Name: extraction and characterization of surfactants from atmospheric aerosols
Uploaded: 2017-04-21T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 34 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols at JoVE.com

この作品はSONATA、フランスのアジャンス国立デラRECHERCHE（ANR-13-IS08-0001）および米国国立科学財団との共同プロジェクトにより賄われていました。クリスティン・バデュエル ANR-16-ACHN-0026プロジェクトを通じてフランス国立研究機構（ANR）によって運営されています。著者らはまた、暖かくマリジャ・マーガス、アナCvitešić、サンジャ・フルカ・ミローサベビックとイレーナCiglenecki、ザグレブのラジェー・ボスコービック研究所から、クロアチアマリーナFrapaでのエアロゾルのサンプリングとの助けのため、Rogoznicaの、クロアチアに感謝します。

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著者は、開示することは何もありません。

プロトコルでは、すべての重要なステップが詳述されています。抽出物（表面張力及び濃度測定）の分析：それらはフィルター上エアロゾルの収集、それらの界面活性剤抽出（SPE抽出、続いて水抽出二重抽出を使用して）が挙げられます。 全体の方法のために、品質管理は、ブランクフィルタで抽出し、分析方法の適用によって）1なされた（偏差&lt;5のMn M -1超純水と比較して表面張力と吸光度に比色の検出限界下法）、2）抽出効率および再現性/再現性を含むそれらの不確実性を決定することにより、濃度の所与の範囲内の抽出された界面活性剤の％は、3）比色法の電位干渉をチェックすることによって、この方法は、検出することをチェックすることによって、すなわち界面活性剤の唯一の目標タイプ（anioNIC、カチオン性および非イオン性）及び6）参照6で完全に詳細として比色法にエアロゾル抽出物（無機塩、小酸）から潜在的干渉をチェックすることにより、参照4で完全に詳述されるように他の人を見ません。 我々の知る限りでは、この記事で紹介した大気中のサンプルからの界面活性剤の抽出方法は、現在、大気化学の中で最も選択的なものです。特に、はるかに選択的なこれらの化合物の調査のために過去に行われ、単純な水抽出物よりなります。エアロゾル試料中の高濃度であり、このような無機塩及び小有機酸のようなイオン成分を除去及び濃縮measurを妨害することが示されているように11、23、24第2の抽出工程が重要ですements。 6この抽出方法は、表面およびバルクで、サンプル中に存在する全ての界面活性剤を除去することが示されています。得られた抽出物は、このように、これらの化合物の正確な特徴付けを可能にするために十分に濃縮されています。 しかし、界面活性剤に加えて、他の穏やかな非極性又は極性化合物は、大気エアロゾルから抽出されることが可能です。例えば、通常のサンプリング領域に応じて、同様の方法25と、によって抽出された「フミン様物質」（HULIS）は、抽出物中に存在し得ます。これらの化合物は、我々のサンプルにおいて特徴の界面活性剤と比較して軽度の界面活性剤である26、27、28は、このように測定された表面張力またはCMCに大きく寄与してはなりません。しかし、彼らはポリ酸であり、アニオン性conceを妨げる可能性<html> ntration測定。将来的には、界面活性剤濃度への寄与（ すなわち 、それらは、エチルバイオレットと反応するか否か、アニオン性界面活性剤を滴定するために使用される染料）を決定する必要があります。それらの寄与が重要である場合、追加の手順は、例えばHULISはなく、界面活性剤を含むであろうUV可視または蛍光により活性である全ての化合物を排除するために、抽出法に加えることができます。 これまでのところ、この原稿に提示された1つ以上のエアロゾルの表面張力のエアロゾル界面活性剤用表面張力曲線の測定のための他の方法が利用可能ではありません。それは大気サンプルと一致するサンプル容量を必要とする唯一のものであるように吊り滴技術がこれらの測定のために推奨されています。任意抽出せずに直接ミクロンサイズの粒子上の表面張力を測定する光学技術は、開発されています。 10、お尻=「外部参照」&gt; 20は、29はこれまでのところ、彼らは実験室で生成した粒子にのみ適用されますが、潜在的にいつか大気のものにも適用することができます。 界面活性剤濃度の測定のため、この作業に提示比色法は、我々の方法のように、だけ水抽出物にはなく、二重の抽出物に30、14、13、11、大気エアロゾル試料に以前に適用されています。上記の下線を引いたように、これは、のような重要な違いである、第2の抽出工程は、無機塩および濃度の測定を妨害する小有機酸のような化合物を除去します。 6 最初に、海水より大きな水性サンプルのために開発された電気化学技術は、また、アトモス中の界面活性剤の濃度を測定するために使用されていますphericエアロゾル。得られた界面活性剤の濃度は、選択された参照化合物に依存し、全ての界面活性剤の検出感度が同一であると仮定し、すなわち 31、32この方法は、相対的です。この技術について報告された検出限界は、0.02 mgのL -1である基準としてテトラoctylphenolethoxylateを使用する場合、こうして0.03μM、および比色法により、アニオン性およびカチオン性界面活性剤は約0.05μMの検出限界に匹敵します。しかしための比色法による非イオン性及び総界面活性剤濃度の決意に不確実性のため、両方の方法（インターキャリブレーション）を比較することは興味深いであろう。 提示される方法のいくつかの点をさらに向上させることができました。 同一の感度は非常にUSEFであろう全ての非イオン性界面活性剤とウィットを検出するであろうコバルト、チオシアン酸以外の染料現在の濃度測定の不確実性の主な情報源をULと減らします。 これらの化合物は、大気サンプル中の検出限界であることが多いように、現在の20％と推定カチオン性界面活性剤の抽出効率は、また、改善することができます。これは、特定のSPEカラムを使用することにより、例えば、行うことができます。 抽出および滴定条件をさらに向上させることができました。例えば、平行三つの異なるSPEのセットアップに使用し、各々は、抽出効率を向上させる、および手続き（以下汚染リスク）の品質を向上させることができ、界面活性剤のクラスのために最適化。試料の質量を分析するためのSPEカートリッジの最適な吸着剤密度も決定されてできました。滴定反応のための条件（pHは、添加剤）をさらに即ち検出限界を下げ、さらに濃度測定の感度を向上させるために、最適化することができます。 分析自体の品質を向上させることはないが、さらなる改変が、として、そのようなエアロゾルの異なるサイズ画分（ すなわち亜集団）にではなく、収集された全ての粒子に本発明の方法を適用するように、大気中の界面活性剤についての追加情報をもたらしますここで紹介します。分析の他のタイプはまた、界面活性剤またはUV-可視吸光度、蛍光、または偏光の化学構造を決定するために高度に存在することを示すために、このようなLC / HR MS、タンデムMS、またはNMRなどの抽出に適用することができます抽出物中のコンジュゲート、またはキラル化合物。

雲はほとんどの環境と生態系の水文学のため、および気候システムのために、地球の大気中で必要不可欠です。しかし、その形成機構のいくつかの局面は、まだ理解されていない、特に凝縮核として作用するエアロゾル粒子中に存在する化学物質の寄与。理論1は、エアロゾル粒子中に存在する界面活性化合物、または界面活性剤は、強くその形成エネルギー従って、それらの表面張力を低下させることにより、クラウド滴形成を促進すべきであることを予測します。しかし、これらの効果は、数十年にわたって観察にとらえどころのない残っていると雲の形成上の界面活性剤の役割は、現在、すべてのクラウド調査と大気と気候モデルでは大気中のコミュニティの大部分によって拒否され、無視されます。 雲の形成におけるエアロゾルの界面活性剤の役割の理解の欠如のための一つの理由は、ISO法の不在となっています後半、それらを特徴づけます。他の環境からのサンプルとは異なり、大気中のサンプルの分析は、非常に小さな試料体積と質量（ここでは、典型的には10と100μgの間）および化学的複雑さ（塩の混合物、ミネラル、および多数の有機物）などの定期的な課題2に直面しています。これらの課題を克服し、エアロゾルの理解を向上させるためには、具体的に大気のエアロゾル試料からこれらの化合物は、2）エアロゾル相でそれらの絶対濃度を決定抽出し、3）その表面張力曲線を決定する）いくつかの方法が最近1に我々のグループによって開発されている界面活性剤それらの臨界ミセル濃度（CMC）、界面活性剤が表面で飽和し、バルク中でミセルを形成するために開始される濃度を含む、水です。これらのメソッドの最新バージョンは、この論文で提示されています。 コンプで使用することができさらなる改良と特徴づけ、他のタイプ、提示されたものにlementは、議論されます。これらの方法の最近のアプリケーションは、既に、大気エアロゾル3、4、5、6及び作用のモードにおける中の界面活性剤の濃度を決定すること、自身3をこの役割を証明することによって、このような分析は、雲の形成における界面活性剤の役割の理解を向上させることができる方法を示していますそれらの生体起源、3、4、7を証明し、古典的な楽器による観察の欠如を説明クラウド滴形成、3、6。 8、9、10

<table><tbody><tr><td>Quartz filters</td><td>Fioroni</td><td></td><td>for example &amp;Oslash; 47 mm or &amp;Oslash; 150 mm, Grammage 85 g/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium foils or glass Petri dishes</td><td></td><td></td><td>baked in oven (773 K, 6&amp;nbsp;h)</td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers, scissors</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Desiccator</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) set-up&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>SPE vacuum manifold Ac-Elut</td><td>Varian&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pump Laboxat</td><td>Knf LAB</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Nitrogen dryer set-up&lt;/strong&gt; (hand-made)</td></tr><tr><td>Compressed Nirogen 4.5 in bottle B50, 200 bar at 15 &amp;deg;C</td><td>Linde</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tensiometer</td><td>Dataphysics</td><td>OCA 15EC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tensiometer Software</td><td></td><td>SCA software for OCA version 4-4.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-Vis spectrometer</td><td>Agilent</td><td>8453</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stir-plates</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Glassware&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Petri dishes</td><td></td><td></td><td>for the water extraction step</td></tr><tr><td>Beakers</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mL, 30 mL, 60 mL glass bottles with corks</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubes for SPE</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic stirring bars</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasound bath</td><td></td><td></td><td>for glassware washing</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipettes (0.5 - 5&amp;nbsp;mL, 0.100 - 1&amp;nbsp;mL, 10 - 100 &amp;mu;L)</td><td>Rainin Pipette-Life XLS</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Disposable small equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe filters 0.45 &amp;mu;m PVDF</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SPE C18 cartridges Strata C18-E cartridges 500 mg / 3 mL&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Phenomenex</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic syringes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needles</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4 mL-vials</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur glass pipettes</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) &amp;ge; 98.5% Bioreagent</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>L3771</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) &amp;ge; 97%</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>323586</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benzyltetradecyldimethylammonium (zephiramine)&amp;nbsp; &amp;ge; 99.0% anhydrous Fluka</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>13401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC) 25 wt% in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>292737</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol (Triton X114) laboratory grade</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>X114</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (Brij35) Fluka Bio Chemika</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>858366</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-&amp;alpha;-phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk type XVI-E lyophilized powder &amp;ge;&amp;nbsp;99%</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>P3556</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis &amp;ge; 98%</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>S3523</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R-95Dd rhamnolipid (95% dirhamnolipid, 5% monorhamnolipid)</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>L510025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl violet cationic triarylmethane dye</td><td>Sigma- Aldrich</td><td>228842</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Patent Blue VF dye content 50%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>198218</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium thiocyanate &amp;ge; 99% puriss. p.a., ACS reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>31120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate &amp;ge; 98% ACS reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>239267</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic anhydride &amp;ge; 99% ReagentPlus</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>320102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate &amp;ge; 99.0% anhydrous Reagent Plus</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S8750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 99.4&amp;minus; 100.6% ACS reagent powder</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E9884</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium sulfate anhydrous &amp;ge; 99.0% granulated puriss. p.a. ACS reagent Fluka</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol puriss. p.a. ACS Reagent reag. Ph. Eur. 96% (v/v)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>32294</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile &amp;ge; 99.9% HiPerSolv CHROMANORM Reag. Ph. Eur. (European Pharmacopoeia Reagent) grade gradient for HPLC</td><td>VWR BDH Prolabo</td><td>20060.32</td><td>to be manipulated under hood</td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform 99% stable with 0.8&amp;minus;1% ethanol</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L13200-0F</td><td>to be manipulated under hood</td></tr><tr><td>Toluene &gt; 99%</td><td>Chimie Plus</td><td>24053</td><td>to be manipulated under hood</td></tr><tr><td>Denatured ethanol for washing</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-Pure water</td><td>Ultrapure water system Purelab Classic, Elga</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

extraction and characterization of surfactants from atmospheric aerosols

大気エアロゾル中に存在する界面活性化合物、または界面活性剤は、地球の大気、気象学、水文学における中心プロセスにおける液体の水の雲の形成において重要な役割を果たすことが期待され、気候システムのためのものです。これらの化合物の特定の抽出および特性は、何十年も欠けているので、しかし、非常に少しは、このように雲の形成と地球の生態系とその潜在的なリンクの完全な理解を防ぎ、アクションと起源の自分のアイデンティティ、性質、モードに知られています。 本稿では、最近、大気エアロゾル試料から全ての界面活性剤の1）標的抽出及び臨界含むエアロゾル相におけるそれらの絶対濃度）2の決意し、水で3）それらの静的表面張力曲線のための方法を開発して存在しますミセル濃度（CMC）。これらのメソッドは、私は、9つの参照の界面活性剤で検証されていますncludingアニオン性、カチオン性および非イオン性のもの。結果の例は、将来の改善と議論されて提示されたもの以外の特徴付けのためのクロアチアや提案の沿岸サイトで収集された微細なエアロゾル粒子（直径&lt;1μM）で見出さ界面活性剤のために提示されています。

注：大気のサンプルに適用される前に、このセクションに提示されたすべてのプロトコルが9つの参照界面活性剤及び表面張力曲線でテストされた、最小表面張力、及び得られたCMCを、文献とよく一致していました。 21、22 1.濃度微細なエアロゾル（&lt;1μmの直径、又は「PM1」）サンプルは、これらのサンプルを処理し、抽出セクション2及び3に記載されているように、それぞれのした2月2015でRogoznicaの、クロアチアの海岸部位に石英ファイバーフィルター上に集めました本稿。アニオン性、カチオン性および非イオン性界面活性剤およびエアロゾル試料体積中の総界面活性剤濃度、C サーフ、P（M）についての濃度は、第4節Tに従って測定しました。彼の結果は、図1に提示され、測定された界面活性剤の中でアニオン性および非イオン性界面活性剤の優位性を証明しています。 抽出された界面活性剤のサンプルおよび表面張力曲線の2表面張力 図2に示すように、第5、及び濃度測定に記載のように表面張力の測定を組み合わせ、同じ試料に対する絶対表面張力曲線が得られました。これらの曲線は、エアロゾル試料中の界面活性剤濃度とこれらの試料の表面張力（「σ 分 」） を示し、グラフCMC値（ 図2）を決定することを可能にします。 <img alt="図1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig1.jpg" /> フィギュア1：Rogoznicaの、クロアチアに収集細かいエアロゾル（PM1）で界面活性剤濃度。アニオン性（青）、カチオン性（赤）、非イオン性界面活性剤（緑色）との総界面活性剤濃度エアロゾル相中（各界面活性剤濃度の合計）、C サーフ、P（M）についての濃度は、比色分析を用いて測定します2月2015年Rogoznicaの、クロアチアの海岸沿いのサイトで収集細かい（&lt;1μm）の大気エアロゾル中の方法は、結果は、アニオン性および非イオン性界面活性剤の優位性を示しています。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig2.jpg" /> 図2 からエアロゾル中の界面活性剤のための典型的な表面張力曲線とCMCRogoznicaの、クロアチア。表面張力及び濃度測定を組み合わせることによって得られた2015年3月2日の試料における界面活性剤の絶対表面張力曲線。黒丸は、界面活性剤抽出物の測定された表面張力を表します。曲線の終わりにオレンジドットは、算出したエアロゾル試料中の濃度（ステップ4.4.6）、及び「σ 分 」は、その表面張力を表します。 CMCのグラフィカル決意が示されています。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols at JoVE.com

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

方法は、大気エアロゾル中に存在する界面活性剤の標的抽出およびそれらの臨界ミセル濃度（CMC）を含む水中でのそれらの絶対濃度と表面張力曲線の決意のために提示されています。

大気エアロゾルからの抽出および界面活性剤の特性評価

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

extraction-characterization-surfactants-from-atmospheric

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JoVE Journal

Environment

16.7K ビュー.  IRCELYON, F-69626. 方法は、大気エアロゾル中に存在する界面活性剤の標的抽出およびそれらの臨界ミセル濃度（CMC）を含む水中でのそれらの絶対濃度と表面張力曲線の決意のために提示されています。 

ビデオ: Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about the overall structure of terrestrial microbial communities. PLFA profiling has been extensively used in a range of ecosystems as a biological index of overall soil quality, and as a quantitative indicator of soil response to land management and other environmental stressors.
The standard method presented here outlines four key steps: 1. lipid extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, 2. fractionation using solid phase extraction columns to isolate phospholipids from other extracted lipids, 3. methanolysis of phospholipids to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and 4. FAME analysis by capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Two standards are used, including 1,2-dinonadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC(19:0/19:0)) to assess the overall recovery of the extraction method, and methyl decanoate (MeC10:0) as an internal standard (ISTD) for the GC analysis.

Phospholipid fatty acids provide information about the structure of soil microbial communities. We present methods for extraction from soil samples with a single-phase chloroform mixture, fractionation of extracted lipids using solid phase extraction columns, and methanolysis to produce fatty acid methyl esters, which are analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.

土壌中の微生物のリン脂質脂肪酸の抽出と分析

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about ...

環境学

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

生産と流管炉の粒子状有機物の測定

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to the gas phase, and efficiently transferred to a detection system. Fizzy extraction takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon. First, a carrier gas (here, carbon dioxide) is dissolved in the sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. Second, the sample chamber is decompressed abruptly. Decompression leads to the formation of numerous carrier gas bubbles in the sample liquid. These bubbles assist the release of the dissolved analyte species from the liquid to the gas phase. The released analytes are immediately transferred to the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ionizable analyte species give rise to mass spectrometric signals in the time domain. Because the release of the analyte species occurs over short periods of time (a few seconds), the temporal signals have high amplitudes and high signal-to-noise ratios. The amplitudes and areas of the temporal peaks can then be correlated with concentrations of the analytes in the liquid samples subjected to fizzy extraction, which enables quantitative analysis. The advantages of fizzy extraction include: simplicity, speed, and limited use of chemicals (solvents).

Fizzy extraction is a new laboratory technique for analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds. A carrier gas is dissolved in the liquid sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. The sample chamber is then decompressed. The analyte species are liberated to the gas phase due to effervescence.

大気圧化学イオン化四重極質量分析法と組み合わせた揮発性有機化合物の大気抽出

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to ...

化学

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

組成と異なる環境条件下におけるバイオエアロゾルの分布解析

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

In this article, we have demonstrated a method for producing hollow particles and microcapsules using oil droplets consisting of hydrocarbon oil (styrene) and fluorocarbon oil (perfluoro-n-octane, PFO) in aqueous surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS) solutions. Since fluorocarbon oils are immiscible with hydrocarbon oils, the two oils are separated. Emulsions are prepared by stirring styrene/PFO/aqueous SDS solution mixtures at 80 &#176;C. The type of emulsions and the morphology of droplets in the emulsions are observed by light microscope and scanning confocal fluorescence microscope. It is found that oil droplets with Janus-type morphologies consisting of mutually immiscible styrene and PFO are formed in aqueous SDS solutions. Polystyrene particles are fabricated by radical polymerization of the ternary mixtures of styrene/PFO/aqueous SDS solution at 80 &#176;C. The morphologies of the polystyrene are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy observations. These observations show the preparation of hollow polystyrene particles with a single hole on the surface. To our knowledge, this method is a novel strategy using the immiscibility of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon oils. The hollow particles can also be applied to the preparation of microcapsules.

A protocol for the fabrication of hollow polymer particles and microcapsules by radical polymerization using emulsions consisting of styrene, perfluoro-n-octane, and aqueous SDS (sodium dodecylsulfate) solution is presented.

中空のポリスチレン粒子と炭化水素とフッ素オイルから成るヤヌス液滴のラジカル重合によるマイクロ カプセルの調製

In this article, we have demonstrated a method for producing hollow particles and microcapsules using oil droplets consisting of hydrocarbon oil (styrene) ...

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds capable of reducing the surface tension between two phases of different polarities. Biosurfactants have been emerging as promising alternatives to chemical surfactants due to less toxicity, high biodegradability, environmental compatibility and tolerance to extreme environmental conditions. Here, we illustrate the methods used for screening of microbes capable of producing biosurfactants. The biosurfactant producing microbes were identified using drop collapse, oil spreading, and emulsion index assays. Biosurfactant production was validated by determining the reduction in surface tension of the media due to growth of the microbial members. We also describe the methods involved in characterization and identification of biosurfactants. Thin layer chromatography of the extracted biosurfactant followed by differential staining of the plates was performed to determine the nature of the biosurfactant. LCMS, 1H NMR, and FT-IR were used to chemically identify the biosurfactant. We further illustrate the methods to evaluate the application of the combination of produced biosurfactants for enhancing residual oil recovery in a simulated sand pack column.

We illustrate the methods involved in screening and identification of the biosurfactant producing microbes. Methods for chromatographic characterization and chemical identification of the biosurfactants, determining the industrial applicability of the biosurfactant&#160;in enhancing residual oil recovery are also presented.

バイオサーファクタントの組み合わせを使用したオイル回収の強化

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds capable of reducing the surface tension between two phases of different polarities. Biosurfactants have been ...

Studying Surfactant Effects on Hydrate Crystallization at Oil-Water Interfaces Using a Low-Cost Integrated Modular Peltier Device

We introduce an approach to study the formation and growth of hydrates under the influence of nonionic surfactants. The experimental system includes a temperature regulator, visualization techniques, and inner pressure measurements. The temperature control system contains a low-cost, programmable temperature regulator made with solid-state Peltier components. Along with the temperature control system, we incorporated visualization techniques and internal pressure measurements to study hydrate formation and inhibition in the presence of nonionic surfactants. We studied the hydrate-inhibiting ability of nonionic surfactants (sorbitane monolaurate, sorbitane monooleate, PEG-PPG-PEG, and polyoxyethylenesorbitan tristearate) at low (i.e., 0.1 CMC), medium (i.e., CMC), and high (i.e., 10 CMC) concentrations. Two types of crystals were formed: planar and conical. Planar crystals were formed in plain water and low surfactant concentrations. Conical crystals were formed in high surfactant concentrations. The results of the study show that conical crystals are the most effective in terms of hydrate inhibition. Because conical crystals cannot grow past a certain size, the hydrate growth rate as a conical crystal is slower than the hydrate growth rate as planar crystal. Hence, surfactants that force hydrates to form conical crystals are the most efficient. The goal of the protocol is to provide a detailed description of an experimental system that is capable of investigating the cyclopentane hydrate crystallization process on the surface of a water droplet in the presence of surfactant molecules.

We present a protocol to study the formation of hydrates in the presence of nonionic surfactants on the interface of a water droplet submerged in cyclopentane. The protocol consists of building a low-cost, programmable, temperature regulator. The temperature control system is combined with visualization techniques and internal pressure measurements.

低コストの統合モジュラーペルチェデバイスを用いた油水界面活性に対する界面活性剤の効果の研究

We introduce an approach to study the formation and growth of hydrates under the influence of nonionic surfactants. The experimental system includes a ...

Capturing Actively Produced Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Human-Associated Samples with Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from biological samples have unknown origins. VOCs may originate from the host or different organisms from within the host&#39;s microbial community. To disentangle the origin of microbial VOCs, volatile headspace analysis of bacterial mono- and co-cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii, and stable isotope probing in biological samples of feces, saliva, sewage, and sputum were performed. Mono- and co-cultures were used to identify volatile production from individual bacterial species or in combination with stable isotope probing to identify the active metabolism of microbes from the biological samples.
Vacuum-assisted sorbent extraction (VASE) was employed to extract the VOCs. VASE is an easy-to-use, commercialized, solvent-free headspace extraction method for semi-volatile and volatile compounds. The lack of solvents and the near-vacuum conditions used during extraction make developing a method relatively easy and fast when compared to other extraction options such as tert-butylation and solid phase microextraction. The workflow described here was used to identify specific volatile signatures from mono- and co-cultures. Furthermore, analysis of the stable isotope probing of human associated biological samples identified VOCs that were either commonly or uniquely produced. This paper presents the general workflow and experimental considerations of VASE in conjunction with stable isotope probing of live microbial cultures.

This protocol describes the extraction of volatile organic compounds from a biological sample with the vacuum-assisted sorbent extraction method, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry using the Entech Sample Preparation Rail, and data analysis. It also describes culture of biological samples and stable isotope probing.

真空支援吸着剤抽出によるヒト関連サンプルからの活発に生産された微生物揮発性有機化合物の捕捉

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from biological samples have unknown origins. VOCs may originate from the host or different organisms from within the ...

生化学

Solid-Liquid Extraction

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Jay Deiner &#8212; City University of New York
Extraction is a crucial step in most chemical analyses. It entails removing the analyte from its sample matrix and passing it into the phase required for spectroscopic or chromatographic identification and quantification. When the sample is a solid and the required phase for analysis is a liquid, the process is called solid-liquid extraction. A simple and broadly applicable form of solid-liquid extraction entails combining the solid with a solvent in which the analyte is soluble. Through agitation, the analyte partitions into the liquid phase, which may then be separated from the solid through filtration. The choice of solvent must be made based on the solubility of the target analyte, and on the balance of cost, safety, and environmental concerns.

Solid-Liquid Extraction: Principle, Procedure, Applications

固液抽出

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Jay Deiner &#8212; City University of New York
Extraction is a crucial step in most chemical analyses. It entails removing the ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

有機化学

Soxhlet Extraction of Lipid Biomarkers from Sediment

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Every lab needs standards that track the performance, accuracy, and precision of its instruments over time to ensure a measurement made today is the same as a measurement made a year from now (Figure 1). Because standards must test the performance of instruments over a long period of time, large volumes of the standards are often required. Many chemical standards can be purchased from retail scientific companies, like Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher. However, some compounds that occur in nature and that are relevant to paleoclimatic studies have not yet been isolated and purified for purchase. Therefore, these compounds need to be extracted from natural samples, and because of the large volumes of standards required, large volumes of sediment need to be extracted. The Accelerated Solvent Extraction (Dionex) and sonication extractions are not appropriate for the extraction of such large sediment volumes. In these circumstances, a Soxhlet extraction is used.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10096/10096fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Schematic depicting how chemical standard tracks the performance of an instrument through time. The dashed line represents a 1:1 relationship between the accepted and measured (on the instrument) value of a variable. Each star is a weekly measurement of the chemical standard. Green stars represent standards that are accurate. Red stars reflect those that are not accurate indicating that the instrument requires corrective maintenance.

大気エアロゾルからの抽出および界面活性剤の特性評価

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

土壌中の微生物のリン脂質脂肪酸の抽出と分析

生産と流管炉の粒子状有機物の測定

大気圧化学イオン化四重極質量分析法と組み合わせた揮発性有機化合物の大気抽出

組成と異なる環境条件下におけるバイオエアロゾルの分布解析

中空のポリスチレン粒子と炭化水素とフッ素オイルから成るヤヌス液滴のラジカル重合によるマイクロカプセルの調製

バイオサーファクタントの組み合わせを使用したオイル回収の強化

低コストの統合モジュラーペルチェデバイスを用いた油水界面活性に対する界面活性剤の効果の研究

真空支援吸着剤抽出によるヒト関連サンプルからの活発に生産された微生物揮発性有機化合物の捕捉

固液抽出

堆積物から脂質バイオマーカーのソックスレー抽出法

大気エアロゾルからの抽出および界面活性剤の特性評価

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

土壌中の微生物のリン脂質脂肪酸の抽出と分析

生産と流管炉の粒子状有機物の測定

大気圧化学イオン化四重極質量分析法と組み合わせた揮発性有機化合物の大気抽出

組成と異なる環境条件下におけるバイオエアロゾルの分布解析

中空のポリスチレン粒子と炭化水素とフッ素オイルから成るヤヌス液滴のラジカル重合によるマイクロ カプセルの調製

バイオサーファクタントの組み合わせを使用したオイル回収の強化

低コストの統合モジュラーペルチェデバイスを用いた油水界面活性に対する界面活性剤の効果の研究

真空支援吸着剤抽出によるヒト関連サンプルからの活発に生産された微生物揮発性有機化合物の捕捉

固液抽出

堆積物から脂質バイオ マーカーのソックスレー抽出法

中空のポリスチレン粒子と炭化水素とフッ素オイルから成るヤヌス液滴のラジカル重合によるマイクロカプセルの調製

堆積物から脂質バイオマーカーのソックスレー抽出法