+a+possible+susceptibility+gene+for+schizophrenia%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Behav+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Identification of YWHAE, a gene encoding 14-3-3epsilon, as a possible susceptibility gene for schizophrenia.</a> Behav Neurosci. , In Press Forthcoming.</li>
<li>Korte, S. M., De Boer, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+robust+animal+model+of+state+anxiety%3A+fear-potentiated+behaviour+in+the+elevated+plus-maze%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Eur+J+Phamacol%22%5BJournal%5D)">A robust animal model of state anxiety: fear-potentiated behaviour in the elevated plus-maze.</a> Eur J Phamacol. 463, 163-175 (2003).</li>
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<li>Tsujimura, A., Matsuki, M., Takao, K., Yamanishi, K., Miyakawa, T., Hashimoto-Gotoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mice+lacking+the+kf-1+gene+exhibit+increased+anxiety-+but+not+despair-like+behavior%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Front.+Behav.+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mice lacking the kf-1 gene exhibit increased anxiety- but not despair-like behavior.</a> Front. Behav. Neurosci. 10, In Press (2008).</li>
<li>Nakajima, R., Takao, K., SM, H. uang, Takano, J., Iwata, N., Miyakawa, T., Saido, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Comprehensive+Behavioral+Phenotyping+of+Calpastatin-Knockout+Mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Molecular+Brain%22%5BJournal%5D)">Comprehensive Behavioral Phenotyping of Calpastatin-Knockout Mice.</a> Molecular Brain. , In Press Forthcoming.</li>
<li>Miyakawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Conditional+calcineurin+knockout+mice+exhibit+multiple+abnormal+behaviors+related+to+schizophrenia%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Conditional calcineurin knockout mice exhibit multiple abnormal behaviors related to schizophrenia.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100, 8987-8992 (2003).</li>
<li>Factor analyses of large-scale data justify the behavioral test battery strategy to reveal the functional significances of the genes expressed in the brain. Yamasaki, N. The 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 2006 October 14–18, Atlanta, Georgia, , Program number 100.15, Poster Number PP32 (1985).</li>
<li>Crabbe, J. C., Wahlsten, D., Dudek, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Genetics+of+mouse+behavior%3A+interactions+with+laboratory+environment%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Scienc%22%5BJournal%5D)">Genetics of mouse behavior: interactions with laboratory environment.</a> Scienc. 284, 1670-1672 (1999).</li>
</ol>

Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Uso Animal e Cuidados da Universidade de Kyoto.

Embora o genoma do rato foi seqüenciado, as funções da maioria dos genes não são conhecidas. Técnicas de modificação genética permitem exclusão ou outra manipulação de um gene específico em camundongos (Austin et al, 2004;.. Aiba et al, 2007). A influência de um determinado gene em um comportamento específico pode ser determinada através da realização de análises comportamentais dos camundongos mutantes (Takao e Miyakawa, 2006b;. Takao et al, 2007). O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado é um dos testes mais populares de todos os modelos animais atualmente disponíveis de ansiedade (Rodgers e Dalvi, 1997; Crawley, 2007). Este teste para a ansiedade-como o comportamento tem sido utilizado para triagem e fenotipagem transgênicos e knockout camundongos (Crawley, 1999) e para a descoberta de drogas (Hogg et al 1996;. Crawley, 2007). O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado tem uma forte validade preditiva para a triagem de drogas ansiolíticas (Rodgers e Dalvi, 1997; Mechiel Korte e De Boer, 2003; Crawley, 2007); ansiolíticos especificamente aumentar, e as drogas ansiogênicas diminuem especificamente, o número de entradas os braços abertos eo tempo gasto lá. A pontuação total de entradas e distância total são considerados um índice de atividade geral. Pontuação total de entradas é também um índice de ansiedade, e as porcentagens de entradas e tempo gasto em cada braço constituem o índice de ansiedade primária (Rodgers e Dalvi, 1997, Mechiel Korte e De Boer, 2003). Os braços abertos e fechados são considerados para evocar a mesma unidade exploratório, portanto, evitar os braços abertos é considerado como um resultado da indução de níveis mais elevados de medo (Rodgers e Dalvi, 1997). Pensa-se que a aversão de camundongos para explorar os braços abertos do labirinto é causada pelo medo de espaços abertos e elevados. Em 1984, Handley e Mithani informou sobre os trabalhos preliminares com o teste de labirinto elevado X (plus) descrito acima. O aparelho de teste original foi elevada 70 centímetros acima do chão, e composta por dois fechados e dois braços abertos, cada um dos quais medido 45 centímetros de comprimento por 10 cm de largura. Em seus estudos iniciais, eles relataram a relação das inscrições aberto / total do braço (Handley e Mithani, 1984). Posteriormente, outros índices foram desenvolvidos, que incluiu o número de entradas nos braços fechados e abertos eo tempo gasto nos braços abertos e fechados para ratos (Pellow et al, 1985; Pellow e File, 1986) e camundongos (Lister, 1987) . Alterações no teste de labirinto em cruz elevado incluiu alongamento de ambos os braços abertos (50 x 10 cm) e os braços fechados (50 x 10 x 40 cm) de altura com paredes em volta e um teto aberto nos braços fechados, e todo o labirinto foi elevada a uma altura de 50 cm (Pellow et al, 1985; Pellow e Arquivo, 1986). Atualmente, em nosso laboratório, o aparelho de teste de labirinto em cruz elevado é configurado na forma de um +, com dois braços abertos (25 x 5 cm, com uma muito ligeira, de 0,5 cm, parede) em frente a si e perpendiculares a dois braços fechados (25 x 5 x 16 cm), e é levantado 50 cm acima do chão (Miyakawa et al, 1996; Manabe et al, 2000; Miyakawa et al, 2001; Seeger et al, 2004; Morishima et al, 2005; Miyamoto et al, 2005; Arrow et al, 2006; Hattori et al, 2007; Niemann et al, 2007; Sano et al, 2008; Horii et al, 2008; Fukuda et al, 2008; Ikeda et al; 2008). O mouse é colocado no centro do + (5 cm x 5 cm) e é permitido explorar o labirinto livremente. Apesar de 5 min de gravação é comum, o comportamento é registrado por 10 min em nosso protocolo para aumentar a oportunidade de detectar o fenótipo. Os braços abertos e fechados elevados induzem um conflito de exploração (Mechiel Korte e De Boer, 2003; Crawley, 2007). As medidas do teste de labirinto em cruz elevado são registrados por um observador durante o experimento. Em nosso laboratório, o teste é gravado com uma câmera de vídeo conectada a um computador e os dados comportamentais (Image EP) são adquiridos e analisados ​​utilizando o programa PE Image. Número de entradas para os braços abertos versus número de entradas nos braços total, eo tempo gasto nos braços abertos versus braços fechados, fornecem as medidas de ansiedade-como o comportamento. Foram avaliadas mais de 90 linhagens de ratos mutantes geneticamente modificados usando o protocolo mostrado no filme e tem um grande conjunto de dados brutos para mais de 5000 ratos (incluindo do tipo selvagem e camundongos mutantes). Em nossa bateria de testes, do tipo selvagem littermates são normalmente utilizados como controle. Como uma tensão de fundo, os camundongos C57BL/6J são amplamente utilizados. Foram coletados os dados de camundongos C57BL/6J nos testes comportamentais. Os valores obtidos de camundongos C57BL/6J em nosso teste de labirinto em cruz elevado são as seguintes (n = 914, média SEM), a distância total percorrida: 1.547,55 14,27 centímetros; duração do tempo gasto: 56,49 2,42 s (braços abertos), 384,02 3,13 s (braços fechados), 161,90 2,17 s (centro de labirinto), relação do tempo gasto nos braços abertos: 9,19% 0,36, proporção de tempo gasto nos braços fechados: 63,82 0,52%; número de entradas: 7.64 0.21 (braços abertos), 24,32 0,28 (braços fechados); entradas% aberta braço: 21,9 0,05% fechado braços entradas: 78,1 0,05. Camundongos C57BL/6J gastar menos tempo de braços abertos que nos braços fechados (p &lt;0,0001, n = 914, T pareado test). Isto indica que os camundongos C57BL/6J tendem a evitar os braços abertos, e que o tempo gasto nos braços abertos é um índice válido de ansiedade-como o comportamento. Além disso, a ordem dos ensaios é contrabalançada em genótipos, porque o número de teste afeta o tempo gasto nos braços abertos ea plataforma central. Ou seja, os índices de todo o aumento durante o 3 º e 4 ratos em comparação com o primeiro camundongos (p = 0,0089, n = 476) (dados não publicados). Com nosso protocolo, a análise de mais de 1.661 camundongos mostraram que a ordem seqüencial dos ratos testados em uma gaiola não afeta significativamente o tempo permanecer aberto braço (dados não publicados). Ou seja, os desempenhos dos ratos primeira tirada da gaiola, não são significativamente diferentes das do segundo, o terceiro ou os ratos passado. Embora o teste de labirinto em cruz elevado eo teste de transição claro / escuro são ambos usados ​​para avaliar a ansiedade-como o comportamento, os resultados nem sempre são consistentes entre si (Holmes et al, 2000; Tujimura et al, 2008; Nakajima et al, no prelo ) Por exemplo, prosencéfalo específicos calcineurina knockout-ratos gastar uma diminuição da quantidade de tempo na câmara de luz no teste de transição claro / escuro, mas um aumento da quantidade de tempo nos braços abertos no teste de labirinto em cruz elevado (Miyakawa et al. , 2003). Análise fatorial da nossa bateria de testes comportamentais indica que o teste de labirinto em cruz elevado eo teste de transição claro / escuro avaliar diferentes aspectos da ansiedade-como o comportamento, como o brilhante espaço ansiedade no teste de transição claro / escuro e abrir espaço de ansiedade como comportamento no teste de campo aberto (Takao e Miyakawa, 2006b; Yamasaki et al, 2006). Assim, tanto o teste de transição claro / escuro eo teste de labirinto em cruz elevado estão incluídos na nossa bateria de testes comportamentais. Crabbe e colegas relataram que as variáveis ​​não controladas e experimentos caracterizando mutantes podem produzir resultados que são específicos para um laboratório particular (Crabbe et al., 1999). As diferenças que existem entre processuais laboratórios tornam difícil replicar ou comparar os resultados entre eles. Elaboração de documentação visual do protocolo irá promover uma melhor compreensão dos procedimentos experimentais, permitindo a padronização dos protocolos utilizados em laboratórios e para as comparações dos fenótipos comportamentais de várias linhagens de ratos mutantes avaliados com estes testes. Nós já publicou um protocolo de filme do teste de transição claro / escuro (Takao e Miyakawa, 2006a). Da mesma forma, os filmes de outros protocolos, como para o teste de campo aberto, o teste de natação forçada porsolt, e testes de condicionamento do medo que usamos em nossa bateria de testes comportamentais estão actualmente a ser feitos para publicação como artigos de periódicos futuro vídeo.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Elevated plus maze</td><td>Tool</td><td>O&amp;rsquo;hara Co.</td><td>(none)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

elevated plus maze for mice

Embora o genoma do rato é agora completamente seqüenciado, as funções da maioria dos genes expressos no cérebro não são conhecidos. A influência de um determinado gene em um comportamento específico pode ser determinado pela análise comportamental de ratos mutantes. Se um gene alvo é expressa no cérebro, fenótipo comportamental dos camundongos mutantes poderiam elucidar o mecanismo genético de comportamentos normais. O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado é um dos testes mais utilizados para medir a ansiedade-como o comportamento. O teste se baseia na aversão natural de ratos para áreas abertas e elevados, bem como sobre o seu comportamento espontâneo naturais exploratório em ambientes novos. O aparelho consiste de braços abertos e os braços fechados, cruzou no meio perpendicularmente uns aos outros, e uma área central. Ratos têm acesso a todas as armas e estão autorizados a circular livremente entre eles. O número de entradas nos braços abertos eo tempo gasto nos braços abertos são usados ​​como índices de ansiedade induzida espaço aberto em camundongos. Infelizmente, as diferenças que existem entre processuais laboratórios torná-lo difícil de duplicar e comparar os resultados entre laboratórios. Aqui, apresentamos um filme detalhado demonstrando nosso protocolo para o teste de labirinto em cruz elevado. Em nosso laboratório, temos avaliados mais de 90 linhagens de camundongos mutantes usando o protocolo mostrado no filme. Estes dados serão divulgados como parte de um banco de dados público que estamos construindo. Visualização do protocolo irá promover uma melhor compreensão dos detalhes de todo o procedimento experimental, permitindo a padronização dos protocolos utilizados em laboratórios diferentes e as comparações dos fenótipos comportamentais de várias linhagens de ratos mutantes avaliados através deste teste.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Elevated Plus Maze for Mice at JoVE.com

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado é um dos testes mais utilizados para medir a ansiedade-como o comportamento em camundongos. Aqui, apresentamos um filme mostrando os procedimentos detalhados para a realização do ensaio.

Labirinto elevado para Ratos

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

90.5K visualizações.  Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University. O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado é um dos testes mais utilizados para medir a ansiedade-como o comportamento em camundongos. Aqui, apresentamos um filme mostrando os procedimentos detalhados para a realização do ensaio.

Vídeo: Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

O Becos Teste sucessiva de ansiedade em camundongos e ratos

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Comportamento

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

Baixa tensão de Aprendizagem Route Usando o Lashley Maze III em Ratos

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

Neurociência

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Barnes Estratégias Teste Labirinto com pequenas e grandes roedores Modelos

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

A utilização do campo aberto Maze medir Locomotor e Ansiedade-like Comportamento no Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

Testes Animal ansiedade em ratos: efeitos de bordas de braço aberto e fechado do braço de parede transparência em elevados além de teste de labirinto

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

Analisando a aprendizagem espacial e comportamento pró-social nos ratos usando o labirinto de Barnes e paradigmas de donzela em apuros

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

Elevado, mais teste combinado com vídeo que segue o Software para investigar o efeito ansiolítico dos suplementos cetogênica exógenos de labirinto

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

Estresse crônico muda comportamento de escolha relacionado ao esforço em uma tarefa de barreira y-maze em camundongos

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

Investigando comportamento semelhante à enxaqueca usando aversão à luz em camundongos

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

Validando um modelo murino da síndrome de Angelman usando testes comportamentais

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

Autor em destaque: uma bateria de testes comportamentais altamente reproduzíveis para validar um modelo murino da síndrome de Angelman 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

Caracterização comportamental de um modelo de camundongo com síndrome de Angelman

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...