Name: how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants
Uploaded: 2016-04-30T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

우디 작물을 향해 CTA을 유도을 아래에서 설명하는 프로토콜은 (벨라 테라, 스페인)은 &quot;Universitat 자치시 드 바르셀로나 &#39;의 동물 보호 지침을 다음과 양, 염소에 대한 동물 및 인체 실험의 윤리위원회 (CEEAH 승인,​​ 770를 참조하고 998 각각). LiCl을 투여 1. 준비 <ol><li> 증류수 / V (중량 / 부피)의 LiCl 용액 w 25 %를합니다. 또한, 깨끗한 수돗물을 사용합니다. LiCl을 따라서는 분말 화학 물질을 취급 할 때주의를 기울여야 할 필요가있다 매우 흡습성이다. <ol><li> LiCl을 250g의 무게를 증류수 (LiCl을 농축 용액)에 용해. 반응이 발열이기 때문에이 솔루션은 계속하기 전에 실온에 반환 될 때까지 기다립니다. 부피 플라스크에 용액을 붓고 1,000 ml의에 가져 증류수를 추가합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 각 동물 (개인에 대한 용액의 부피를 계산정량). <ol><li> 225 밀리그램의 LiCl / kg BW는 양 (10)과 200 mg의 LiCl을 / kg BW 자신의 체중 (BW)을 얻었다과의 LiCl의 용액이 식 (1)에게 장기 지속성에 대한 권장 용량에 따라 각 동물에 필요한 계산하는 동물입니다 무게 염소 십칠인치 그러나 방목 사용되는 다른 용량을 표 1에 나타내었다. g / L의 / LiCl을 농도 = LiCl을 (L) 식의 양 (kg BW는 g / kg BW에 LiCl을 선량을 X). 1] 예를 들면: 양 = 60kg BW; 용량 = 225 mg의 LiCl을 / kg BW; 의 LiCl 용액의 농도 = 250g / L (60kg X 0.225 g / kg) / 250g / L = 0.054 L = 54 mL의 염소 = 35kg BW; 용량 = 200 mg의 LiCl을 / kg BW; 의 LiCl 용액의 농도 = 250g / L (35kg X 0.200 g / kg) / 250g / L = 0.028 L = 28 mL의 </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> LiCl을 투여 </td><td> Mazorra 외. (2006) 19 </td&gt; <td> 바릿 외. (2013) 35 </td></tr><tr><td> 낮은 </td><td> (100) </td><td> (125) </td></tr><tr><td> 매질 </td><td> (150) </td><td> (150) </td></tr><tr><td> 높은 </td><td> (225) </td><td> (175) </td></tr></tbody></table> 표 1 :. LiCl을 선량의 LiCl을 투여 범위 범위 (㎎ / ㎏ 체중, BW) 공급 혐오를 유도하기 위해 다른 저자들에 의해 사용. 2. 동물 선택 및 시설 <ol><li> 성인, 이전 대상 사료를 먹은 적이없는 비 임신 건조 동물을 선택합니다. </li><li> 더 그들의 동작을 제어하는​​ 동시에 20 개 이상의 동물에 CTA를 유도하지 않는다. 처음에는 5 동물 CTA를 유도한다. </li><li> 대상 사료의 섭취량을 개별적으로 기록 할 수있는 장소에 동물을 할당한다. 모든 영양소 요구 사항을 다루는 기본 사료로 1 일 1 회 동물 사료와 물과 마일에 무료로 액세스를 제공neral 블록. 체세포 대신 나트륨 (9)의 리튬을 사용할 수 있기 때문에, LiCl을 독성을 방지하기 위해 적절한 염분을 보장. </li><li> 시설이 동물을 처음 사용하는 경우, 환경과 기본 사료에 익숙해 그들에게 적응 시간의 일주를 제공합니다. </li></ol> 3. 혐오감 유도 <ol><li> 전에 저녁 (일 -1) 기본 사료를 제거하고 동물 다음날 12 일에 탐욕스럽게 대상 피드를 먹을 수 있도록 대상 피드 광고 무제한을 제공합니다. </li><li> 다음 당일 (0 일), 아침에 ORTS을 제거하고 30 분 동안 각각의 동물을 대상 피​​드 200g을 제공한다. 그 후 ORTS 무게. </li><li> 동물 이상 20~30g을 섭취하면 소비 후 이상 1 시간을 기다리지 않고, 실질적으로 가능한 한 빨리 쏟아지는 총 (ml의 1.2로 계산)의 LiCl의 해당 계산 된 볼륨을 관리 할 수​​ 있습니다. 동물 미만 20~30g을 섭취하는 경우, 절차를 다음과 같은 일을 반복합니다. 뒤타고난 neophobic 공급 거동 E는 동물 대상 피드 10,17,25-27 소비 ​​시작 하루 이상 필요가 있었다. </li><li> LiCl을 관리 한 후, 기본 사료를 제공하기 전에 2 시간을 기다립니다. </li><li> 하루 1 ~ 3, 매일 사료와 물 섭취량 (체크리스트 중량 또는으로), 호흡과 동물의 행동을 기록, 동물을 대상 피​​드를 제공하고 심각한 질병의 가능한 모든 기호를 검출하기 위해 주기적으로 확인하지 않습니다. 그들은 떨어 머리와 귀, 활동, 설사, 증가 호흡 속도를 제공하고, LiCl을 관리 9-11,20,25 다음 일 동안 물과식이 섭취를 감소 할 수있다. </li></ol> 4. 혐오감 확인 <ol><li> 일 4, LiCl을 관리 단계를 반복 3.2 이후 5, 6, 7. </li><li> 동물이 &lt;10g (또는 &lt;4 바이트) 대상 사료의 소비 경우의 상황에 따라 수 영 (더 소비)와 10g의 CTA established.The 임계 값을 고려대상 식물 (독성 여부). </li><li> 어떤 동물이&gt; 10g을 소비하는 경우, 새로운 LiCl을 선량을 관리하고 단계 4.1를 반복합니다. 동물이 두 번째 투여 후 대상 식물을 소비에 지속되면 CTA 그룹에서 제거. 사회 촉진 (예를 들어, 어머니, 형제 자매와 가까운 동료가) 가축에 CTA 동작을 수정할 수 있습니다. 그들은 비 피한 동물 (28)에 방목 할 때 대상 ​​식물에 피할 된 동물은 쉽게 다시 소비한다. </li></ol> 5. 목장 관리 참고 : LiCl을의 투여 량은 CTA가 완전히 주로 소변으로, 몇 일에 배설 유도하는 데 사용됩니다. <ol><li> 리 널리 유기 작물의 가능한 오염을 방지하기 위하여 지표면에 분산되지만, 자르기 (리 약동학 확립 여유 시간) (11)에 동물을 이동하기 전에 9~11일을 기다린다. </li><li> 작물 지상 커버가 걸쳐 풍부하고 맛이 있는지 확인기간 방목하면 대상 피​​드를 샘플링에서 동물을 방지합니다. 비 처리 별도로 처리 된 동물을 방목하다. </li><li> 동물 잔디 높이의 균일 한 제어를 얻기 위해 전체 표면의 delimitated 플롯을 방목 할 수 있습니다. 휴대용 전기 또는 금속 울타리를 사용하거나 특정 절단 선 사이의 동물을 방목 목자를 사용하여 플롯을 구분합니다. </li><li> 지상 덮개가 부족되기 전에 (잔디 높이 5cm의) (29) 동물을 제거 플롯을 방목, 피하십시오. </li></ol> 6. CTA을 다시 수립 <ol><li> 매년, 동물 작물을 방목 반환을 허용하기 전에, 4 단계를 반복합니다. </li></ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+early+experience+to+dietary+diversity,+acceptance+of+novel+flavors,+and+open+field+behavior+in+sheep.">Relationships between early experience to dietary diversity, acceptance of novel flavors, and open field behavior in sheep.</a> Physiol. Behav. 105 (2), 181-187 (2012).</li><li>Thorhallsdottir, A. G., Provenza, F. D., Balph, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+influences+on+conditioned+food+aversions+in+sheep.">Social influences on conditioned food aversions in sheep.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 25 (1-2), 45-50 (1990).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioned+taste+aversion+generalization+by+aroma+in+sheep.">Conditioned taste aversion generalization by aroma in sheep.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 93, 497 (2015).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+and+persistence+of+conditioned+aversion+to+grape+leaves+and+sprouts+for+grazing+sheep+in+vineyards.">Creation and persistence of conditioned aversion to grape leaves and sprouts for grazing sheep in vineyards.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 91, 497 (2013).</li><li>Manuelian, C. L., Albanell, E., Rovai, M., Salama, A. A. K., Caja, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+lithium+chloride+for+mid-term+conditioned+aversion+to+olive+tree+leaves+in+penned+and+grazing+goats.">Effect of lithium chloride for mid-term conditioned aversion to olive tree leaves in penned and grazing goats.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 90, 672 (2012).</li><li>Conover, M. R., Mason, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+Principles+Governing+Conditioned+Food+Aversions+Based+on+Deception.">Behavioral Principles Governing Conditioned Food Aversions Based on Deception.</a> Repellents in wildlife management: Proceedings of the Second DWRC Special Symposium. , 29-40 (1997).</li><li>Howery, L. D., Provenza, F. D., Ruyle, G. B., Jordan, N. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+animals+learn+it+rangeland+plants+are+toxic+or+nutritious.">How do animals learn it rangeland plants are toxic or nutritious.</a> Rangelands. 20 (6), 4-9 (1998).</li><li>Ralphs, M. H., Cheney, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+cattle+age,+lithium+chloride+dose+level,+and+food+type+in+the+retention+of+food+aversions.">Influence of cattle age, lithium chloride dose level, and food type in the retention of food aversions.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 71 (2), 373-379 (1993).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

대상 사료는 동물이 전에 먹은 적이과 바꾸어 놓을 수없는 영양소를 포함하지 않는 식물 인 경우 CTA 쉽게 작은 반추 동물에 설립된다. 이전 연락 어려운 특정 공급 7,33들의 인식을 변경할 수 않는 동물 무독성 피드 포지티브 후 ingestive 연관이있다. LiCl을가 불쾌하거나 위장 불편 (34)을 생산하는 구토 시스템을 자극하기 때문에 조건 가르시아 효과가 발생한다. LiCl을 소모 동물, 호?...

우디 절단 선 사이의 지상 표지의 사용은 토양 침식 및 저하를 완화하고 물, 유기 탄소와 질소 고정 1-3을 증가시킨다. 또한, 지상 표지는 유지하고 작물 해충과 천적 사이의 균형을 지원하고, 생물 다양성을 증가시킨다. 농부들은 농약 제품을 적용하거나 사신 머신을 이용하여 잡초를 제거하는 경향이있다; 따라서 작물과 녹색 커버 사이의 영양소 경쟁을 감소시킨다. 지상 표지를 제어하기위한 비용 효과적인 방법은 작은 반추 동물 방목의 사용이 될 것이다. 동물 방목의 또 다른 이점은 토양의 건강과 생식 능력의 향상이다. 그러나 농민 인해 어린 잎, 콩나물을 소모하여 작물을 손상 작은 반추 동물이 연습을 구현하기를 꺼려합니다. 잠재적 작물의 손상을 방지하려면 무리 또는 무리 내 양이나 염소의 컨디셔닝 된 맛 혐오 (CTA)을 유도하는 데 유용합니다. CTA 쉽게 N을 위해 설립EW 인해 작은 반추 동물의 타고난 공급 neophobia 동작 4,5로, 피드, 친숙한 피드가 적극적으로 관련되어 있기 때문에 변경 또는 6을 조작하기가 더 어렵 상태를 &quot;안전을 배웠습니다.&quot; 동물 인해 부정적인 후 ingestive 효과 (무조건 자극)에 특정 피드 (조건 자극)을 거부 배웁니다. 동물 대상 식물을 소비 한 후에 경구 투여, 기호성 및 비 독성 식물, 염화 리튬 (LiCl을 인덕터 제로)으로 CTA를 유도한다. 다른 인덕터 에이전트 (예 : 아포 모르핀, ​​ciclosphosphamide, thiabendazole)이 있지만, LiCl을 인해 일반의 가벼운 증상으로 화학 수용체 방아쇠 영역 영역의 자극과 위장 조난 7,8에 의해 구토 시스템에 미치는 영향에 가장 강력하고 지속적인 CTA을 보여 주었다 불쾌. 리튬 (리튬)은 상부 위장관에서 흡수되고 체수분 공간 (9)에 분포한다. 동물 캘리포니아n은 이일 7,10,11 한 짧은 회복 기간이 있습니다. 의 LiCl이 젤라틴 캡슐 (13, 14) 나 관주 총 15-17하여 경구 용액에, 식품 (12, 13)와 함께 혼합하여 투여 될 수있다. 의 LiCl 용액 가성이지만, 입이나 식도 손상 없음 설명되지 않았다. LiCl을 더 높은 투여 량 (16, 18)을 사용하여 좋은 결과 (기타 영구 CTA)와, 체중 100 내지 400 밀리그램의 LiCl / kg (체중)의 범위에서 사용된다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 종 방향과 품종 공지 투여 효과를 고려하고, 일부 경우에 치명적인 영향 400mg을하여 LiCl / kg BW 시작한다. 효과적인 장기의 권장 투여 량은 CTA는 염소 200 ㎎ / ㎏ BW와 양 10,17,19 225 ㎎ / ㎏ BW에서 시작한다. 리 대변 (6.5 ± 1.3 %), 우유 (2.8 ± 0.4 %) (11) 다음 주로 소변 (92 ± 4 %)를 통해, 처음 4 일 후 관리 내에 배설이 투여 량에서 사용. 전체플라즈마에서의 LiCl의 단일 투여 량에 대한 추정 회수 기간은 각각 양과 염소 9, 11 일입니다. 때문에 우유에 최소한의 리튬 배설에, CTA는 자연적으로 오프 스프링 11,20 유아에 설립 할 수 없습니다. 양의 장기 CTA 지속성은 다른 사료 소스는 다음 방목에 하나의 LiCl을 투여와 거의 완전한 회피에 다시 설립되고, 14,21 사용할 수있었습니다 전체 방목 시즌 (3-4 개월)에 걸쳐보고 된 바있다 시즌 (9 개월 이상) 14. 또한, 2, 3 년 CTA의 persistences는 대상 피드 독성 그러나 기호성 식물 22,23이다 보강 용량에 대한 필요성없이, 목초지 조건하에 암소에서보고되었다. 동물이 비 독성 식물에 대해 CTA를 유지하기위한 대안적인 이송을 고려하는 선택이 중요하다. 마다 동물 위장관 디 초래없이 피할 식물 이상 10g 소비scomfort는 CTA (24)을 손상 될 것입니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lithium Chloride PRS</td><td>Panreac</td><td>141392.1209</td><td>Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td></tr><tr><td>Labelvage drencher 
&lt;p&gt;
70 mL
&lt;/p&gt;</td><td>Labelvage</td><td>240040</td><td>Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

후술 결과는 자치시 Universitat 드 바르셀로나 실시 작은 반추 동물에서 우 방향 작물 CTA의 여러 연구에 의해 수득하고, 그들이 제안 된 프로토콜을 확립하기위한 증거를 제공한다. 염소와 200와 양에 225 밀리그램의 LiCl / kg BW 175의 용량 200 mg의 LiCl을가 / kg BW가 성공적으로 완전히 관리 삼키지 않은 두 동물을 제외하고, 하나의 관...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

방목 접지가 작은 반추 동물과 우디 작물에 커버에 대해 어떻게 조절 맛 혐오감을 만드는 방법

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

Universidad San Sebastian

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JoVE Journal

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7.2K 조회수.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

비디오: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

자동화 시스템 (GreenFeed)의 사용 반추 동물의 장내 메탄과 이산화탄소 배출량을 모니터링하려면

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

연구

환경과학

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

학습의 개별 단계에서 설치류에서 원격 음소거 신경 활동하는 방법

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

행동분석학

Choice and No-Choice Assays for Testing the Resistance of A. thaliana to Chewing Insects

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which include many crops such as cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts etc. Rearing of the insects takes place on cabbage plants in the greenhouse. At least two cages are needed for the rearing of Pieris rapae. One for the larvae and the other to contain the adults, the butterflies. In order to investigate the role of plant hormones and toxic plant chemicals in resistance to this insect pest, we demonstrate two experiments. First, determination of the role of jasmonic acid (JA - a plant hormone often indicated in resistance to insects) in resistance to the chewing insect Pieris rapae. Caterpillar growth can be compared on wild-type and mutant plants impaired in production of JA. This experiment is considered "No Choice", because larvae are forced to subsist on a single plant which synthesizes or is deficient in JA. Second, we demonstrate an experiment that investigates the role of glucosinolates, which are used as oviposition (egg-laying) signals. Here, we use WT and mutant Arabidopsis impaired in glucosinolate production in a "Choice" experiment in which female butterflies are allowed to choose to lay their eggs on plants of either genotype. This video demonstrates the experimental setup for both assays as well as representative results.

Plant resistance to chewing insect herbivores can be tested in several ways. Here, we demonstrate how to set-up a choice and a no-choice experiment with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify resistance against the pest species Pieris rapae.

씹는 곤충에 A.의 thaliana의 저항을 테스트하기 위해 선택과 노 - 선택 Assays

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which ...

생물학

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

쥐에 갈망의 부 화를 측정 하기 위한 바른된 장소 설정 프로토콜

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

Ground-level Unmanned Aerial System Imagery Coupled with Spatially Balanced Sampling and Route Optimization to Monitor Rangeland Vegetation

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for maintaining global ecosystem services. Monitoring vegetation in these ecosystems is required to assess rangeland health, to gauge habitat suitability for wildlife and domestic livestock, to combat invasive weeds, and to elucidate temporal environmental changes. Although rangeland ecosystems cover vast areas, traditional monitoring techniques are often time-consuming and cost-inefficient, subject to high observer bias, and often lack adequate spatial information. Image-based vegetation monitoring is faster, produces permanent records (i.e., images), may result in reduced observer bias, and inherently includes adequate spatial information. Spatially balanced sampling designs are beneficial in monitoring natural resources. A protocol is presented for implementing a spatially balanced sampling design known as balanced acceptance sampling (BAS), with imagery acquired from ground-level cameras and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). A route optimization algorithm is used in addition to solve the &#8216;travelling salesperson problem&#8217; (TSP) to increase time and cost efficiency. While UAS images can be acquired 2&#8211;3x faster than handheld images, both types of images are similar to each other in terms of accuracy and precision. Lastly, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and examples of potential applications for these methods in other ecosystems are provided.

The protocol presented in this paper utilizes route optimization, balanced acceptance sampling, and ground-level and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery to efficiently monitor vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. Results from images obtained from ground-level and UAS methods are compared.

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for ...

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the outside world. As such, the intestine plays a pivotal role in immunosurveillance and protection from enteric pathogens. Investigating intestinal physiology and immunology commonly employs 'intestinal loops' as an experimental model. The majority of these loop models are non-recovery surgical procedures that study short-term (&lt;24 hr) changes in the intestine (1-3). We previously created a recovery intestinal loop model to specifically measure long-term (&lt;6 mo) immunological changes in the intestine of sheep following exposure to vaccines, adjuvants, and viruses (4). This procedure localized treatments to a specific 'loop', allowing us to sample this area of the intestine. A significant drawback of this method is the single window of opportunity to administer treatments (i.e. at the time of surgery). Furthermore, samples of both the intestinal mucosa and luminal contents can only be taken at the termination of the project. Other salient limitations of the above model are that the surgical manipulation and requisite post-operative measures (e.g. administration of antibiotics and analgesics) can directly affect the treatment itself and/or alter immune function, thereby confounding results. Therefore, we modified our intestinal loop model by inserting long-term catheters into the loops. Sheep recover fully from the procedure, and are unaffected by the exteriorized catheters. Notably, the establishment of catheters in loops allows us to introduce multiple treatments over an extended interval, following recovery from surgery and clearance of drugs administered during surgery and the post-operative period.

We describe a novel surgical method for catheterizing 'intestinal loops' within the ileum of sheep. Once animals have recovered from surgery and have cleared antibiotics and analgesics, multiple treatments can be deposited directly in loops via the catheters.

Ruminants에 창자 루프 Catheterization

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

가축의 다양한 정서적 회로를 평가하기 위해 전통적인 공포 테스트의 사용

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

특성화 Herbivore 저항 메커니즘 : Spittlebugs에 Brachiaria 종. 예로

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

에이<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; 영양 상태 기반 구리 혐오 검정

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

신경과학

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native host. Milk collection from animals allows scientists the opportunity to study many aspects of reproduction including vertical transmission, passive immunity, mammary gland biology, and lactation. Obtaining adequate volumes of milk for these studies is a challenging task, especially from small animal models. Here we illustrate an inexpensive and facile method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This particular method requires two researchers: one to express the milk and to stabilize the animal, and one to collect the milk in an appropriate container from either a Muntjac or mouse model. The mouse model also requires the use of a P-200 pipetman and corresponding pipette tips. While this method is low cost and relatively easy to perform, researchers should be advised that anesthetizing the animal is required for optimal milk collection.

Milk collection from animal models facilitates various research avenues: understanding passive immunity, identifying pathogens responsible for vertical transmission and, through the use of transgenic mice, even commercial production of proteins found in human breast milk. Here we illustrate a simple method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer.

마우스 및 꿰 문착 사슴 우유 수집 방법

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native ...