Name: ethylene polymerizations using parallel pressure reactors and a kinetic analysis of chain transfer polymerization
Uploaded: 2015-11-27T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 28 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization at JoVE.com

תמיכה כספית הניתנת על ידי אוניברסיטת מינסוטה (קופות להתחיל) וACS נפט קרן המחקר (54,225-DNI3). רכישות ציוד למתקן מחלקה לכימיה NMR נתמכו באמצעות מענק מ- NIH (S10OD011952) עם קרנות התאמה מאוניברסיטת מינסוטה. אנו מכירים את מרכז NMR מינסוטה לתמ&quot;ג בטמפרטורה גבוהה. מימון למכשור NMR סופק על ידי משרד סגן הנשיא למחקר, בית הספר לרפואה, המכללה למדעים ביולוגיים, NIH, NSF, והקרן הרפואית מינסוטה. אנו מודים ג&#39;ון וולצר (אקסון מוביל) למתנה של משוטי ערבוב תפוקה גבוהה הצצה.

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המחברים מצהירים שום אינטרס כלכלי מתחרה.

[Α-diimine]-מתיל להחליף קטיוני NiBr 2 זרז פילמור אתילן מופעל עם MAO נבדק לכשירות לpolymerizations העברת שרשרת אתילן. התגובות היו במעקב באמצעות מדידות ספיגת גז כדי לקבוע את השיעור ושל חיים פילמור וזרז מידה, והמשקל המולקולרי של הפולימרים התוצאה נקבעו באמצעות...

פוליאולפינים הם מעמד חשוב של פולימרים תעשייתיים עם שימושים בתרמופלסטיים ואלסטומרים. התקדמות משמעותית בעיצוב של זרזי אתר יחיד לייצור פוליאולפינים הובילה ליכולת משקל מולקולרי מנגינה, polydispersity, ומייקרו פולימר, מה שמוביל למגוון רחב של יישומים פוטנציאליים. 1-3 לאחרונה, העברת שרשרת ו polymerizations הלוך השרשרת פותחו כדי לתת מסלול נוסף כדי לשנות את המאפיינים של הפולימר מבלי לשנות את הזרז. 4-6 מערכת זו מעסיקה זרז מעבר מתכת אתר יחיד ומגיב העברת שרשרת (CTR), שהוא בדרך כלל אלקיל קבוצת מתכת עיקרי. במהלך פילמור זה, שרשרת הפולימר הגוברת היא מסוגלת להעביר מהזרז לק&quot;ל, שבו שרשרת הפולימר נותרת רדומה עד שהוא הועבר חזרה לזרז. בינתיים, קבוצת אלקיל שהועברה לזרז יכולה ליזום anoשרשרת פולימר יס. בפילמור העברת שרשרת, זרז אחד יכול ליזום מספר גדול יותר של רשתות בהשוואה לפילמור קטליטי סטנדרטי. שרשרות הפולימר הסתיימו עם מתכת העברת שרשרת; לכן functionalization הסוף-קבוצה נוספת היא אפשרית. מערכת זו יכולה לשמש כדי לשנות את המשקל המולקולרי והפצת משקל מולקולרית של פוליאולפינים, 7 לזרז צמיחת שרשרת אלקיל כמו-Aufbau על מתכות קבוצה עיקריות, 8 ולסינתזה של פולימרים מיוחדים הכוללים מערכות multicatalyst, כגון קופולימרים לחסום. 9, 10 polymerizations העברת שרשרת נצפתה נפוץ ביותר עם ​​מתכות מעבר מוקדם (Hf, Zr) וריאגנטים alkylzinc או alkylaluminum, למרות שדוגמאות קיימות על פני הסדרה של המתכות מעבר. 5,7,8,11-16 במערכות זרז מתכת מעבר המוקדם טיפוסיות, שרשרת ההעברה היא מהירה, יעילה והפיך שהוביל לחלוקת משקל מולקולרית צרה. Chעין העברה / הלוך ונצפה באמצע לסוף למרות שהשיעורים של העברה הם משתנים מאוד בהשוואה למתכות מוקדמות. 4,7 מתכות מעבר (למשל Cr, Fe, Co וניקל) עם קבוצה 2 ו -12 alkyls מתכת,, 17-19 שני גורמים עיקריים הם הכרחיים כנראה להעברת שרשרת יעילה: התאמה טובה של אנרגיות ניתוק קשר מתכת-פחם למגיב זרז פילמור והעברת שרשרת, וסביבה סטרית מתאימה כדי לקדם את ההיווצרות / שבירת bimolecular של ביניים מתכתיים-גישר אלקיל . 20 במקרה של מתכות מעבר מאוחר, אם הזרז אינו מכיל מספיק תפזורת סטרית, ביתא-הידריד חיסול (β-H) יהיה מסלול הסיום הדומיננטי ויעביר שרשרת בדרך כלל מחוץ למתחרות. במסמך זה אנו מדווחים על מחקר של מערכת זרז -2,3-מבוסס butanediimine העברה מתכתיים שרשרת מניקל לאבץ בBIS (2,6-dimethylphenyl) עם diethylzinc (ZnEt 2) דרך SMAתגובות תפוקה גבוהה ll קנה מידה. העברת שרשרת תזוהה על ידי בחינת שינויים במשקל המולקולרי (w M) ומדד dispersity של פוליאתילן וכתוצאה מכך באמצעות ניתוח כרומטוגרפיה ג&#39;ל-חלחול. גם העברת שרשרת תזוהה באמצעות 13 ניתוח C NMR של היחס של ויניל לקצווי שרשרת רווי כפונקציה של ריכוז סוכן העברת שרשרת. ניתוח מעמיק הקינטית של שיעורי התפשטות והעברת שרשרת יהיה גם הציג.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Endeavor Pressure Reactor</td><td>Biotage</td><td>EDV-1N-L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blade Impellers</td><td>Biotage</td><td>900543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Liners</td><td>Biotage</td><td>900676</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2,3-butanedione, 99%</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>A14217</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2,6-dimethylaniline, 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D146005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>formic acid, 95%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F0507</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>methanol, 99.8%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>179337</td><td>ACS Reagent</td></tr><tr><td>nickel (II) bromide, 99%</td><td>Strem</td><td>28-1140</td><td>anhydrous, hygroscopic</td></tr><tr><td>triethylorthoformate, 98%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>304050</td><td>dried with K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and distilled</td></tr><tr><td>1,2-dimethoxyethane, 99.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>259527</td><td>dried with Na/Benzophenone and distilled</td></tr><tr><td>pentane, 99%</td><td>Fisher</td><td>P399</td><td>HPLC Grade *</td></tr><tr><td>dichloromethane, 99.5%</td><td>Fisher</td><td>D37</td><td>ACS Reagent *</td></tr><tr><td>toluene, 99.8%</td><td>Fisher</td><td>T290</td><td>HPLC Grade *</td></tr><tr><td>methylaluminoxane</td><td>Albemarle</td><td>MAO</td><td>pyrophoric, 30% in toluene</td></tr><tr><td>diethylzinc, 95%</td><td>Strem</td><td>93-3030</td><td>pyrophoric</td></tr><tr><td>1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>296104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-D2, 99.6%</td><td>Cambridge Isotopes</td><td>DLM-35</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

ethylene polymerizations using parallel pressure reactors and a kinetic analysis of chain transfer polymerization

אנו מדגימים שיטה לזרז תפוקה גבוהה הקרנה באמצעות כור לחץ מקביל החל מהסינתזה הראשונית של זרז פילמור אתילן α-diimine ניקל. polymerizations ראשוני עם עופרת הזרז לתנאי תגובה אופטימלית, כוללים ריכוז זרז, לחץ אתילן וזמן תגובה. שימוש בנתוני גז-ספיגה לתגובות אלה, הליך כדי לחשב את השיעור הראשון של ההתפשטות (עמ &#39;יא) מוצג. שימוש בתנאים מותאמים, ביכולתו של זרז פילמור ניקל α-diimine לעבור העברת שרשרת עם diethylzinc (ZnEt 2) במהלך פילמור אתילן נחקרה. הליך כדי להעריך את היכולת של הזרז לעבור העברת שרשרת (ממשקל מולקולרי ונתוני 13 C NMR), לחשב את מידת העברת שרשרת, ולחשב קצב העברת שרשרת (ה K) מוצג.

צריכת גז אתילן לעומת הזמן מוצגת באיור 1 ללחצי אתילן השונים שנבדקו. נתונים אלה משמש כדי לקבוע תנאי תגובה אופטימליים. צריכת גז אתילן לעומת הזמן מוצגת באיור 2 א לדגימות לבד זרז, המשמש לחישוב שיעור ההתפשטות (עמ &#39;יא). איור 2 מציג כרומט?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization at JoVE.com

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

פרוטוקול לניתוח התפוקה גבוהה של זרז פילמור, polymerizations העברת שרשרת, אפיון פוליאתילן, וניתוח קינטית תגובה מוצג.

Polymerizations אתילן באמצעות כורי לחץ מקבילים וניתוח קינטי של העברת פלמור שרשרת

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel ...

ethylene-polymerizations-using-parallel-pressure-reactors-kinetic

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12.8K Views.  University of Minnesota - Twin Cities.  פרוטוקול לניתוח התפוקה גבוהה של זרז פילמור, polymerizations העברת שרשרת, אפיון פוליאתילן, וניתוח קינטית תגובה מוצג. 

Video: Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

העברת Atom פילמור רדיקלי של פונקציונליות ויניל מונומרים שימוש Perylene בתור Photocatalyst אור גלוי

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions

In this study, an amphiphilic copolymer that includes a core-forming block with phenyl groups was synthesized by living anionic polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PheGE) on methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG-b-PPheGE). Characterization of the copolymer revealed a narrow molecular distribution (PDI &#60; 1.03) and confirmed the degree of polymerization of mPEG122-b-(PheGE)15. The critical micelle concentration of the copolymer was evaluated using an established fluorescence method with the aggregation behavior evaluated by dynamic light scattering and transmission electronic microscopy. The potential of the copolymer for use in drug delivery applications was evaluated in a preliminary manner including in vitro biocompatibility, loading and release of the hydrophobic anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). A stable micelle formulation of DOX was prepared with drug loading levels up to 14% (wt%), drug loading efficiencies &#62; 60% (w/w) and sustained release of drug over 4 days under physiologically relevant conditions (acidic and neutral pH, presence of albumin). The high drug loading level and sustained release is attributed to stabilizing &#960;-&#960; interactions between DOX and the core-forming block of the micelles.

The key steps of living anionic polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PheGE) on methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG-b-PPheGE) are described. The resulting block copolymer micelles (BCMs) were loaded with doxorubicin 14% (wt%) and sustained release of drug over 4 days under physiologically relevant conditions was obtained.

Anionic פילמור של קופולימר amphiphilic עבור הכנת Micelles קופולימר בלוק מיוצב על ידי אינטראקציות הנחת π-π

In this study, an amphiphilic copolymer that includes a core-forming block with phenyl groups was synthesized by living anionic polymerization of phenyl ...

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Here, we describe an effective protocol that combines photoredox Ni/Ir catalysis with the use of a Zn-alkoxide for efficient ring-opening polymerization, allowing for the synthesis of isotactic poly(&#945;-hydroxy acids) with expected molecular weights (&#62;140 kDa) and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn &#60; 1.1). This ring-opening polymerization is mediated by Ni and Zn complexes in the presence of an alcohol initiator and a photoredox Ir catalyst, irradiated by a blue LED (400 - 500 nm). The polymerization is performed at a low temperature (-15 &#176;C) to avoid undesired side reactions. The complete monomer consumption can be achieved within 4 - 8 hours, providing a polymer close to the expected molecular weight with narrow molecular weight distribution. The resulted number-average molecular weight shows a linear correlation with the degree of polymerization up to 1000. The homodecoupling 1H NMR study confirms that the obtained polymer is isotactic without epimerization. This polymerization reported herein offers a strategy for achieving rapid, controlled O-carboxyanhydrides polymerization to prepare stereoregular poly(&#945;-hydroxy acids) and its copolymers bearing various functional side-chain groups.

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

A protocol for the controlled photoredox ring-opening polymerization of O-carboxyanhydrides mediated by Ni/Zn complexes is presented.

נשלט Photoredox הפילמור טבעת-פתיחה של O- Carboxyanhydrides מתווכת על-ידי Ni/Zn מתחמי

Here, we describe an effective protocol that combines photoredox Ni/Ir catalysis with the use of a Zn-alkoxide for efficient ring-opening polymerization, ...

Kinetics of Addition Polymerization to Polydimethylsiloxane

Source: <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/author/Kerry+M._Dooley">Kerry M. Dooley</a> and Michael G. Benton, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Polymers are molecules consisting of many repeating monomer units that are chemically bonded into long chains. They exhibit a broad range of physical properties, which are affected by their chemical structure, molecular weight and degree of polymerization. The polymer industry manufactures thousands of raw materials used in a broad variety of commercial products.1,2
The goal of this video is to perform an addition polymerization reaction and then evaluate the resulting product to understand how viscosity can be used to determine polymer molecular weight. Additionally, this experiment will investigate how molecular weight can be related to monomer conversion.

Synthesis of Polydimethylsiloxane via Addition Polymerization

קינטיקה של תוספת פילמור לפולידימתילסילוקסן

Source: Kerry M. Dooley and Michael G. Benton, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Polymers are molecules ...

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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11773/11773_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" />
Alkenes undergo polymerization via a free-radical mechanism involving three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination.&#160;
Radicals are generated in the initiation step by heating a small quantity of free-radical initiators such as benzoyl peroxide. The benzoyloxy radical loses CO2 and forms a phenyl radical (Ph&#183;), which adds to the double bond of the alkene to initiate the polymerization process. One of the electrons of the alkene &#960; bond pairs with one electron from the phenyl radical to form a new C&#8211;C bond.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11773/11773_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" />
<img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11773/11773_PT_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" />
<img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11773/11773_PT_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 80px;" />
In the propagation step, the carbon radical generated in the initiation step adds to another molecule of alkene to generate a new radical. The continuous addition of alkene monomers at the radical site yields the polymer.
<img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11773/11773_PT_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 80px;" />
The termination step of the free-radical mechanism occurs via recombination or disproportionation. In a recombination step, two growing chains form a bond at their radical sites.
<img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11773/11773_PT_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" />
In termination by disproportionation, a &#946;-hydrogen atom is transferred from one radical to another radical center, resulting in two non-radical products.
<img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11773/11773_PT_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 300px;" />
The free-radical polymerization of ethylene yields low-density polyethylene (LDPE), where the low density is a consequence of significant branching in the polymer chains. Articles made from polymers surround us in various forms, such as food packaging materials, plastic bags, bottles, stationery, and automotive parts.

Free-radical Polymerization Reaction of Alkenes

תגובת שרשרת רדיקלים חופשיים ופילמור של אלקנים

The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a ...

Organic Chemistry

Unit 1

Reactions of Alkenes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is used to minimize radical coupling.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12920/12920_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;" />
Figure 1: The homolytic fission reaction of radical initiator dibenzoyl peroxide to generate benzoyloxy radicals and the subsequent decomposition to phenyl radicals
This free radical initiates polymerization by reacting with a monomer molecule. Unsaturated monomers are suitable for radical chain-growth polymerization; a substituent group across the unsaturated bond that stabilizes the free radical increases the reaction feasibility. Ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, and styrene are examples of monomers that can be polymerized via free-radical chain-growth polymerization.
The reaction between a monomer and a free radical generates a new free radical. This new radical reacts with another monomer and creates yet another free radical. The polymer chain grows as the reaction between free-radical intermediates and monomers repeats sequentially. Typically, the propagation step repeats one thousand to ten thousand times before the termination of polymerization.
Often, chain transfer reagents, such as thiol, are used to control the molecular weight (Figure 2). A chain transfer agent must be sufficiently reactive to transfer a hydrogen atom to the growing chain to terminate the polymer growth. The resultant radical must add to a double bond in the monomer to initiate polymerization.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/12920/12920_PT_Figure_2_.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 150px;" />
Figure 2: (Top): The termination reaction of chain transfer agent thiol and a growing polymer chain; (Bottom): Subsequent reaction of thiol radical and monomer molecule to initiate polymer growth
Inhibitors are the reagents used to reduce the reactivity of radicals in the growing polymer chain. Figure 3 depicts the reaction of benzoquinone as an inhibitor.
<img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/12920/12920_PT_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;" />
Figure 3: The reaction between chain inhibitor benzoquinone and a growing polymer chain to generate a less reactive free radical

פילמור רדיקלי של צמיחת שרשרת: סקירה כללית

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the ...

Synthetic Polymers

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one &#960; electron in the unsaturated bond creates a &#963; bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other &#960; electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the new free-radical. The mechanism of the initiation reaction between a phenyl free radical and a vinyl chloride monomer is shown in Figure 1.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12921/12921_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 85px;" />
Figure 1: The initiation step of the reaction mechanism of the free-radical polymerization of vinyl chloride using a phenyl free radical.
The propagation step is the addition of this new free radical to the unsaturated bond in another monomer. This propagation step repeats to add more monomers and grow the polymer chain. In each addition, the radical site shifts to the newly added monomer. The number of times the propagation step repeats determines the molecular weight of the polymer chain. The propagation step of vinyl chloride free-radical polymerization is shown in Figure 2.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/12921/12921_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 105px;" />
Figure 2: The propagation step of the reaction mechanism of the free-radical polymerization of vinyl chloride.
The monomers add preferentially such that the unpaired electron is positioned on the more substituted carbon. For example, monosubstituted ethylene monomers such as propylene, vinyl chloride, and styrene add to the growing chain in a head-to-tail manner. Here, the radical site in the growing polymer chain is always on the substituted carbon (tail).
Due to the high reactivity of radical intermediates, the termination of polymer growth is inevitable. Different reaction pathways lead to the termination of polymerization. One is the coupling reaction of a radical site in a growing chain with a radical site in another. Another way of termination is the radical disproportionation reaction, where the radical site of one growing polymer chain abstracts hydrogen from the &#945; carbon of the radical site in the other chain. So, the former chain is terminated with an alkyl group, and the latter is terminated with an alkenyl group. The reaction mechanisms of radical coupling and disproportionation in the termination of the growth of a poly(vinyl chloride) chain are depicted in Figure 3.
<img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/12921/12921_PT_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 225px;" />
Figure 3: The termination of vinyl chloride polymerization via radical coupling (top) and disproportionation reaction (bottom).
Chain transfer reagents and chain inhibitors can also terminate a polymer chain&#39;s growth. However, in this case, the radical site is not eliminated but either removed from the growing chain or made less reactive.

פילמור רדיקלי של צמיחת שרשרת: מנגנון

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization ...

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the abstraction site to the end of the chain becomes a branch.
In intermolecular hydrogen abstraction, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from another growing polymer chain and terminates its chain growth. A new branch grows in the other chain where the hydrogen was removed. Figure 1 demonstrates the intermolecular hydrogen abstraction and the consequent chain growth from the middle of the polymer chain.
<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12922/12922_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 125px;" />
Figure 1: The intermolecular hydrogen abstraction (top) and the subsequent addition of the newly formed radical site to a monomer (bottom).
The radical site abstracts hydrogen from the same growing chain in intramolecular hydrogen abstraction. The length of the branch depends on the distance between the radical site and the abstraction site. Intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen abstraction frequently occurs due to the relatively stable six-membered transition state, resembling the chair conformation of cyclohexane. The resultant butyl branches are commonly found in branched polymers. Figure 2 shows the intramolecular hydrogen abstraction and the formation of the butyl branch.
<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/12922/12922_PT_Figure_2v2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" />
Figure 2:&#160; The intramolecular hydrogen abstraction (top) and subsequent addition of the newly formed radical site on a monomer (bottom).
In general, intramolecular hydrogen abstraction is more probable than intermolecular hydrogen abstraction. Also, short-chain branching is more common than long-chain branching, as the ends of the chains are more accessible.

פילמור רדיקלי של צמיחת שרשרת: הסתעפות שרשרת

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical ...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the &#960; bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron&#8208;withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor. Consequently, a dimer is formed that acts as a new carbanion. The propagation step repeats itself, thereby enabling the polymer chain to extend. The polymer chain continues to grow until a weak acid or an electrophile is added to terminate the polymerization process. Interestingly, in the absence of any terminating agents, the propagating chain&#8217;s end acts as a stabilized carbanion site, and the polymerization process continues uniformly as long as the monomers are available. Therefore, anionic polymers are often referred to as living polymers.

פילמור צמיחת שרשרת אניונית: מנגנון

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic ...

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the &#960; bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the &#960; bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron&#8208;donating group. In the propagation step, the &#960; bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation, thereby producing a dimer that acts as a new carbocation. The propagation step repeats itself and builds the polymer chain. In the termination step, the propagating chain gets terminated either by adding a base that deprotonates the carbocation and forms a new &#960; bond or by the attack of a nucleophile on the carbocation, where the nucleophile adds to the cationic end of the chain.

פילמור צמיחה של שרשרת קטיונית: מנגנון

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization ...