We thank O. Subach for providing the original H2B-PSmOrange plasmid and our fish facility team for fish care. We are grateful to the Nikon Imaging Center at the University of Heidelberg for access to microscopy equipment and analysis software. We acknowledge the support of the Core Facility Live Cell Imaging Mannheim at the CBTM (DFG INST 91027/10-1 FUGG). This work was supported by the Excellenzcluster CellNetworks, EcTop Spatio-temporal coordination of signaling processes (EcTop 2), University of Heidelberg to C.A.B. and the Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University Heidelberg and the DFG (FOR 1036/2, 298/3-1 and 298/6-1) to M.C.

1. H2B-PSmOrange mRNA의 시험 관내 전사 및 mRNA의 정제 <ol><li> 제조업체의 지시에 따라를 NotI 제한 효소를 사용 PCS2 + 플라스미드를 함유-H2B PSmOrange 선형화. 참고 : mRNA의 오염 및 열화를 방지하기 위해 같은 장갑, 실험실 코트 등의 적절한 보호를 사용하여 다음 단계를 수행합니다. </li><li> 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라 PCR 정제 키트 또는 페놀 - 클로로포름 계 방법을 사용하여 선형화 된 DNA를 정제. </li><li> 제조업체의 지침에 따라 SP6-mRNA의 전사를위한 선형화 템플릿 DNA 1 μg의를 사용합니다. </li><li> 37 ° C에서 10 ~ 20 분 동안 1.0 U의 RNase 무료 DNaseI을 추가하여 DNA를 제거합니다. </li><li> RNA는 제조사의 프로토콜에 따라 키트를 정리하여 mRNA의 정리. </li><li> mRNA의 순도 및 농도를 증가 6 μL 아세트산 나트륨 (3.0 M, pH를 5.2), 150 ㎕의 96 % 에탄올을 첨가하여 mRNA의 석출. m을 품어최소 30 분에서 24 시간까지 -20 ° C에서 ixed 솔루션입니다. </li><li> 4 ° C에서 45 분 18.407 XG에 솔루션을 회전시켜 mRNA를 수집합니다. 액체를 버리고, 150 μL의 70 % 에탄올의 mRNA를 재현 탁. 믹스와 4 ℃에서 추가로 15 분 동안 솔루션을 원심 분리기. 액체를 폐기 얼음에 5 분 동안 펠렛을 건조하고 20 μl를 초순수의 RNase 무료 물에의 mRNA를 재현 탁. </li><li> (100) mRNA의 희석 (99 μL의 초순수의 RNase없는 물 1 μl의 mRNA의) : 1 광도 측정에 의해 mRNA의 농도와 순도를 평가합니다. </li><li> 단기 저장을 위해, -20 ° C에서의 mRNA 용액을 유지한다. 장기간 저장을 위해, -80 ° C에서의 mRNA를 유지한다. </li></ol> Zebrafish의 배아에 2 H2B-PSmOrange mRNA의 미세 주입 <ol><li> TG 사용하여 주입하기 전에 쌍에게 밤에 짝짓기 설정 (foxD3 : GFP)를; TG (FLH : GFP)을 두 번 형질 전환 어류 (또는 다른 GFP 형질 전환 어류). 스페이서를 배치하여 분리 물고기를 남겨주세요그들 사이의 상대 시간을 제어한다. </li><li> 주입 아침에 스페이서를 제거하고 20 분 동안 물고기 짝을 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 짝짓기 시간 동안, 130 페이지의 최종 농도-H2B PSmOrange mRNA의 희석 / NL 및 microloader 팁을 사용하여, 마이크로 인젝션 모세관에 전사 6 μL 주입 용액 (물에의 RNase 무료). 보정 된 유리 슬라이드와 주입량을 확인합니다. NL이 mRNA의 용액 (260 페이지)를 주입하는 주입 압력을 조정한다. </li><li> 1 배 배아 (E3​​) 매체를 포함하는 멸균 플라스틱 페트리 접시에 계란을 수집합니다. </li><li> 플라스틱 파스퇴르 피펫을 사용하여 주입 접시에 20 ~ 30 배아를 전송합니다. </li><li> 한 세포 단계 (11)에서 노른자로 전지 셀에 또는 아래 사항 솔루션을 포함하는 2 NL의 mRNA를 주입한다. </li><li> 1 배 E3 매체를 포함하는 페트리 접시에 전송 주입 된 배아는, 미 수정 여부를 일반적으로 개발 배아를 제거하고 28 ° C에서 그들을 성장. 참고 : 가벼운 보호 O를배아 f를 실험을하는 동안 필요하지 않습니다. </li><li> 1 배 E3 매체에 제브라 피쉬의 배아를 올리고 색소 침착을 억제하는 낭 배기 후 0.2 mM의 PTU (1- 페닐 -2- 티오)를 추가합니다. 세균 오염의 위험을 최소화하기 위해 하루에 두 번 배지를 변경합니다. </li></ol> 3. 배아 퍼가기 <ol><li> GFP (녹색) 및 PSmOrange 형광 램프와 적절한 방출 필터가 장착 쌍안 현미경을 사용하여 (레드 / 오렌지)의 공동 발현 배아를 선택합니다. 1 배 E3 매체를 포함하는 멸균 페트리 접시에 긍정적 인 배아를 전송합니다. </li><li> 겸자 (12)를 사용하여 실체 현미경 Dechorionate 배아. </li><li> 1.0 ml를 포함하는 1.5 ML 튜브에 전송 한 배아 컷 팁 피펫 (P200)를 사용하여 초순수 제조 1.0 % 낮은 용융 아가로 오스 (LMA)를 미리은 예열. 참고 : 80 ° C에 LMA를 따뜻하게하고 배아를 삽입하기 전에 실온에서 3 ~ 5 분 동안 냉각. </li><li> 에 150 ㎕의 LMA에서 배아를 이동커브 글라스를 챔버 및 미세 플라스틱 팁을 사용, 아래로 반전 공 초점 레이저 주사 현미경 A1R + (또는 다른 적절한 현미경)에 기술 된 실험에서 배아의 방향, 예를 들어 지느러미 측면을 조정합니다. LMA가 중합되면, 마취 0.2 mM의 PTU 0.02 % 에틸 -3- 아미노 벤조 에이트 methansulfonate (Tricaine)를 함유하는 생선 물 챔버를 채운다. </li><li> 샘플을 이미징하기 전에 Tricaine의 효과를 확인하기 위해 15 분을 기다립니다. 마취는 브라이트 조명이 장착 된 실체 현미경을 사용하여 모니터링 할 수있는 배아의 움직임을 방지 할 수 있습니다. 주 : 챔버 회 재사용 될 수있다. </li></ol> 4. PSmOrange 광 <ol><li> 공 초점 현미경으로 시료를 넣고 488 nm의 각각 GFP 및 PSmOrange 촬상 561 nm의 레이저에 의한 photoconvert하는 영역을 식별하기 위해 표본을 검사한다. 주 : 반전 STA에 반전 촛점 레이저 주사 현미경을 사용 A1R +GE의 현미경 이미징 소프트웨어에 의해 TiEcontrolled 및 488 nm의, 561 nm의 광 및 이미징 640 nm의 레이저를 장착. 그러나, 애플리케이션이 확실히만큼 변환 이미징 레이저 라인이 가능한 현미경으로 한정되지 않는다. <ol><li> 제자리에 20X 공기 목적을 넣어 (NA : 0.75, WD를 : 1.0 mm, FOV : 0.64 X 0.64 mm)를. </li><li> 광 전에 PSmOrange 단백질을 검출하기 위해 다음과 같은 현미경 설정을 사용하여 561 nm의 레이저, 목적 위의 초점면에서 측정 된 0.74 mW의합니다. 주 :이 시스템이 40 %에 해당한다 (초점 평면에서 측정하는 유효 전력을 결정하기위한 유일한 방법이다). 변할 수-H2B PSmOrange 주사의 효율성 실험 필요에 따라 레이저 전력을 조정한다. </li><li> 관심 영역을 강조하기 위해 줌 요소를 추가합니다. 높은 배율 이미지 획득 시간 때문에 광독성을 감소시킨다. </li></ol></li><li> 구조를 포함하는 Z 스택 획득488 nm의 연속 모드 (라인 모드 1&gt; 4)에서 561 nm의 레이저를 사용하여 관심의. 1.0 및 2.0 μm의 사이의 Z-단계를 수정합니다. 라인 평균 주사 주파수는 화상 품질을 최적화하기 위해 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 샘플을 스캔하고 photoconvert 할 영역을 강조하기 위해 관심 (ROI) 도구의 지역을 선택합니다. 자극 곳은 투자 수익 (ROI)을 수정합니다. 사진 활성화 / 표백 모듈을 선택, 각 박스를 선택하여 488 nm의 레이저를 활성화하고 80 % (목적에서 측정 한 mW의 레이저 파워)로 488 nm의 레이저를 설정합니다. 0.5 초 / 프레임의 스캔 속도를 설정합니다. </li><li> 광 변환 유틸리티 (ND 자극)을 열고 광 설정을 지정합니다. <ol><li> 광 프로토콜을 지정하려면 &quot;추가&quot;명령을 클릭합니다. </li><li> &quot;취득 / 자극&quot;메뉴의 &quot;취득&quot;에서 &quot;단계&quot;한 설정과 이미지의 개수는 &quot;루프&quot;메뉴의 광 전에 취득 할 나타냅니다. </li><li> 세인트 &quot;로 설정&quot;단계 &quot;2imulation &quot;자극 이벤트의 수를 입력을 수행한다. </li><li> 조정 &quot;단계&quot;3 &quot;상&quot;1 선택적으로 기술 한 바와 같이, 이미지 수집의 마지막 라운드 전에 대기하는 시간을 입력하여 &quot;상&quot;이 후 대기 &quot;단계&quot;를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 모든 매개 변수가 설정되면, 자극 설정을 적용하고 광을 실행합니다. 레이저 전원 다를 수 있습니다 광 각 라운드에 대한 검사 및 반복 수의 주파수 및 배아로 배아 다릅니다 있습니다. 설정은 표 1에 나타내었다 시작합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 488 내지 561 nm이고, 상기와 같이 설정을 적용 640 nm의 레이저를 이용하여 마지막 Z 스택 획득. (mW의 4.5까지) 고 레이저 전력을 사용하여 변환 PSmOrange 시각화 640 nm의 레이저를 설정한다. </li></ol> LMA 5. 마운트 해제 배아 <ol><li> 현미경에서 챔버를 포함하는 배아를 제거합니다. 조심스럽게 아가로 오스 유에서 배아를 제거집게를 노래. </li><li> 새로운 멸균 플라스틱 페트리 접시로 또는 1 배 E3 0.2 mM의 PTU를 포함하는 멸균 6 웰 플레이트에 배아를 전송합니다. 개발의 원하는 단계까지 28 ° C에서 배아를 품어. </li></ol> 6. Photoconverted PSmOrange 단백질 발현하는 세포의 운명을 분석 <ol><li> 점 3.3 3.4에 기재된 바와 같이 배아를 다시 삽입. </li><li> 공 초점 현미경으로 시료를 놓고 관심 (488 ㎚)의 GFP 유전자 변형 구조 photoconverted 세포 (640 나노 미터)을 식별하기 위해 표본을 검사합니다. </li><li> 488 nm의, 561 nm의 연속 모드 (라인 모드 1&gt; 4)에서 640 nm의 레이저를 사용하여 관심의 구조를 다루는 Z 스택 획득. 1.0 및 2.0 μm의 사이의 Z-단계를 수정합니다. 라인 평균 주사 주파수는 화상 품질을 최적화하기 위해 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 어느 공동 특급 GFP와 photoconverted 단백질을 세포를 식별하기 위해 다음 방법 중 하나를 사용하십시오. <ol><li> 사용자 정의 만든 자동 피지 이미지J 매크로 3 <ol><li> 에서 Convolve &quot;GaussianBlur&quot;플러그인을 사용하여 원래 스택 (→ 과정 → GaussianBlur → 필터) 및 &quot;이미지 계산기&quot;플러그인 (→ 프로세스 → 이미지 계산기)를 사용하여 원래의 부드러운 스택을 뺍니다. 관심있는 구조를 시각화하고 분석 연산 시간을 줄이기 위해이 공정을 사용한다. </li><li> photoconverted 세포를 강조하기 위해 녹색과 원적외선 채널에 특정 임계 값을 적용 (→ 이미지 → → 임계 값을 조정합니다). 적절한 설정으로 임계 영역을 검출하기 위해 &quot;입자를 분석&quot;도구를 사용하여 (→ 입자를 분석 → 분석). </li><li> &quot;이미지 계산기&quot;플러그인을 열고 노란색 (→ 프로세스 → 이미지 계산기)에 녹색과 원적외선 채널의 중복의 ROI를 표시됩니다. </li></ol></li><li> 3D 데이터 평가 현미경 이미징 소프트웨어 <ol><li> 의 스택을 표시(3D 시각화 메뉴 →보기 볼륨보기 →) 쇼 볼륨보기 옵션을 사용하여 3D. , 녹색, 빨간색과 원적외선 채널을 선택 밝기와 대비를 조정하고 photoconverted 영역 (그림 1)을 강조 3D 스택을자를 그래픽 인터페이스를 사용합니다. 참고 : 데이터가 이미지 분석을위한 일반적인 대부분의 소프트웨어에서 사용할 수있는 분석 비슷한 방법. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+of+zebrafish+embryos+to+analyze+gene+function.">Microinjection of zebrafish embryos to analyze gene function.</a> J Vis Exp. (25), e1115 (2009).</li><li>Concha, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+tissue+interactions+across+the+dorsal+midline+of+the+forebrain+establish+CNS+laterality.">Local tissue interactions across the dorsal midline of the forebrain establish CNS laterality.</a> Neuron. 39, 423-438 (2003).</li><li>Auer, T. O., Duroure, K., Concordet, J. P., Del Bene, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9-mediated+conversion+of+eGFP-+into+Gal4-transgenic+lines+in+zebrafish.">CRISPR/Cas9-mediated conversion of eGFP- into Gal4-transgenic lines in zebrafish.</a> Nature Protocols. 9, 2823-2840 (2014).</li><li>Auer, T. O., Duroure, K., De Cian, A., Concordet, J. P., Del Bene, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+CRISPR/Cas9-mediated+knock-in+in+zebrafish+by+homology-independent+DNA+repair.">Highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in in zebrafish by homology-independent DNA repair.</a> Genome Research. 24, 142-153 (2014).</li><li>Keller, P. J., Schmidt, A. D., Wittbrodt, J., Stelzer, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstruction+of+zebrafish+early+embryonic+development+by+scanned+light+sheet+microscopy.">Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic development by scanned light sheet microscopy.</a> Science. 322, 1065-1069 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

형광 기자를 운반하는 형질 전환 배아는 배아 발달을 이해하는 것이 근본적으로 도왔다. 그러나, 특정 구조의 특정 시각화를 용이하게하기위한 촉진제 중요한 필요성은 여전히​​ 존재한다. 자신의 부재에서 연구자들은 관심의 그 구조의 기원과 발전에 대해 알고 형광 단백질의 광과 같은 기술에 의존하고 있습니다. 이것은 차례로 개발에 관련된 분자 메커니즘을 식별하는 중요한 조건이다. 제...

Exponentially improving imaging techniques allow following developmental processes over time periods of up to about four consecutive days3. In zebrafish and many other animal model systems, specific cells, tissues, axonal or vascular structures are marked by transgenic green or sometimes red or yellow fluorescent proteins to facilitate visualization. However, in most transgenic lines the transgene is not specifically expressed in the cells of interest but also additional structures, which hinders the precise tracking of for instance single cells or groups of cells.
Fluorescent photoconvertible proteins are well suited for cell tracking during embryonic development. The prerequisites for the application of such proteins are a long-lived nature, a well-separated emission range upon conversion and bright fluorescence. Available photoconvertible proteins comprise those that change their emission range upon conversion such as Kaede4, KiGR5, mEos26, PS-CFP2 or Dendra27 and others which are only fluorescent when photoactivated (PAmCherry8, PAGFP9 or PATagRFP10). Their applications to track cells in existing FP-transgenic animals are however limited as they often involve a green fluorescent state or do not fulfill all of the above criteria. Only recently, Subach and colleagues reported the PSmOrange protein, which changes its emission from orange/red to far red upon photoconversion and was successfully applied in cells in culture and cultured cells injected into mice2.
To investigate the protein's suitability for cell tracking in a living embryo, we generated an expression construct for the microinjection of nuclear-tagged H2B-PSmOrange into zebrafish embryos. We find that the protein fulfills all prerequisites for successful cell tracking in GFP transgenic backgrounds during the first 4 (and possibly more) days of zebrafish embryonic development. During this time, most of the cell migratory events are completed in fish making the PSmOrange system an excellent addition to the zebrafish toolkit.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PCR Purification Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mMESSAGE mMACHINE SP6 Transcription kit</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM1340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNeasy MiniElute Cleanup kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Pasteur</td><td>alpha laboratories</td><td>LW4000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Original H2B-PSmOrange Plasmid</td><td>Addgene</td><td>31920</td><td>The plasmid described in the paper is available in the Carl lab</td></tr><tr><td>FemtoJet Microinjector</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5247 000.013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (5 Inox)</td><td>NeoLab</td><td>2-1633</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lab-Tek II Chambered #1.5 German Coverglass System&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nunc</td><td>155382</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nikon A1R+</td><td>Nikon GmbH Germany</td><td>No Number</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nikon PLAN Apo &amp;lambda; 20X air objective&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon GmbH Germany</td><td>No Number</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIS Elements AR Software (v. 4.30.02)</td><td>Nikon GmbH Germany/Laboratory Imaging</td><td>No Number</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

tracking cells in gfp-transgenic zebrafish using the photoconvertible psmorange system

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing developmental processes as they happen in the living animal. Cells of interest can be labeled by using a tissue specific promoter to drive the expression of a fluorescent protein (FP) for the generation of transgenic lines. Using fluorescent photoconvertible proteins for this purpose additionally allows to precisely follow defined structures within the expression domain. Illuminating the protein in the region of interest, changes its emission spectrum and highlights a particular cell or cell cluster leaving other transgenic cells in their original color. A major limitation is the lack of known promoters for a large number of tissues in the zebrafish. Conversely, gene- and enhancer trap screens have generated enormous transgenic resources discretely labeling literally all embryonic structures mostly with GFP or to a lesser extend red or yellow FPs. An approach to follow defined structures in such transgenic backgrounds would be to additionally introduce a ubiquitous photoconvertible protein, which could be converted in the cell(s) of interest. However, the photoconvertible proteins available involve a green and/or less frequently a red emission state1 and can therefore often not be used to track cells in the FP-background of existing transgenic lines. To circumvent this problem, we have established the PSmOrange system for the zebrafish2,3. Simple microinjection of synthetic mRNA encoding a nuclear form of this protein labels all cell nuclei with orange/red fluorescence. Upon targeted photoconversion of the protein, it switches its emission spectrum to far red. The quantum efficiency and stability of the protein makes PSmOrange a superb cell-tracking tool for zebrafish and possibly other teleost species.

도 1은 PSmOrange 광 변환 시스템의 일례를 도시한다. 뇌의 복잡한은 척추 동물의 등쪽 간뇌의 보존 구조입니다. 많은 다른 척추 동물에서와 마찬가지로,이 단지는 간뇌 왼쪽 양면 parapineal 세포의 중앙에 뇌의 기관으로 구성되어 있습니다. 우아한하지만 시간이 많이 소요되는 uncaging 실험은 parapineal 세포가 뇌의 기관 (13)의 앞쪽 부분에 발생한 것으로 나?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System at JoVE.com

Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System

We established the photoconvertible PSmOrange system as a powerful, straight-forward and cost inexpensive tool for in vivo cell tracking in GFP transgenic backgrounds. This protocol describes its application in the zebrafish model system.

Photoconvertible PSmOrange 시스템을 사용하여 GFP 유전자 변형 Zebrafish의 세포를 추적

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing ...

tracking-cells-gfp-transgenic-zebrafish-using-photoconvertible

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.5K 조회수.  Heidelberg University. We established the photoconvertible PSmOrange system as a powerful, straight-forward and cost inexpensive tool for in vivo cell tracking in GFP transgenic backgrounds. This protocol describes its application in the zebrafish model system.

비디오: Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

생활 그대로 Zebrafish에 단일 셀 Photoconversion

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

연구

발생학

Following Endocardial Tissue Movements via Cell Photoconversion in the Zebrafish Embryo

During embryogenesis, cells undergo dynamic changes in cell behavior, and deciphering the cellular logic behind these changes is a fundamental goal in the field of developmental biology. The discovery and development of photoconvertible proteins have greatly aided our understanding of these dynamic changes by providing a method to optically highlight cells and tissues. However, while photoconversion, time-lapse microscopy, and subsequent image analysis have proven to be very successful in uncovering cellular dynamics in organs such as the brain or the eye, this approach is generally not used in the developing heart due to challenges posed by the rapid movement of the heart during the cardiac cycle. This protocol consists of two parts. The first part describes a method for photoconverting and subsequently tracking endocardial cells (EdCs) during zebrafish atrioventricular canal (AVC) and atrioventricular heart valve development. The method involves temporally stopping the heart with a drug in order for accurate photoconversion to take place. Hearts are allowed to resume beating upon removal of the drug and embryonic development continues normally until the heart is stopped again for high-resolution imaging of photoconverted EdCs at a later developmental time point. The second part of the protocol describes an image analysis method to quantify the length of a photoconverted or non-photoconverted region in the AVC in young embryos by mapping the fluorescent signal from the three-dimensional structure onto a two-dimensional map. Together, the two parts of the protocol allows one to examine the origin and behavior of cells that make up the zebrafish AVC and atrioventricular heart valve, and can potentially be applied for studying mutants, morphants, or embryos that have been treated with reagents that disrupt AVC and/or valve development.

This protocol describes a method for the photoconversion of Kaede fluorescent protein in endocardial cells of the living zebrafish embryo that enables the tracking of endocardial cells during atrioventricular canal and atrioventricular heart valve development.

Zebrafish 태아에 있는 세포 Photoconversion 통해 다음 Endocardial 조직 움직임

During embryogenesis, cells undergo dynamic changes in cell behavior, and deciphering the cellular logic behind these changes is a fundamental goal in the ...

Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Photoactivation of target compounds in a living organism has proven a valuable approach to investigate various biological processes such as embryonic development, cellular signaling and adult physiology. In this respect, the use of multi-photon microscopy enables quantitative photoactivation of a given light responsive agent in deep tissues at a single cell resolution. As zebrafish embryos are optically transparent, their development can be monitored in vivo. These traits make the zebrafish a perfect model organism for controlling the activity of a variety of chemical agents and proteins by focused light. Here we describe the use of two-photon microscopy to induce the activation of chemically caged fluorescein, which in turn allows us to follow cell's destiny in live zebrafish embryos. We use embryos expressing a live genetic landmark (GFP) to locate and precisely target any cells of interest. This procedure can be similarly used for precise light induced activation of proteins, hormones, small molecules and other caged compounds.

Multiphoton microscopy allows control of low energy photons with deep optical penetration and reduced phototoxicity. We describe the use of this technology for live cell labeling in zebrafish embryos. This protocol can be readily adapted for photo-induction of various light-responsive molecules.

라이브 Zebrafish 태아에서 두 광자 기반 Photoactivati​​on

Photoactivation of target compounds in a living organism has proven a valuable approach to investigate various biological processes such as embryonic ...

생물학

Photoconversion of Purified Fluorescent Proteins and Dual-probe Optical Highlighting in Live Cells

Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (pc-FPs) are a class of fluorescent proteins with "optical highlighter" capability, meaning that the color of fluorescence can be changed by exposure to light of a specific wavelength. Optical highlighting allows noninvasive marking of a subpopulation of fluorescent molecules, and is therefore ideal for tracking single cells or organelles.
Critical parameters for efficient photoconversion are the intensity and the exposure time of the photoconversion light. If the intensity is too low, photoconversion will be slow or not occur at all. On the other hand, too much intensity or too long exposure can photobleach the protein and thereby reduce the efficiency of photoconversion.
This protocol describes a general approach how to set up a confocal laser scanning microscope for pc-FP photoconversion applications. First, we describe a procedure for preparing purified protein droplet samples. This sample format is very convenient for studying the photophysical behavior of fluorescent proteins under the microscope. Second, we will use the protein droplet sample to show how to configure the microscope for photoconversion. And finally, we will show how to perform optical highlighting in live cells, including dual-probe optical highlighting with mOrange2 and Dronpa.

This protocol describes a general approach to perform photoconversion of fluorescent proteins on a confocal laser scanning microscope. We describe procedures for the photoconversion of puried protein samples, as well as for dual-probe optical highlighting in live cells with mOrange2 and Dronpa.

라이브 세포에 형광 단백질과 듀얼 프로브 광학 하이라이트 기능을 정화의 Photoconversion

Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (pc-FPs) are a class of fluorescent proteins with "optical highlighter" capability, meaning that the color of ...

Multicolor Time-lapse Imaging of Transgenic Zebrafish: Visualizing Retinal Stem Cells Activated by Targeted Neuronal Cell Ablation

High-resolution time-lapse imaging of living zebrafish larvae can be utilized to visualize how biological processes unfold (for review see 1). Compound transgenic fish which express different fluorescent reporters in neighboring cell types provide a means of following cellular interactions 2 and/or tissue-level responses to experimental manipulations over time. In this video, we demonstrate methods that can be used for imaging multiple transgenically labeled cell types serially in individual fish over time courses that can span from minutes to several days. The techniques described are applicable to any study seeking to correlate the "behavior" of neighboring cells types over time, including: 1) serial 'catch and release' methods for imaging a large number of fish over successive days, 2) simplified approaches for separating fluorophores with overlapping excitation/emission profiles (e.g., GFP and YFP), 3) use of hypopigmented mutant lines to extend the time window available for high-resolution imaging into late larval stages of development, 4) use of membrane targeted fluorescent reporters to reveal fine morphological detail of individual cells as well as cellular details in larger populations of cells, and 5) a previously described method for chemically-induced ablation of transgenically targeted cell types; i.e., nitroreductase (NTR) mediated conversion of prodrug substrates, such as metronidazole (MTZ), to cytotoxic derivatives 3,5.
As an example of these approaches, we will visualize the ablation and regeneration of a subtype of retinal bipolar neuron within individual fish over several days. Simultaneously we will monitor several other retinal cell types, including neighboring non-targeted bipolar cells and potential degeneration-stimulated retinal stem cells (i.e., M&#971;ller glia). This strategy is being applied in our lab to characterize cell- and tissue-level (e.g., stem cell niche) responses to the selective loss and regeneration of targeted neuronal cell types.

In this video, techniques for multicolor confocal time-lapse imaging and targeted cell ablation are provided. Time-lapse imaging is used to monitor the behavior of multiple cell types of interest in vivo. Targeted cell ablation facilitates the study neural circuit function and cell-specific neuronal regeneration paradigms.

트렌스 제닉 Zebrafish의 여러 가지 빛깔의 시간 저속 영상 : 타겟의 연결을 세포 절제에 의해 활성화 떠올리 망막 줄기 세포

High-resolution time-lapse imaging of living zebrafish larvae can be utilized to visualize how biological processes unfold (for review see 1). Compound ...

Single Cell Fate Mapping in Zebrafish

The ability to differentially label single cells has important implications in developmental biology. For instance, determining how hematopoietic, lymphatic, and blood vessel lineages arise in developing embryos requires fate mapping and lineage tracing of undifferentiated precursor cells. Recently, photoactivatable proteins which include: Eos1, 2, PAmCherry3, Kaede4-7, pKindling8, and KikGR9, 10 have received wide interest as cell tracing probes. The fluorescence spectrum of these photosensitive proteins can be easily converted with UV excitation, allowing a population of cells to be distinguished from adjacent ones. However, the photoefficiency of the activated protein may limit long-term cell tracking11. As an alternative to photoactivatable proteins, caged fluorescein-dextran has been widely used in embryo model systems7, 12-14. Traditionally, to uncage fluorescein-dextran, UV excitation from a fluorescence lamp house or a single photon UV laser has been used; however, such sources limit the spatial resolution of photoactivation. Here we report a protocol to fate map, lineage trace, and detect single labeled cells. Single cells in embryos injected with caged fluorescein-dextran are photoactivated with near-infrared laser pulses produced from a titanium sapphire femtosecond laser. This laser is customary in all two-photon confocal microscopes such as the LSM 510 META NLO microscope used in this paper. Since biological tissue is transparent to near-infrared irradiation15, the laser pulses can be focused deep within the embryo without uncaging cells above or below the selected focal plane. Therefore, non-linear two-photon absorption is induced only at the geometric focus to uncage fluorescein-dextran in a single cell. To detect the cell containing uncaged fluorescein-dextran, we describe a simple immunohistochemistry protocol16 to rapidly visualize the activated cell. The activation and detection protocol presented in this paper is versatile and can be applied to any model system. 
Note: The reagents used in this protocol can be found in the table appended at the end of the article.

A method is described to photoactivate single cells containing a caged fluorescent protein using two-photon absorption from a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser oscillator. To fate map the photoactivated cell, immunohistochemistry is used. This technique can be applied to any cell type.

Zebrafish의 단세포 운명 매핑

The ability to differentially label single cells has important implications in developmental biology. For instance, determining how hematopoietic, ...

Cell Tracking Using Photoconvertible Proteins During Zebrafish Development

Embryogenesis is a dynamic process that is best studied by using techniques that allow the documentation of developmental changes in vivo. The use of genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins has proven a valuable strategy for elucidating dynamic morphogenetic processes as they occur in the intact organism. During the past decade, the development of photoactivatable and photoconvertible fluorescent proteins has opened the possibility to investigate the fate of discrete subpopulations of tagged proteins1. Unlike photoactivatable proteins, photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) are readily tracked and imaged in their native emission state prior to photoconversion, making it easier to identify and select regions by optical inspection. PCFPs, such as Kaede2, KikGR3, Dendra4 and EosFP5, can be shifted from green to red upon exposure to UV or blue light due to a His-Tyr-Gly tripeptide sequence which forms a green chromophore that can be photoconverted to a red one by a light-catalyzed &beta;-elimination and subsequent extension of a &pi;-conjugated system3. PCFPs and their monomeric variants are useful tools for tracking cells6-10 and studying protein dynamics11-14, respectively. During recent years, PCFPs have been expressed in different animal model, such as zebrafish6, chicken7,8 and mouse9,10 for cell fate tracking. Here we report a protocol for cell-specific photoconversion of PCFPs in the living zebrafish embryo and further tracking of photoconverted proteins at later developmental stages. This methodology allows studying, in a tissue-specific manner, cell biological events underlying morphogenesis in the zebrafish animal model.

Here, we present a method for the photoactivated switch of photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) in the living zebrafish embryo and further tracking of photoconverted protein at specific time points during development. This methodology allows monitoring of cell biological events underlying different developmental processes in a live vertebrate organism.

Zebrafish 개발하는 동안 Photoconvertible 단백질을 사용하여 셀 추적

Embryogenesis is a dynamic process that is best studied by using techniques that allow the documentation of developmental changes in vivo. The use of ...

Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells

Segmentation is a periodic and sequential morphogenetic process in vertebrates. This rhythmic formation of blocks of tissue called somites along the body axis is evidence of a genetic oscillator patterning the developing embryo. In zebrafish, the intracellular clock driving segmentation is comprised of members of the Her/Hes transcription factor family organized into negative feedback loops. We have recently generated transgenic fluorescent reporter lines for the cyclic gene her1 that recapitulate the spatio-temporal pattern of oscillations in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Using these lines, we developed an in vitro culture system that allows real-time analysis of segmentation clock oscillations within single, isolated PSM cells. By removing PSM tissue from transgenic embryos and then dispersing cells from oscillating regions onto glass-bottom dishes, we generated cultures suitable for time-lapse imaging of fluorescence signal from individual clock cells. This approach provides an experimental and conceptual framework for direct manipulation of the segmentation clock with unprecedented single-cell resolution, allowing its cell-autonomous and tissue-level properties to be distinguished and dissected.

Somitogenesis is a rhythmic developmental process that spatially patterns the body axis of vertebrate embryos. Previously, we developed transgenic zebrafish lines that use fluorescent reporters to observe the cyclic genes that drive this process. Here, we culture dispersed cells from these lines and image their oscillations over time in vitro.

단일 세포의 Zebrafish의 분할 시계의 이미징을위한 분산 Presomitic 중배엽 세포 배양의 생성

Segmentation is a  periodic and sequential morphogenetic process in vertebrates. This rhythmic  formation of blocks of tissue called somites along the ...

ROS Live Cell Imaging During Neuronal Development

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-established signaling molecules, which are important in normal development, homeostasis, and physiology. Among the different ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is best characterized with respect to roles in cellular signaling. H2O2 has been implicated during the development in several species. For example, a transient increase in H2O2 has been detected in zebrafish embryos during the first days following fertilization. Furthermore, depleting an important cellular H2O2 source, NADPH oxidase (NOX), impairs nervous system development such as the differentiation, axonal growth, and guidance of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) both in&#160;vivo and in vitro. Here, we describe a method for imaging intracellular H2O2 levels in cultured zebrafish neurons and whole larvae during development using the genetically encoded H2O2-specific biosensor, roGFP2-Orp1. This probe can be transiently or stably expressed in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, the ratiometric readout diminishes the probability of detecting artifacts due to differential gene expression or volume effects. First, we demonstrate how to isolate and culture RGCs derived from zebrafish embryos that transiently express roGFP2-Orp1. Then, we use whole larvae to monitor H2O2 levels at the tissue level. The sensor has been validated by the addition of H2O2. Additionally, this methodology could be used to measure H2O2 levels in specific cell types and tissues by generating transgenic animals with tissue-specific biosensor expression. As zebrafish facilitate genetic and developmental manipulations, the approach demonstrated here could serve as a pipeline to test the role of H2O2 during neuronal and general embryonic development in vertebrates.

This protocol describes the use of a genetically encoded hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-biosensor in cultured zebrafish neurons and larvae for assessing the physiological signaling roles of H2O2 during nervous system development. It can be applied to different cell types and modified with experimental treatments to study reactive oxygen species (ROS) in general development.

신경 발달 도중 ROS 살아있는 세포 화상 진찰

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-established signaling molecules, which are important in normal development, homeostasis, and physiology. Among the ...

신경과학

Protein Phase Separation Assay: An Optogenetic Method for Mutant RNA-Binding Protein Phase Separation in Spinal Motor Neurons of Zebrafish Larvae

Source: Asakawa, K. et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/62932">Optogenetic Phase Transition of TDP-43 in Spinal Motor Neurons of Zebrafish Larvae.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
In this video, we describe a phase separation assay, wherein intracellular proteins comprising intrinsically disordered regions fused to a photosensitive oligomerization domain are induced via blue-light exposure to self-associate into membrane-less liquid-like condensates.

단백질 상 분리 분석: 제브라피시 유충의 척추 운동 뉴런에서 돌연변이 RNA 결합 단백질 상 분리를 위한 광유전학적 방법

Source: Asakawa, K. et al. Optogenetic Phase Transition of TDP-43 in Spinal Motor Neurons of Zebrafish Larvae. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
In this video, we ...

Photoconvertible PSmOrange 시스템을 사용하여 GFP 유전자 변형 Zebrafish의 세포를 추적

요약

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생활 그대로 Zebrafish에 단일 셀 Photoconversion

Zebrafish 태아에 있는 세포 Photoconversion 통해 다음 Endocardial 조직 움직임

라이브 Zebrafish 태아에서 두 광자 기반 Photoactivation

라이브 세포에 형광 단백질과 듀얼 프로브 광학 하이라이트 기능을 정화의 Photoconversion

트렌스 제닉 Zebrafish의 여러 가지 빛깔의 시간 저속 영상 : 타겟의 연결을 세포 절제에 의해 활성화 떠올리 망막 줄기 세포

Zebrafish의 단세포 운명 매핑

Zebrafish 개발하는 동안 Photoconvertible 단백질을 사용하여 셀 추적

단일 세포의 Zebrafish의 분할 시계의 이미징을위한 분산 Presomitic 중배엽 세포 배양의 생성

신경 발달 도중 ROS 살아있는 세포 화상 진찰

단백질 상 분리 분석: 제브라피시 유충의 척추 운동 뉴런에서 돌연변이 RNA 결합 단백질 상 분리를 위한 광유전학적 방법

Photoconvertible PSmOrange 시스템을 사용하여 GFP 유전자 변형 Zebrafish의 세포를 추적

요약

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생활 그대로 Zebrafish에 단일 셀 Photoconversion

Zebrafish 태아에 있는 세포 Photoconversion 통해 다음 Endocardial 조직 움직임

라이브 Zebrafish 태아에서 두 광자 기반 Photoactivati​​on

라이브 세포에 형광 단백질과 듀얼 프로브 광학 하이라이트 기능을 정화의 Photoconversion

트렌스 제닉 Zebrafish의 여러 가지 빛깔의 시간 저속 영상 : 타겟의 연결을 세포 절제에 의해 활성화 떠올리 망막 줄기 세포

Zebrafish의 단세포 운명 매핑

Zebrafish 개발하는 동안 Photoconvertible 단백질을 사용하여 셀 추적

단일 세포의 Zebrafish의 분할 시계의 이미징을위한 분산 Presomitic 중배엽 세포 배양의 생성

신경 발달 도중 ROS 살아있는 세포 화상 진찰

단백질 상 분리 분석: 제브라피시 유충의 척추 운동 뉴런에서 돌연변이 RNA 결합 단백질 상 분리를 위한 광유전학적 방법

라이브 Zebrafish 태아에서 두 광자 기반 Photoactivation