Name: how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants
Uploaded: 2016-04-30T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

木本作物に向けてCTAを誘導するために以下に記載されているプロトコル」理学部自治デ・バルセロナ」（Bellaterraの、スペイン）の動物管理ガイドラインに従っており、羊やヤギのために動物や人体実験の倫理委員会によって承認されている（CEEAHは、770を参照し、それぞれ998）。 LiClの用量の調製<ol><li>蒸留水で25％重量/体積（重量/体積）LiCl溶液を作ります。また、きれいな水道水を使用します。 LiClを、したがって、粉末状の化学物質を取り扱う際に注意する必要があり、非常に吸湿性です。 <ol><li> LiClの250グラムを秤量し、蒸留水（LiClの濃縮液）でそれを溶解します。反応は発熱性であるように解決策が継続する前に室温に戻るまで待ってください。メスフラスコ内の溶液を注ぎ、千ミリリットルにそれを持って来るために蒸留水を追加します。 </li></ol></li><li>各動物の溶液の体積を計算し（個々の用量）。 <ol><li>自分の体重（BW）を取得してのLiCl mLの長期持続のための推奨用量1.以下の式を各動物のために必要な計算するために動物を計量すると、羊10で225ミリグラムのLiCl / kg体重及び200mgのLiCl / kg体重でありますヤギ17インチしかし、放牧のために使用される他の用量は、 表1に示します。 （グラム/キログラムBWのkg体重のxのLiCl用量）/塩化リチウム濃度グラム/ Lで=のLiClの体積（L）[式。 1] 例えば： 羊= 60キロBW;用量= 225ミリグラムのLiCl / kg体重; LiCl溶液= 250グラム/ Lの濃度 （60キロのx 0.225グラム/キログラム）/ 250グラム/ L = 0.054 L = 54ミリリットル ヤギ= 35キロBW;用量= 200ミリグラムのLiCl / kg体重; LiCl溶液= 250グラム/ Lの濃度 （35キロのx 0.200グラム/キログラム）/ 250グラム/ L = 0.028 L = 28ミリリットル</li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> LiClの用量</td><td> Mazorra ら。（2006）19 </td&gt; <td>バリットら。（2013）35 </td></tr><tr><td>ロー</td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td>ミディアム</td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td>高い</td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1：塩化リチウムの用量範囲のLiCl用量の範囲（ミリグラム/キログラム体重、BW）は、供給嫌悪を誘導するために、異なる著者によって使用されます。 2.動物の選択と施設<ol><li>大人、以前にターゲットフィードを食べたことがない非妊娠とドライの動物を選択してください。 </li><li>より自分の行動を制御するために、同時に20以上の動物にCTAを誘発しないでください。最初は、わずか5匹の動物にCTAを誘導します。 </li><li>ターゲット飼料の摂取量を個別に記録することができる場所で動物を割り当てます。すべての栄養の要件をカバーする基礎飼料と一日一回、動物をフィードし、水にとマイルへの無料アクセスを提供ネラールブロック。体細胞をNa 9の代わりにリチウムを使用することができるので、LiClの毒性効果を防止するために、適切な塩分の摂取量を確保します。 </li><li>施設は動物を初めて使用する場合は、環境と基礎食に精通するように適応時間の1週間を与えます。 </li></ol> 3.嫌悪誘導<ol><li>前の夕方（1日目）基礎飼料を外し、動物は、次の12日目に熱心に目標フィードを食べることを確認するために、ターゲットの供給を自由に提供しています。 </li><li>次の日（0日目）には、午前中にORTSを削除し、30分の間、各動物に目標フィードの200グラムを提供しています。その後ORTSを計量。 </li><li>動物は以上の20〜30グラムを消費する場合は、摂取後1時間以上を待っていない、とすぐに実際に可能であるとして灌注銃で（ミリリットル1.2で計算）のLiCl対応する計算されたボリュームを管理します。動物が未満20〜30グラムを消費する場合は、次の日の手順を繰り返します。デュ彼らの生来の新しいもの嫌いの送り動作にeは、動物が目標フィード10,17,25-27を消費開始するために1日以上必要とすることができます。 </li><li> LiClを投与後、基礎飼料を提供する前に2時間待ち。 </li><li> 1日目から3に、毎日の飼料および水の摂取量（重量またはチェックリストによる）、呼吸数および動物の行動を記録し、深刻な病気のいずれかの可能性のある兆候を検出するために、動物を目標フィードを提供し、定期的にチェックしません。彼らは、ドロップされた頭と耳、非アクティブ、下痢、増加した呼吸速度を提示し、LiClを投与9-11,20,25次の日の間に水や食事の摂取量を減少させた可能性があります。 </li></ol> 4.嫌悪検証<ol><li>日4、5、6、およびLiClを投与後7上には、手順3.2。 </li><li>動物は&lt;10グラム（または&lt;4刺さ）ターゲット飼料の消費場合は、の状況に依存する可能性がゼロ（無消費）と10グラムの間CTA established.Theしきい値を検討します対象植物（毒性またはありません）。 </li><li>任意の動物が&gt; 10グラムを消費する場合、新しいのLiClの用量を投与し、ステップ4.1を繰り返します。動物が第二の投与後に標的植物を消費するには解消されない場合は、CTAグループからそれを排除。社会的促進（ 例えば 、母親、兄弟と近くの仲間）が家畜にCTAの動作を変更することができます。彼らは非回避動物28で放牧するとき、容易に標的植物に回避された動物は再びそれを消費します。 </li></ol> 5.牧草管理注：のLiClの用量はCTAを誘導するために使用されるが、完全に主に尿により、数日中に排泄されます。 <ol><li> Liが広く、有機作物の任意の汚染の可能性を避けるために、地球の地殻に分布しているが、作物（李薬物動態との間で確立クリアランス時間）11に動物を移動する前に9-11日を待ちます。 </li><li>作物のグランドカバーが全体に豊かで口当たりの良いであることを確認してください目標フィードをサンプリングから動物を防ぐために、期間を放牧。非処理とは別に処理された動物を放牧。 </li><li>動物は草の高さの均一な制御を得るために、表面全体のdelimitatedプロットを放牧することができます。ポータブル電気や金属フェンスを使用したり、特定の作物のライン間の動物を放牧する羊飼いを使用してプロットを区切ります。 </li><li>グランドカバーが不足になる前に（草の高さ5cmの）29動物の除去、プロットを過放牧は避けてください。 </li></ol> 6.再確立するCTA <ol><li>毎年、動物が農作物を放牧するために返すように許可する前に、ステップ4を繰り返します。 </li></ol>

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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+animals+learn+it+rangeland+plants+are+toxic+or+nutritious.">How do animals learn it rangeland plants are toxic or nutritious.</a> Rangelands. 20 (6), 4-9 (1998).</li><li>Ralphs, M. H., Cheney, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+cattle+age,+lithium+chloride+dose+level,+and+food+type+in+the+retention+of+food+aversions.">Influence of cattle age, lithium chloride dose level, and food type in the retention of food aversions.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 71 (2), 373-379 (1993).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

目標フィードは動物が前に食べたことがないし、かけがえのない栄養素が含まれていない植物である場合にはCTAが容易に小型反芻動物で確立されています。前回の接触は、それが困難なその特定のフィード7,33の彼らの認識を変更することができない限り、動物は、非毒性フィードと正後の摂食関連を持っています。 LiClのは倦怠感や胃腸の不快感34を生成吐剤系を刺激するた?...

木質切り取り線間のグランドカバーの使用は、土壌浸食や劣化を軽減し、水、有機炭素および窒素保持1-3を増大させます。また、グランドカバーは維持し、生物多様性を増大させ、作物の害虫とその天敵の間のバランスをサポートします。農家は農薬製品を適用するか、刈取機を用いて雑草を排除する傾向があります。このように作物と緑のカバーとの間の栄養素の競争を減少させます。グランドカバーを制御するためのコスト効果的な方法は、小反芻動物の放牧の使用であろう。動物の放牧からの追加の利点は、土壌の健康と生殖能力の向上です。しかし、農家が原因で、若い葉や芽を消費することによって作物を損傷する小型反芻動物にこのような行為を実施することには消極的です。 潜在的な作物被害を防止するには、群れや群れの中で羊やヤギに条件づけ味覚嫌悪（CTA）を誘導するのに有用です。 CTAは、簡単にnに対して確立されていますEWが原因で小型反芻動物の生来のフィード新しいもの嫌いの挙動4,5に、フィード、おなじみのフィードを積極的に関連付けられているため変更または6を操作することがより困難である状態を「安全性を学びました」。動物は、その負のポスト食物摂取効果（無条件刺激）に特定のフィード（条件刺激）を拒否することを学びます。口当たりの良い非毒性植物、塩化リチウム（LiClを、誘導剤）に向けてCTAを誘導するために、動物は、標的植物を消費した後に経口投与します。他のインダクタ剤（ 例えばアポモルフィン、ciclosphosphamide、チアベンダゾール）がありますが、LiClを起因化学受容器引金帯領域と一般の軽度の徴候が胃腸障害7,8の刺激による嘔吐システムに及ぼす影響に最も強力で持続的なCTAを示しました不快感。リチウム（Li）は、上部消化管から吸収され、体内総水分空間9に分布しています。動物のCAnは2日7,10,11と短い回復期間を持っています。 LiClをゼラチンカプセル13,14または灌注ガン15-17によって経口投与溶液中で、食品12,13と混合して投与することができます。 LiCl溶液は苛性ですが、口や食道には損傷は説明しませんでした。 LiClを高用量16,18を使用してより良い結果（より持続的CTA）で、体重100〜400ミリグラムのLiCl / kgの（BW）の範囲で使用されます。それにもかかわらず、異なる種や品種の方に知られている投与量の影響を考慮し、いくつかのケースで致死効果は400ミリグラムのLiCl / kg体重で開始​​します。効果的な長期のための推奨用量は、CTAは、ヤギや羊10,17,19のために225ミリグラム/ kg体重のために200ミリグラム/ kg体重で始まります。李は糞（6.5±1.3％）、牛乳（2.8±0.4％）11続いて、主に尿（92±4％）を介して、最初の4日間の投与後以内に排泄されるこれらの投与量、で使用されます。完全なプラズマ中のLiClの単回投与のための推定離脱期間はそれぞれ、羊やヤギのための9と11日です。牛乳中の最小限のLi排泄に、CTAは当然オフスプリング11,20授乳中に確立することはできません。 ヒツジにおける長期CTAの持続性は、代替飼料源は次の放牧での単一のLiCl投与でほぼ完全な嫌悪に再確立され、14,21利用可能であった全体放牧シーズン（3-4ヶ月）を通じて報告されていますシーズン（9ヵ月後）14。また、図2及び図3年のCTAのpersistencesターゲット原料が毒性が、口当たりの良い植物22,23である場合、補強用量を必要とすることなく、牧草条件下牛で報告されています。代替飼料を考慮したオプションは、非毒性植物に対するCTAを維持するために、動物のために重要です。たびに動物は、胃腸ディを生じることなく回避植物以上の10グラムを消費しますscomfort、CTAは24を損なわれることになります。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lithium Chloride PRS</td><td>Panreac</td><td>141392.1209</td><td>Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td></tr><tr><td>Labelvage drencher 
&lt;p&gt;
70 mL
&lt;/p&gt;</td><td>Labelvage</td><td>240040</td><td>Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

以下に記載した結果は、理学部自治デバルセロナで行わ小型反芻動物における木質作物に向かってCTAにいくつかの研究によって得られた、彼らは提案されたプロトコルを確立するための証拠を提供します。 羊で175及び200mgのLiCl / kg体重ヤギおよび200と225ミリグラムのLiCl / kg体重の用量が正常に完全投与を飲み込むしなかっ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

放牧グラウンドは小型反芻動物でウッディ作物にカバーするために条件づけ味覚嫌悪を作成する方法

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K ビュー.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

ビデオ: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

腸内のメタンと反芻動物からの二酸化炭素排出量を監視するために、自動システム（GreenFeed）の使用

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

環境学

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

学習の離散段階中げっ歯類におけるリモートサイレン神経活動のための方法

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

行動学

Choice and No-Choice Assays for Testing the Resistance of A. thaliana to Chewing Insects

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which include many crops such as cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts etc. Rearing of the insects takes place on cabbage plants in the greenhouse. At least two cages are needed for the rearing of Pieris rapae. One for the larvae and the other to contain the adults, the butterflies. In order to investigate the role of plant hormones and toxic plant chemicals in resistance to this insect pest, we demonstrate two experiments. First, determination of the role of jasmonic acid (JA - a plant hormone often indicated in resistance to insects) in resistance to the chewing insect Pieris rapae. Caterpillar growth can be compared on wild-type and mutant plants impaired in production of JA. This experiment is considered "No Choice", because larvae are forced to subsist on a single plant which synthesizes or is deficient in JA. Second, we demonstrate an experiment that investigates the role of glucosinolates, which are used as oviposition (egg-laying) signals. Here, we use WT and mutant Arabidopsis impaired in glucosinolate production in a "Choice" experiment in which female butterflies are allowed to choose to lay their eggs on plants of either genotype. This video demonstrates the experimental setup for both assays as well as representative results.

Plant resistance to chewing insect herbivores can be tested in several ways. Here, we demonstrate how to set-up a choice and a no-choice experiment with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify resistance against the pest species Pieris rapae.

咀嚼昆虫にシロイヌナズナの抵抗をテストするための選択肢と無選択アッセイ

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which ...

生物学

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

ラットにおける渇望のインキュベーションを測定するためエアコンの場所設定プロトコル

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

Ground-level Unmanned Aerial System Imagery Coupled with Spatially Balanced Sampling and Route Optimization to Monitor Rangeland Vegetation

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for maintaining global ecosystem services. Monitoring vegetation in these ecosystems is required to assess rangeland health, to gauge habitat suitability for wildlife and domestic livestock, to combat invasive weeds, and to elucidate temporal environmental changes. Although rangeland ecosystems cover vast areas, traditional monitoring techniques are often time-consuming and cost-inefficient, subject to high observer bias, and often lack adequate spatial information. Image-based vegetation monitoring is faster, produces permanent records (i.e., images), may result in reduced observer bias, and inherently includes adequate spatial information. Spatially balanced sampling designs are beneficial in monitoring natural resources. A protocol is presented for implementing a spatially balanced sampling design known as balanced acceptance sampling (BAS), with imagery acquired from ground-level cameras and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). A route optimization algorithm is used in addition to solve the &#8216;travelling salesperson problem&#8217; (TSP) to increase time and cost efficiency. While UAS images can be acquired 2&#8211;3x faster than handheld images, both types of images are similar to each other in terms of accuracy and precision. Lastly, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and examples of potential applications for these methods in other ecosystems are provided.

The protocol presented in this paper utilizes route optimization, balanced acceptance sampling, and ground-level and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery to efficiently monitor vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. Results from images obtained from ground-level and UAS methods are compared.

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for ...

Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the outside world. As such, the intestine plays a pivotal role in immunosurveillance and protection from enteric pathogens. Investigating intestinal physiology and immunology commonly employs 'intestinal loops' as an experimental model. The majority of these loop models are non-recovery surgical procedures that study short-term (&lt;24 hr) changes in the intestine (1-3). We previously created a recovery intestinal loop model to specifically measure long-term (&lt;6 mo) immunological changes in the intestine of sheep following exposure to vaccines, adjuvants, and viruses (4). This procedure localized treatments to a specific 'loop', allowing us to sample this area of the intestine. A significant drawback of this method is the single window of opportunity to administer treatments (i.e. at the time of surgery). Furthermore, samples of both the intestinal mucosa and luminal contents can only be taken at the termination of the project. Other salient limitations of the above model are that the surgical manipulation and requisite post-operative measures (e.g. administration of antibiotics and analgesics) can directly affect the treatment itself and/or alter immune function, thereby confounding results. Therefore, we modified our intestinal loop model by inserting long-term catheters into the loops. Sheep recover fully from the procedure, and are unaffected by the exteriorized catheters. Notably, the establishment of catheters in loops allows us to introduce multiple treatments over an extended interval, following recovery from surgery and clearance of drugs administered during surgery and the post-operative period.

We describe a novel surgical method for catheterizing 'intestinal loops' within the ileum of sheep. Once animals have recovered from surgery and have cleared antibiotics and analgesics, multiple treatments can be deposited directly in loops via the catheters.

反芻動物の腸ループのカテーテル

The intestine is a complex structure that is involved not only in absorption of nutrients, but also acts as a barrier between the individual and the ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

牛の異なる感情回路を評価するための伝統的な恐怖試験の使用

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

特徴付ける草食動物の耐性機構：上Spittlebugs Brachiaria属。例として

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

A<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt;栄養状態ベースの銅回避アッセイ

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

神経科学

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native host. Milk collection from animals allows scientists the opportunity to study many aspects of reproduction including vertical transmission, passive immunity, mammary gland biology, and lactation. Obtaining adequate volumes of milk for these studies is a challenging task, especially from small animal models. Here we illustrate an inexpensive and facile method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This particular method requires two researchers: one to express the milk and to stabilize the animal, and one to collect the milk in an appropriate container from either a Muntjac or mouse model. The mouse model also requires the use of a P-200 pipetman and corresponding pipette tips. While this method is low cost and relatively easy to perform, researchers should be advised that anesthetizing the animal is required for optimal milk collection.

Milk collection from animal models facilitates various research avenues: understanding passive immunity, identifying pathogens responsible for vertical transmission and, through the use of transgenic mice, even commercial production of proteins found in human breast milk. Here we illustrate a simple method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer.

マウスおよびリーブス」キョン鹿のためのミルク収集方法

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native ...