Name: assessment of plasma coagulation on liver tissue in a large animal model in vivo
Uploaded: 2018-08-04T13:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo at JoVE.com

著者の謝辞があります。

原則研究所動物ケアの (健康の国民の協会文書編 8、2011) と同様、動物研究のドイツの立法によって支配される規則に従っていた。政府の動物の世話のオフィス (Landesamt für Natur 環 und Verbraucherschutz ノルトライン ・ ヴェストファーレン州、レックリングハウゼン、ドイツ) から公式許可します。
1. 動物
<ol><li>オープンケージで収容 (25-30 kg) 女性ドイツ在来種豚を使用します。</li>
	<li>5 動物群 (アルゴン ・ ヘリウム) を使用します。</li>
	<li>実験する前に、少なくとも 1 週間、環境に順応する動物を許可します。水への無料アクセスと手術前に 24 h の高速動物。</li>
</ol>2. 麻酔
<ol><li>Premedicate (15 mg/kg 体重 [BW]) ケタミン ・ キシラジン (10 mg/kg BW)、アトロピン (0.1 mg/kg BW) 筋肉内注射と動物麻酔導入前に 10 分。</li>
	<li>22 ゲージ カニューレの耳静脈に配置によって末梢静脈アクセスを設立します。</li>
	<li>プロポ フォール 2 mg/kg の静脈注射による麻酔を誘導します。</li>
	<li>仰臥位で動物を置き、2 cm。 皮下組織の鈍的準備を通じ検索静脈の長さの頸静脈の溝に縦切開を実行します。セルジンガー ワイヤー、カニューレを挿入します。</li>
	<li>カニューレを撤回し、ガイドワイヤー 14 神父カテーテルを挿入します。ガイドワイヤーを撤回します。拡張機能にカテーテルを接続し、ストラップや縫合糸でカテーテルを固定します。</li>
	<li>舌を抜くし、まっすぐ喉頭鏡を挿入します。喉頭鏡のヒントを使用して、喉頭蓋をプルダウンします。声帯からチューブを挿入します。声門下カフを配置し、膨らませます。</li>
	<li>36 と 42 の mm Hg の間呼気終末部分炭素二酸化炭素の張力を維持する 40% 酸素 20 26 呼吸/分で 10 ml/kg の一回換気量と換気します。</li>
	<li>1 1.5% の濃度でイソフルランと 3-4 μ g/kg/h の濃度でフェンタニル麻酔を維持します。</li>
	<li>4 mL/kg の初期速度で乳酸リンゲル液を供給/h、8 mL/kg の持続注入率を開腹後増加/h。</li>
</ol>3. 手術とプラズマ凝固
<ol><li>標準的な手術台に仰臥位に動物を配置します。</li>
	<li>標準的な手術の消毒薬を適用することによって皮膚を消毒 (2-プロパノール 45 g/100 g、1-プロパノール 10 g/100 g、ビフェニル-2-オール 0.2 g/100 g) を 3 回手術綿棒。</li>
	<li>剣状突起からメスと恥骨へ広い正中開腹を実行し、手術リトラクターをインストールします。</li>
	<li>プラズマ凝固装置のスイッチは、使用キャリアガスによって、アルゴンまたはヘリウムのガスのボトルを開きます。3 L/分に応じて選択凝固デバイス出力へのガス流を調整します。 注: プラズマ凝固の両方の気高いガス、アルゴンまたはヘリウムを使用できます。凝固効果はほぼ同等です。詳細については文献7を参照してください。</li>
	<li>上記7として左肝葉でプラズマ凝固を実行します。チタン金型 (正方形開口 1 × 1 cm2) を使用して、凝固ゾーンを標準化します。5 凝固プローブ距離 1 cm で s。それぞれ異なる電源設定と凝集は、短い間隔 5 mm (図 1) の凝集と並行実行できます。</li>
	<li>肝臓の収穫のため肝臓にすべての靭帯接続を分割します。分離し、門脈と胆管の長い部分を残して優れた十二指腸曲げ上肝椎弓根を分割します。大静脈上と下の肝臓を分割し、器官を取得します。</li>
	<li>肝臓を採取後、豚は 0.16 g/kg BW ペントバルビ タールの投与によって安楽死されました。</li>
	<li>バースト圧力実験のための鋭いはさみで左の内側の肝葉の半分を切除します。プラズマ凝固させ、カット面 (100 w 出力) またはフィブリン (図 2) でカット表面をシールします。</li>
</ol>4. 微小循環測定
注: レーザー ドップラー分光は、赤血球の移動によるドップラー シフトの測定を通じて組織の血流を確認できます。レーザー信号移動赤血球の数と相関します。レーザー ドップラー分光法は臨床使用 (例えば移植医学) とされている複数回15を検証します。
<ol><li>レーザー レーザードップラー血流計や分光光度計に切り替えます。フラットのプローブを使用します。</li>
	<li>流れと速度の基準測定値を取る。保存または値に注意してください。</li>
	<li>前述の下 3.5 凝固を実行します。</li>
	<li>速度とメジャー流凝固サイトにフラットのプローブを配置します。もう一度、保存または値に注意してください。</li>
	<li>凝固装置装置のすべての電源設定について繰り返します。</li>
</ol>5. 温度測定
<ol><li>(サーモグラフィ カメラ、ノートブック、および赤外線温度計) にシステムを切り替え、測定を実行する前に少なくとも 1 時間を実行します。</li>
	<li>フォーカスを調整し、凝固敷地サーモグラフィ カメラのフレームを表示します。20 よりも大きい温度解像度 1024 x 768 ピクセルの空間分解能で検出できる赤外線シーケンス mK。考慮する凝固や周囲の組織の地域-熱伝達によって影響を受ける-ビューの途中であります。 注: それは可能な限り最適な空間解像度のフレームのピクセル数を含める必要があります。</li>
	<li>2 分にわたって肝表面にプラズマ凝固装置、サーモグラフィ カメラで凝固プロセスを記録します。</li>
	<li>サーモグラフィー解析ソフトウェアで画像を分析: 興味の領域を定義します。 注: ソフトウェアは、時間をかけて対応する平均温度のコースを計算します。</li>
</ol>6. 凝固深度測定
<ol><li>シャープはさみ左内側肝葉を収穫します。</li>
	<li>1 cm の厚さで凝固サイトを切除します。さらなる処理のため 3 mm 厚の経度方向のセグメントにカットします。</li>
	<li>一晩で中立的な 10% の 4 ° C で修正組織サンプルは、ホルマリンをバッファリングします。パラフィン 2 ° C、融点以上に加熱し、スライスを埋め込みます。一晩プロセス。</li>
	<li>ヘマトキシリン ・ エオシン染色を実行します。<ol>
<li>Deparaffinize し、その後を 2 に浸すことによって組織をメタンハイド レート x キシレン 100% エタノール (エタノール)、95% エタノール、70 %etoh, 脱イオン H2O 2 分。</li>
		<li>3 分のマイヤーのヘマトキシリン液と組織標本を染色します。</li>
		<li>今、5 分間水道水ですすいでください。</li>
		<li>エオシン溶液 3 分間で組織を染色します。</li>
		<li>3 分の 2 の x EtOH 95%、キシレンですすいでください。メディアを標準マウントをマウントします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>(顕微鏡接続カメラ、イメージング ソフトウェア) のシステムに切り替えます。40 倍の倍率ですべてのセクションを表示します。</li>
	<li>40 倍の倍率でオブジェクト マイクロメータのイメージを取る。再目的ウィンドウでボタンを押します。手動校正を選択します。入力 0, 1 mm] ダイアログ ボックスでは、100 μ m のマイクロメータ イメージ上に線を描画し、OK を押します。</li>
	<li>ビューで長さを選択 > 解析コントロール > アノテーションや測定ウィンドウ。マウスを使って凝固余白に肝臓表面から測定します。エクスポートまたは結果に注意してください。同じスライド上の別の場所で測定を繰り返します。 注: 凝固深度は、通常肝細胞コードと縮められた細胞質、核濃縮核出血ゾーンと壊死のゾーン間のシャープなマージンによって通常の肝組織から簡単に区別できます。</li>
	<li>2 つの測定の平均値を計算します。</li>
</ol>7. バースト圧力測定
<ol><li>スイッチ (自動ポンプ、圧力計) のシステム。ステップ 3.7 によると肝臓のサンプルを準備します。 注: 3 方法活栓を介して接続された 2 つの並列ポンプを使用します。シングル ポンプで 1,500 の mm Hg の最大圧力が得られません。</li>
	<li>触覚の茎にはさみで門脈、肝動脈、胆管を分離します。門脈を喀鉗子でクランプし、4-0 monofil 縫合糸で結紮します。総肝動脈 overholt 鉗子をクランプし、4-0 monofil 縫合糸で結紮します。</li>
	<li>Ch 16 カテーテルを胆管に挿入し、2-0 絹縫合糸で結紮します。圧力計 (図 3) と三方活栓をインストール、自動ポンプにカテーテルを接続します。</li>
	<li>生理食塩水で灌流注射器を満たしなさい。</li>
	<li>99 mL/h の配信率の自動ポンプを開始します。</li>
	<li>漏れとレコードの破裂圧力の肝カット面と圧力計を監視します。 注: を漏れの簡単に認識、特許の青は生理食塩水 (2 mL 特許ブルー + 18 mL 生理食塩水) を追加できます。圧力計の圧力の損失の時に気付いて、破裂圧力を確認しやすいです。</li>
</ol>

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長い時間16肝臓手術の齧歯動物モデルが確立されます。大動物モデルがある特定の利点を提供するにもかかわらず、: 人間のための標準的な手術機器を適用できる、手術手技、臨床使用に匹敵する、標準的な臨床的評価方法は、顕微鏡の装置は必要ありません実験に移ります。特別な実験室試験方法 (図 10) を必要とせず標準臨床血液検査が実施される?...

アルゴン プラズマ凝固法 (APC) は、三十年1,2以上の腹部手術で広く使われている楽器です。肝臓のシールによる主要な肝切除後の出血3を防ぐために表面をカット後、二次止血の達成のための標準的な技法です。プラズマ凝固法は、高周波電気焼灼器、イオン化されたガスのアークを介して電気エネルギーを提供の特殊な形式です。モノポーラ電熱止血を提供し、この非接触技術組織4に固執する電極を防止する利点があります。イオン化されたガスのビームは自動的に最低の電気抵抗の領域に送られます、抵抗上昇乾燥のため他の地域がまだ乾燥して離れになっています。これは凝固5,6の制服の限られた深さを生成します。凝固効果に影響する要因は活性化凝固装置とプローブから組織までの距離の電源設定の時間します。ヘリウムは別のキャリア ガスをプラズマ凝固7に使用することができます。最近の臨床研究に集中して成績ではなく、機能的な組織学的所見3,8,9,生体外で調査10 に焦点を当てた実験中または分離臓器11実験。
基になるプロトコルにより、豚の人間の標準的な装置を使用して臨床応用に近い大規模な動物モデルのプラズマ凝固法の効果に関する研究: 微小循環がレーザーのドップラー流量計による非侵襲的評価と分光光度計、この表示12,13の標準的な臨床ツールです。凝固過程での温度変化は、赤外線放射温度計とサーモグラフィ カメラで監視されます。凝固の深さは、組織学的ヘマトキシリン ・ エオシン組織サンプルの採取後のセクションを染色で測定されます。二次止血のための他の手段との比較、バースト圧力実験を行った。血圧を除外する explanted 器官で実施されますが前述のテクニック14とは対照的に関連した効果。プラズマ凝固のローカル影響の調査の説明に加えてブタモデルで標準的な血液検査を実施することもできます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Xylazine 20 mg/mL</td><td>Vetoquinol GmbH</td><td>Xylapan</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine 100 mg/mL</td><td>Ceva GmbH</td><td>Ceva Ketamine Injection</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atropine 100 mg / 10 mL</td><td>Dr. Franz K&amp;ouml;hler Chemie GmbH</td><td>Atropinsulfat K&amp;ouml;hler 100mg Amp.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propofol</td><td>Fresenius Kabi GmbH</td><td>Propofol 1% MCT Fresenius</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fentanyl</td><td>KG Rotexmedica GmbH</td><td>Fentanyl 0,5mg Rotexmedica</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Abbot GmbH</td><td>Forene 100% (V/V) 250 mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ringer&#039;s lactate solution</td><td>Baxter Deutschland GmbH</td><td></td><td>sodium 131mmol/l, potassium 5 mmol/l, calcium 2 mmol/l, cloride 111 mmol/l, lactate 29 mmol/l</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical disinfactant</td><td>Sch&amp;uuml;lke &amp;amp; Mayr GmbH</td><td>Kodan Tinktur forte gef&amp;auml;rbt 1l 104804</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Motorized microscope</td><td>Nikon Instruments Europe</td><td>Eclipse TE2000-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope camera</td><td>Nikon Instruments Europe</td><td>Digitalsight DS-Qi1Mc</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Imaging software</td><td>Nikon Instruments Europe</td><td>NIS elements Vers. 4.40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plasma coagulator</td><td>S&amp;ouml;ring GmbH</td><td>CPC-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Argon gas</td><td>Linde AG</td><td>Argon 4.8&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Helium gas</td><td>Linde AG</td><td>Helium 4.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O2C</td><td>LEA Medizintechnik GmbH</td><td>O2C Version 1212</td><td>with LF-2 or LF-3 probe</td></tr><tr><td>Infrared thermometer</td><td>Voltcraft</td><td>VOLTCRAFT IR 260-8S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermographic camera</td><td>InfraTec GmbH</td><td>VarioCAM HD head 820</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermographic analysis software</td><td>InfraTec GmbH</td><td>IRBIS 3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mayer&#039;s Hematoxylin solution</td><td></td><td>Merck 1.09249</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eosin solution</td><td>VWR International GmbH</td><td>Merck 1.09844</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rollerpump Masterflex L/S easy Load</td><td>Cole-Parmer Instrument Company</td><td>model 7518-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perfusorpump</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td><td>Perfusor secura FT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital pressure meter</td><td>Greisinger electronic</td><td>GMH 3161</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perfusorsyringe, 50 mL</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td><td>REF 8728810 F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perfusor line, Type IV Standard, PVC Luer lock</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td><td>REF 8722960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-Way stopcock, Dicofix C35C</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td><td>REF 16494 C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silk 2-0. 3 metric</td><td>Resorba</td><td>REF H5F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vicryl 4-0 Sutupak</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>V1224H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl 0.9 %</td><td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

assessment of plasma coagulation on liver tissue in a large animal model in vivo

プラズマ凝固焼灼の一形態としては、後の段階で出血を防ぐために主要な肝切除後大きい肝カット表面をシールする何十年も肝臓手術で使用されます。プラズマ凝固肝組織の厳密な効果は単に不十分検討しました。ブタのモデルでは、臨床応用に近い凝固効果を調べることができます。組み合わせたレーザー ドップラー流量計、分光光度計ドキュメント微小循環は非侵襲的、組織深さ 8 mm で凝固時変更臨床印象を超えて止血について定量的な情報を提供します。凝固過程で評価サーモグラフィ カメラと赤外線温度計前およびポスト凝固凝固サイトで温度、ガス ビーム温度の測定デバイスの上限のしきい値のために可能ではないです。凝固の深さは、ヘマトキシリン ・ エオシン オブジェクト マイクロメータの校正後染色標本の顕微鏡は測定し、電源設定凝固深度の関係について正確な情報を与えます。シール効果を胆管に調査する大きな血管をシールするプラズマ凝固装置のため不可能です。バースト圧力実験を血圧を除外する explanted 臓器に関連した効果。

微小循環:次のプラズマ凝固止血診断装置を利用したは、微小循環の変化によって発揮できます。142.7 ± 76.08 のベースライン値から毛細血管血流 (任意の単位 (AU) として表示) が減少 57.78 ± 49.57 AU 25 W デバイス、出力 48.5 ± 7.26 で AU AU 5.04 ± 1.31 と 50 W で 100 W (図 4) で AU。
温度:...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo at JoVE.com

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

実験的肝組織体内のプラズマ凝固法を評価するためにプロトコルをご紹介します。ブタのモデル レーザードップラー微小循環を検討、組織凝固深度を測定、凝固サイト赤外線放射温度計とサーモグラフィ カメラとダクトのシール効果で温度は圧力によって文書化されます。実験。

プラズマ凝固体内大動物モデルの肝臓組織の評価

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent ...

assessment-plasma-coagulation-on-liver-tissue-large-animal-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

8.8K ビュー.  University of Bonn. 実験的肝組織体内のプラズマ凝固法を評価するためにプロトコルをご紹介します。ブタのモデル レーザードップラー微小循環を検討、組織凝固深度を測定、凝固サイト赤外線放射温度計とサーモグラフィ カメラとダクトのシール効果で温度は圧力によって文書化されます。実験。

ビデオ: Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver engineering, including in vivo organ decellularization followed by repopulation, has emerged as a promising approach over ex vivo liver engineering. However, postoperative survival was not achieved. The aim of this study is to develop a novel surgical technique of in vivo selective liver lobe perfusion in rats as a prerequisite for in vivo liver engineering. We generate a circuit bypass only through the left lateral lobe. Then, the left lateral lobe is perfused with heparinized saline. The experiment is performed with 4 groups (n = 3 rats per group) based on different perfusion times of 20 min, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. Survival, as well as the macroscopically visible change of color and the histologically determined absence of blood cells in the portal triad and the sinusoids, is taken as an indicator for a successful model establishment. After selective perfusion of the left lateral lobe, we observe that the left lateral lobe, indeed, turned from red to faint yellow. In a histological assessment, no blood cells are visible in the branch of the portal vein, the central vein, and the sinusoids. The left lateral lobe turns red after reopening the blocked vessels. 12/12 rats survived the procedure for more than one week. We are the first to report a surgical model for in vivo single liver lobe perfusion with a long survival period of more than one week. In contrast to the previously published report, the most important advantage of the technique presented here is that perfusion of 70% of the liver is maintained throughout the whole procedure. The establishment of this technique provides a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rats, including decellularization and recellularization.

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

We establish a novel surgical technique for an in vivo single liver lobe perfusion model in rat as a prerequisite for further studying in vivo partial liver engineering in the future.

ラットでの肝部分工学生体内での基盤として新しい手術手技

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver ...

生物工学

Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via a liver laceration that results in consistent blood loss, hemodynamic alterations, and survival.
Mice undergo a standardized resection of the left-middle lobe of the liver. They are allowed to bleed without mechanical intervention. Hemostatic agents can be administered as pre-treatment or rescue therapy depending on the interest of the investigator. During the time of hemorrhage, real-time hemodynamic monitoring via a left femoral arterial line is performed. Mice are then sacrificed, blood loss is quantified, blood is collected for further analysis, and organs are harvested for analysis of injury. Experimental design is described to allow for simultaneous testing of multiple animals.
Liver hemorrhage as a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage exists in the literature, primarily in rat and porcine models. Some of these models utilize hemodynamic monitoring or quantify blood loss but lack consistency. The present model incorporates quantification of blood loss, real-time hemodynamic monitoring in a murine model that offers the advantage of using transgenic lines and a high-throughput mechanism to further investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms in uncontrolled hemorrhage.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage, an important cause of mortality among trauma patients, can be modeled using a standard liver laceration in a murine model. This model results in consistent blood loss, survival, and allows for testing hemostatic agents. This article provides the step-by-step process to perform this valuable model.

リアルタイム血行動態モニタリングを用いたマウスの肝梗塞モデルによる制御不能出血性ショック

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via ...

医学

Rat Model of the Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) Procedure

Recent clinical data support an aggressive surgical approach to both primary and metastatic liver tumors. For some indications, like colorectal liver metastases, the amount of liver tissue left behind after liver resection has become the main limiting factor of resectability of large or multiple liver tumors. A minimal amount of functional tissue is required to avoid the severe complication of post-hepatectomy liver failure, which has high morbidity and mortality. Inducing liver growth of the prospective remnant prior to resection has become more established in liver surgery, either in the form of portal vein embolization by interventional radiologists or in the form of portal vein ligation several weeks prior to resection. Recently, it was shown that liver regeneration is more extensive and rapid, when the parenchymal transection is added to portal vein ligation in a first stage and then, after only one week of waiting, resection performed in a second stage (Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy = ALPPS). ALPPS has rapidly become popular across the world, but has been criticized for its high perioperative mortality. The mechanism of accelerated and extensive growth induced by this procedure has not been well understood. Animal models have been developed to explore both the physiological and molecular mechanisms of accelerated liver regeneration in ALPPS. This protocol presents a rat model that allows mechanistic exploration of accelerated regeneration.

Rat Model of the Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy ALPPS Procedure

Inducing rapid liver hypertrophy using Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for a Staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) has been proposed for resection of borderline resectable liver tumors. This model may elucidate mechanisms involved in rapid hypertrophy and allows testing of drugs that promote or block the acceleration of regeneration.

肝のパーティションを関連付けると段階的な肝切除 (ALPPS) プロシージャの門脈結紮ラットモデル

Recent clinical data support an aggressive surgical approach to both primary and metastatic liver tumors. For some indications, like colorectal liver ...

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

This is a detailed protocol describing invasive hemodynamic measurements in cirrhotic rats for the characterization of portal hypertensive syndrome. Portal hypertension (PHT) due to cirrhosis is responsible for the most severe complications in patients with liver disease. The full picture of the portal hypertensive syndrome is characterized by increased portal pressure (PP) due to the increased intrahepatic vascular resistance (IHVR), hyperdynamic circulation, and increased splanchnic blood flow. Progressive splanchnic arterial vasodilation and increased cardiac output with elevated heart rate (HR) but low arterial pressure characterizes the portal hypertensive syndrome.
Novel therapies are currently being developed that aim to decrease PP by either targeting IHVR or increased splanchnic blood flow &#8212; but side effects on systemic hemodynamics may occur. Thus, a detailed characterization of portal venous, splanchnic, and systemic hemodynamic parameters, including measurement of PP, portal venous blood flow (PVBF), mesenteric arterial blood flow, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and HR is needed for preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of novel treatments for PHT. Our video article provides the reader with a structured protocol for performing invasive hemodynamic measurements in cirrhotic rats. In particular, we describe the catheterization of the femoral artery and the portal vein via an ileocolic vein and the measurement of portal venous and splanchnic blood flow via perivascular Doppler-ultrasound flow probes. Representative results of different rat models of PHT are shown.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for invasive measurements of hemodynamic parameters including portal pressure, splanchnic blood flow, and systemic hemodynamics in order to characterize the portal hypertensive syndrome in rats.

肝硬変ラットにおけるポータル高血圧症侵襲血行動態評価

This is a detailed protocol describing invasive hemodynamic measurements in cirrhotic rats for the characterization of portal hypertensive syndrome. ...

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) has been introduced as a method to evaluate and modify organ function. NEVLP has many advantages in comparison to hypothermic and subnormothermic perfusion including reduced preservation injury, restoration of normal organ function under physiologic conditions, assessment of organ performance, and as a platform for organ repair, remodeling, and modification. Both murine and porcine NEVLP models have been described. We demonstrate a rat model of NEVLP and use this model to show one of its important applications &#8212; the use of a therapeutic molecule added to liver perfusate. Catalase is an endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and has been demonstrated to decrease ischemia-reperfusion in the eye, brain, and lung. Pegylation has been shown to target catalase to the endothelium. Here, we added pegylated-catalase (PEG-CAT) to the base perfusate and demonstrated its ability to mitigate liver preservation injury. An advantage of our rodent NEVLP model is that it is inexpensive in comparison to larger animal models. A limitation of this study is that it does not currently include post-perfusion liver transplantation. Therefore, prediction of the function of the organ post-transplantation cannot be made with certainty. However, the rat liver transplant model is well established and certainly could be used in conjunction with this model. In conclusion, we have demonstrated an inexpensive, simple, easily replicable NEVLP model using rats. Applications of this model can include testing novel perfusates and perfusate additives, testing software designed for organ evaluation, and experiments designed to repair organs.

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant liver donor shortage, and criteria for liver donors have been expanded. Normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) has been developed to evaluate and modify organ function. This study demonstrates a rat model of NEVLP and tests the ability of pegylated-catalase, to mitigate liver preservation injury.

Ex Vivo常温肝灌流の小さな動物モデル

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, we have translated a vascular injury model from a small animal into a large animal (canine), with slight modifications that can be used for pre-clinical screening of prophylactic and thrombolytic agents. In addition to the surgical methods, the modified protocol describes the step-by-step methods to assess carotid artery canalization by angiography, detailed instructions to process both the brain and carotid artery for histological analysis to verify carotid canalization and cerebral hemorrhage, and specific parameters to complete an assessment of downstream thromboembolic events by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, specific procedural changes from the previously well-established small animal model necessary to translate into a large animal (canine) vascular injury are discussed.

Here, we present the modifications necessary to a well characterized and commonly used small animal ferric chloride-induced (FeCl3) carotid artery injury model for use in a large animal vascular injury model. The resulting model can be utilized for pre-clinical trial assessment of both prophylactic and thrombolytic pharmacological and mechanical interventions.

塩化第二鉄によるイヌ総頚動脈血栓症: 血管損傷の大動物モデル

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...

Murine Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an Ex Vivo Model of Liver Biology

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic liver disease, and liver cancer) requires experimental manipulation of animal models and in vitro cell cultures. Both techniques have limitations, such as the requirement of large numbers of animals for in vivo manipulation. However, in vitro cell cultures do not reproduce the structure and function of the multicellular hepatic environment. The use of precision-cut liver slices is a technique in which uniform slices of viable mouse liver are maintained in laboratory tissue culture for experimental manipulation. This technique occupies an experimental niche that exists between animal studies and in vitro cell culture methods. The presented protocol describes a straightforward and reliable method to isolate and culture precision-cut liver slices from mice. As an application of this technique, ex vivo liver slices are treated with bile acids to simulate cholestatic liver injury and ultimately assess the mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis.

This protocol provides a simple and reliable method for the production of viable precision-cut liver slices from mice. The ex vivo tissue samples can be maintained under laboratory tissue culture conditions for multiple days, providing a flexible model to examine liver pathobiology.

肝臓生物学のEx Vivoモデルとしてのマウス精密カット肝臓スライス

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic ...

Porcine Liver Transplantation Without Veno-Venous Bypass As an Extended Criteria Donor Model

Liver transplantation is regarded as the gold standard for the treatment of a variety of fatal hepatic diseases. However, unsolved issues of chronic graft failure, ongoing organ donor shortages, and the increased use of marginal grafts call for the improvement of current concepts, such as the implementation of organ machine perfusion. In order to evaluate new methods of graft reconditioning and modulation, translational models are required. With respect to anatomical and physiological similarities to humans and recent progress in the field of xenotransplantation, pigs have become the main large animal species used in transplantation models. After the initial introduction of a porcine orthotopic liver transplant model by Garnier et al. in 1965, several modifications have been published over the past 60 years.
Due to specifies-specific anatomical traits, a veno-venous bypass during the anhepatic phase is regarded as a necessity to reduce intestinal congestion and ischemia resulting in hemodynamic instability and perioperative mortality. However, the implementation of a bypass increases the technical and logistical complexity of the procedure. Furthermore, associated complications such as air embolism, hemorrhage, and the need for a simultaneous splenectomy have been reported previously.
In this protocol, we describe a model of porcine orthotopic liver transplantation without the use of a veno-venous bypass. The engraftment of donor livers after static cold storage of 20 h - simulating extended criteria donor conditions - demonstrates that this simplified approach can be performed without significant hemodynamic alterations or intraoperative mortality and with regular uptake of liver function (as defined by bile production and liver-specific CYP1A2 metabolism). The success of this approach is ensured by an optimized surgical technique and a sophisticated anesthesiologic volume and vasopressor management.
This model should be of special interest for workgroups focusing on the immediate postoperative course, ischemia-reperfusion injury, associated immunological mechanisms, and the reconditioning of extended criteria donor organs.

In this protocol, a model of porcine orthotopic liver transplantation after static cold storage of donor organs for 20 h without the use of a veno-venous bypass during engraftment is described. The approach uses a simplified surgical technique with minimization of the anhepatic phase and sophisticated volume and vasopressor management.

拡張基準ドナーモデルとしての静脈バイパスなしのブタ肝移植

Liver transplantation is regarded as the gold standard for the treatment of a variety of fatal hepatic diseases. However, unsolved issues of chronic graft ...

Tail Vein Transection Bleeding Model in Fully Anesthetized Hemophilia A Mice

Tail bleeding models are important tools in hemophilia research, specifically for the assessment of procoagulant effects. The tail vein transection (TVT) survival model has been preferred in many settings due to sensitivity to clinically relevant doses of FVIII, whereas other established models, such as the tail clip model, require higher levels of procoagulant compounds. To avoid using survival as an endpoint, we developed a TVT model establishing blood loss and bleeding time as endpoints and full anesthesia during the entire experiment. Briefly, anesthetized mice are positioned with the tail submerged in temperate saline (37&#176;C) and dosed with the test compound in the right lateral tail vein. After 5 min, the left lateral tail vein is transected using a template guide, the tail is returned to the saline, and all bleeding episodes are monitored and recorded for 40 min while collecting the blood. If no bleeding occurs at 10 min, 20 min, or 30 min post-injury, the clot is challenged gently by wiping the cut twice with a wet gauze swab. After 40 min, blood loss is quantified by the amount of hemoglobin bled into the saline. This fast and relatively simple procedure results in consistent and reproducible bleeds. Compared to the TVT survival model, it uses a more humane procedure without compromising sensitivity to pharmacological intervention. Furthermore, it is possible to use both genders, reducing the total number of animals that need to be bred, in adherence with the principles of 3R&#39;s. A potential limitation in bleeding models is the stochastic nature of hemostasis, which can reduce the reproducibility of the model. To counter this, manual clot disruption ensures that the clot is challenged during monitoring, preventing primary (platelet) hemostasis from stopping bleeding. This addition to the catalog of bleeding injury models provides an option to characterize procoagulant effects in a standardized and humane manner.

The refined tail vein transection (TVT) bleeding model in anesthetized mice is a sensitive in vivo method for the assessment of hemophilic bleeding. This optimized TVT bleeding model uses blood loss and bleeding time as endpoints, refining other models and avoiding death as an endpoint.

完全麻酔血友病Aマウスにおける尾静脈切除出血モデル

Tail bleeding models are important tools in hemophilia research, specifically for the assessment of procoagulant effects. The tail vein transection (TVT) ...

生物学

Intravital Microscopy to Study Platelet-Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in the Mouse Liver

Inflammation and thrombosis are complex processes that occur primarily in the microcirculation. Although standard histology may provide insight into the end pathway for both inflammation and thrombosis, it is not capable of showing the temporal changes that occur throughout the time course of these processes. Intravital microscopy (IVM) is the use of live-animal imaging to gain temporal insight into physiologic processes in vivo. This method is particularly powerful when assessing cellular and protein interactions within the circulation due to the rapid and sequential events that are often necessary for these interactions to occur. While IVM is an extremely powerful imaging methodology capable of viewing complex processes in vivo, there are a number of methodological factors that are important to consider when planning an IVM study. This paper outlines the process of conducting intravital imaging of the liver, identifying important considerations and potential pitfalls that may arise. Thus, this paper describes the use of IVM to study platelet-leukocyte-endothelial interactions in liver sinusoids to study the relative contributions of each in different models of acute liver injury.

Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that provides insight into both the temporal and spatial relationships of rapid and/or sequential processes. Herein, we describe a protocol to assess both protein-protein interactions and platelet-neutrophil-endothelial interactions in liver sinusoids in a murine model of experimental sepsis (endotoxemia).

Inflammation and thrombosis are complex processes that occur primarily in the microcirculation. Although standard histology may provide insight into the ...