Name: preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives
Uploaded: 2015-03-05T15:00:00.000+00:00
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Data reported in this work are part of the USDA-ARS National Program 306 Project 'Values-Added Products from Cottonseed' research supported by the Agency's in-house funding. Publication of this paper is supported in part by the Journal of Visualized Experiments. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. We acknowledge the constructive comments from JoVE science editor and peer reviewers in the review and revision process.

1. Baumwoll und Sojamehl-basierten Produkte (Abbildung 1) <ol><li> Besorgen Sie sich die Rohstoffe, entfettet Baumwoll und Soja-Mahlzeiten, aus handelsüblichen Quellen. </li><li> Besorgen Sie sich die Arbeits Mahlzeit durch Schleifen der feste entfettetem Mehl in einem Zyklon Probenmühle, um eine 0,5 mm Stahl-Bildschirm 16 übergeben. </li><li> Bereiten Sie Wasser gewaschen Mahlzeiten aus den Arbeitsessen nach der Wasserextraktion (25 g Mehl 200 ml Wasser), um wasserlösliche Komponenten in den Mahlzeiten 21 zu trennen. </li><li> Bereiten Protein-Isolate aus den Arbeitsgerichte durch Alkaliextraktion und Säurefällung 16. </li></ol> 2. Herstellung von Holzfurnier-Streifen <ol><li> Schnittholzfurniere (1,59 mm dick) aus einer handelsüblichen Quelle in Streifen von 25,4 mm Breite und 88,9 mm Länge erhalten. </li><li> Bleistift markieren Sie eine Linie über die Holzmaserung auf 25,4 mm (1,0 &quot;) Länge von einem Ende jedes Streifens Beschriften Sie diese Streifen in geeigneter Weise mit der Prüfung Behandlungen oder Zahlen 5.. -10 Holz-Paare werden für jede Testvariable erstellt. </li></ol> 3. Herstellung von Klebe Slurries <ol><li> Berechnen Sie die Menge an Wasser gewaschen Mahlzeit benötigt pro den Holzproben für die Prüfung, durch Aufwandmenge (beispielsweise 4 mg Trockengehalt cm -2) x Gesamtbindungsfläche (zB 581 cm 2 von 90 Holzleisten mit 2,54 x 2,54 cm Klebefläche jeweils) plus ca. 30% Zuschlag für enoughness (dh 4 x 581 x 130% 3 g Wasser gewaschen Mahlzeit für das Beispiel). </li><li> Mischen Sie Wasser gewaschen Mahlzeit mit VE-Wasser (3.25 g / g), und unter Rühren mit einem magnetischen Rührstab für 2 Stunden in einem Becherglas mit Parafilm verschlossen. </li></ol> 4. Herstellung von verleimten Holzproben <ol><li> Bürsten Sie Haftschlämme auf ein Ende des 2 Holzfurnierstreifen abdecken 25,4 mm (1,0 &quot;) Länge der Luft trocknen. 10 - 15 Minuten oder bis klebrig. </li><li> Pinsel eine zweite Klebstoffschicht-Aufschlämmung auf die Oberseite der ersten Schicht und der Luft trocknen wieder. Die Höhe der TrockenkleberZubereitung angewendet ist etwa 4,5 mg trockener Feststoff pro cm 2 der Bindung sind jedes Holzleiste. </li><li> Überlappen die klebrigen Klebstoff beschichtete Fläche (25,4 x 25,4 mm bzw. 1,0 &quot;x 1,0&quot;) von 2 Holzfurnierstreifen. Heißpresse mit einem Tisch beheizten Presse bei 100 ° C für 20 min bei einem Druck von 400 psi (2,8 MPa). Notiere den Druck der durch die Presse, geteilt durch die Überlappungsfläche der Holzproben ausgeübten Kraft. Diese Bindungsparameter können als für jeden Test variablen Bedarf geändert werden. </li><li> Kühlung und Konditionierung der gebundenen Holzproben für 48 Stunden im Klimaraum oder einem Inkubator mit Feuchtigkeitsregulierung (Temperatur von 22 - 23 ° C und einer relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit von 50 bis 60%; Abbildung 2). </li></ol> 5. Wasserbeständigkeit Experimente <ol><li> Tauchen Sie die gebundene Holzproben nach anfänglichen Anlage, in Leitungswasser für 48 Stunden in einer Plastikschale bei Raumtemperatur (22-23 ° C). Die nassen Proben nach Einweichen werden sofort für die Scher getestetBruchfestigkeit und als Nassfestwiesen. Überschüssiges Wasser auf dem Furnieroberfläche kann durch leichtes klopfen mit Papiertaschentuch vor der Messung entfernt werden. </li><li> Tauchen Sie einen anderen Satz von gebundenen Holzproben nach anfänglichen Anlage, in einem Wasserbad bei 63 ° C 4 Stunden lang und dann bei Raumbedingungen getrocknet (Temperatur von 22 - 23 ° C und einer relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit von 50 bis 60%) O / N (18 - 20 h). Wiederholen Sie den Eintrocknungszyklus einmal mit einer 48 Stunden Trocknungszeit. Die getrockneten Proben werden dann für die Scherbruchfestigkeit geprüft und getränkt Haftfestigkeit angegeben. </li></ol> 6. Zugscherfestigkeit Messungen <ol><li> Setzen Sie ein gebundene Holzprobe in die 32 x 40 mm Schuppengerasterten Keilspannköpfen auf einem Materialtester mit einem Greifdruck von 7 MPa, und stellen Sie die Kreuzkopfgeschwindigkeit von 1 mm min -1. </li><li> Messen und notieren Sie die Scherfestigkeit bei Bruch für jede gebundene Holzprobe. Die Ergebnisse von mehreren Messungen für jedes Klebeform gemitteltlation und Testvariable. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Solids Structures. 39 (17), 4367-4383 (2002).</li><li>Tang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+adhesive+wettability+of+poplar+veneer+with+cold+oxygen+plasma+treatment.">Dynamic adhesive wettability of poplar veneer with cold oxygen plasma treatment.</a> Bio Res. 7 (3), 3327-3339 (2012).</li><li>Gui, C., Liu, X., Wu, D., Zhou, T., Wang, G., Zhu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+a+new+type+of+polyamidoamine+and+its+application+for+soy+flour-based+adhesives.">Preparation of a new type of polyamidoamine and its application for soy flour-based adhesives.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 99 (90), 265-272 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Dieser Beitrag stellt eine grundlegende Vorgehensweise zur Vorbereitung und Testpflanzensamen basierende Produkte wie Holzklebstoffe. Die Klebe Schlämmen in diesem Protokoll exampled sind einfach die entfetteten Samenmehl Produkt und Wasser. Verschiedene Klebstoffzusammensetzungen können durch Zugabe von Testreagenzien (wie Natriumdodecylsulfat, Natriumbisulfit oder Tungöl) 5,6,23 und / oder Änderungen in den Mischbedingungen (zB pH-Wert, Verhältnis von Feststoff und Wasser) 3,24 erreicht werd...

Kleben von Holz spielt eine immer größere Rolle in der Waldprodukt-Industrie und ist ein Schlüsselfaktor für die effiziente Nutzung von Holzressourcen ein. Das Interesse an der Nutzung der natürlichen Produktbasierte Klebstoffe für Holz stieg stetig von den 1930er Jahren, um eine Spitze um 1960 2 zu erreichen. Nach Ablauf dieser Frist ist der Preis für Erdöl-basierten Klebstoffe wurde so niedrig, dass sie verschoben Proteinkleber aus mehreren traditionellen Märkten. In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten hat sich dieser Trend mit erneutem Interesse an der Verwendung von Materialien, die erneuerbare, die biologisch abbaubar sind umgekehrt, und umweltverträglicher. Diese natürlichen Ressourcen beinhalten, sind aber nicht beschränkt auf, Sojaprotein 3-5, Baumwollsamenprotein 6, Reiskleie 7, Weizengluten 8, Getreideschlempe Protein 9, Raps-Protein und Öl 10-12, Lignin aus Sorghum und Zuckerrohrbagasse 13 begrenzt , 14 und Polysacchariden aus Garnelenschalen 15 abgeleitet. &lt;p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Während Samenprotein-Isolate wurden weithin als potenzielle Holzklebstoffe ausgewertet umfasst das Isolierungsverfahren ätzende alkalische und saure Reagenzien und es macht Isolat basierte Klebstoffe relativ teuer und weniger umweltfreundliche 16. So haben einige entfetteten Samen Mahlzeiten (Mehl) mit oder ohne Behandlung auch für die Klebe Zweck getestet, obwohl die Hafteigenschaften dieser Mahlzeiten nicht durchführen sowie Proteinisolaten 17-19. Wir haben der Reihe nach aufgetrennt Baumwollsamenmehl (CM) in verschiedene Fraktionen und untersuchten ihre Haftfestigkeit der Bindung Holzfurniere 20,21. Das wasserunlösliche Feststoffanteil (nachfolgend gewaschen Baumwollsamenmehl-WCM) könnte als Holzklebstoffe, vergleichbar mit Baumwollsamenprotein-Isolat (CSPI) verwendet werden und wäre kostengünstiger herzustellen als CSPI sein. Haftfestigkeit und Wasserbeständigkeit sind zwei kritische Parameter bei der Bewertung der Leistungeine potentielle Klebematerial. Hier wird die Haftfestigkeit als die Scherfestigkeit bei Bruch der Runde Bindung der einzelnen Holzprobe angegeben. Wasserbeständigkeit des Klebemittels durch die Änderung in der Überlappungsscherfestigkeit der verklebten Holzprobe Dehnung aufgrund Wasserbefeuchtungsfüße gemessen. Mit Baumwoll entfettet und Soja-Mahlzeiten als Rohstoffe, bietet dieses Protokoll eine einfache und unkomplizierte Weise und Testpflanzensamen basierende Produkte wie Holzklebstoffe vorzubereiten. Dieses Protokoll wäre hilfreich bei der Erleichterung der Bemühungen bei der Suche nach wirtschaftlicheren und umweltfreundliche Formulierungen der Naturstoffbasis Holzklebstoffe sein.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Defatted cottonseed meal</td><td>Kentwood Co-op</td><td></td><td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Defatted soy meal</td><td>Kentwood Co-op</td><td></td><td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Wood veneers</td><td>Certainly Wood, Inc.</td><td></td><td>East Aurora, NY, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclone sample mill (model 3010-014)</td><td>UDY Corporation</td><td></td><td>Fort Collins, CO, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Benchtop heated press (model 3856)</td><td>Carver, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Wabash, IN, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Materials tester</td><td>Zwick GmbH &amp;amp; Co.</td><td></td><td>Ulm, Germany</td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives

In letzter Zeit hat das Interesse an Pflanzensamenmehl-basierten Produkten wie Holzklebstoffe stetig erhöht, da diese pflanzlichen Rohstoffen gelten als erneuerbare und umweltfreundlich. Diese natürlichen Produkte können dienen als Alternative zu Erdöl-basierten Klebstoffen, um Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten zu erleichtern. Diese Arbeit zeigt die Herstellung und Prüfung der Pflanzensamen basierende Holzklebstoffe mit Baumwollsamen und Sojamehl als Rohstoff. Neben unbehandeltem Mahlzeiten, Wasser gewaschen Mahlzeiten und Protein-Isolate werden hergestellt und getestet. Adhesive Schlämme werden durch Mischen einer gefriergetrockneten Mahlzeiten Produkt mit VE-Wasser (3.25 m / m) für 2 Stunden vorbereitet. Jede Klebstoffzubereitung auf einem Ende 2 Holzfurnierstreifen mit einem Pinsel aufgetragen. Die klebrigen Klebstoff beschichteten Bereiche der Holzfurnierstreifen werden durch überlappt und geklebt Heißpressen. Haftfestigkeit wird als die Scherfestigkeit der gebundenen Holzprobe Dehnung berichtet. Wasserbeständigkeit der Klebstoffe wird gemessendie Änderung der Scherfestigkeit des gebundenen Holzproben Dehnung nach Einweichen in Wasser. Dieses Protokoll erlaubt es, Pflanzensamen-basierten landwirtschaftlichen Produkten als geeignete Kandidaten für die Substitution synthetischer Basis Holzklebstoffe zu bewerten. Anpassungen der Klebstoffformulierung mit oder ohne Zusatzstoffen und Bindungsbedingungen könnten ihre Hafteigenschaften für verschiedene praktische Anwendungen zu optimieren.

Leistung jeder Klebstofformulierung wird durch die Scherfestigkeit der verklebten Holzprobe Dehnung festgelegt und die Werte hängen von den Abmessungen der Holzfurnier verwendet abhängig. Zum Beispiel ist in Tabelle 1, sind die trockenen und getränkte Klebkraftwerte der geklebten Proben niedriger als dünner und schmaler Ahornleisten verwendet werden (siehe Baumwollsaat-1), im Gegensatz zu den dickeren und breiteren Streifen aus Baumwoll-2 in die empfohlene Protokoll unter Verwendung des gleichen Bau...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives at JoVE.com

Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Herstellung und Prüfung der Pflanzensamen Speisen basierte Holzklebstoffe

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable ...

preparation-and-testing-of-plant-seed-meal-based-wood-adhesives

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8.7K Aufrufe.  United States Department of Agriculture. To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Serie: Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the use of non-renewable energy sources. In order to identify which plants, out of a diverse pool, have the desired chemical traits for downstream applications, attributes, such as cellulose and lignin content, or monomeric sugar release following an enzymatic saccharification, must be compared. The experimental and data analysis protocols of the standard methods of analysis can be time-consuming, thereby limiting the number of samples that can be measured. High-throughput (HTP) methods alleviate the shortcomings of the standard methods, and permit the rapid screening of available samples to isolate those possessing the desired traits. This study illustrates the HTP sugar release and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry pipelines employed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. These pipelines have enabled the efficient assessment of thousands of plants while decreasing experimental time and costs through reductions in labor and consumables.

Plant cell wall structure and chemistry traits are evaluated to identify ideal feedstocks for biofuels and bio-materials. Standard methods have limitations when applied to large data sets. These high-throughput pretreatment, enzyme saccharification, and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry methods compare large numbers of biomass samples with decreased experimental time and cost.

Hochdurchsatz-Screening von Widerspenstigkeit Variationen in Lignocellulose-reicher Biomasse: Gesamt Lignin, Lignin-Monomeren und enzymatische Zuckerfreisetzung

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the ...

Forschung

Umwelt

Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National Laboratory, a high-moisture pelleting process was developed to reduce the drying cost. In this process the biomass pellets are produced at higher feedstock moisture contents than conventional methods, and the high moisture pellets produced are further dried in energy efficient dryers. This process helps to reduce the feedstock moisture content by about 5-10% during pelleting, which is mainly due to frictional heat developed in the die. The objective of this research was to explore how binder addition influences the pellet quality and energy consumption of the high-moisture pelleting process in a flat die pellet mill. In the present study, raw corn stover was pelleted at moistures of 33, 36, and 39% (w.b.) by addition of 0, 2, and 4% pure corn starch. The partially dried pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70 &#176;C for 3-4 hr to lower the pellet moisture to less than 9% (w.b.). The high moisture and dried pellets were evaluated for their physical properties, such as bulk density and durability. The results indicated that increasing the binder percentage to 4% improved pellet durability and reduced the specific energy consumption by 20-40% compared to pellets with no binder. At higher binder addition (4%), the reduction in feedstock moisture during pelleting was &#60;4%, whereas the reduction was about 7-8% without the binder. With 4% binder and 33% (w.b.) feedstock moisture content, the bulk density and durability values observed of the dried pellets were &#62;510 kg/m3 and &#62;98%, respectively, and the percent fine particles generated was&#160;reduced to &#60;3%.

In this study, a protocol was developed to produce good quality pellets using a flat die pellet mill at reduced specific energy consumption testing high-moisture corn stover and a starch based binder. The results indicated that adding a corn starch binder improved the pellet durability, reduced percent fines and decreased specific energy consumption.

Verfahren zur Produktion von Durable Pellets bei geringerem Energieverbrauch Mit Feuchtmais Stover und Maisstärke Binder in einer Wohnung Die Pellet Mill

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National ...

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is needed to open up the structure of the plant cell wall, increasing the accessibility of the cell wall carbohydrates. Lignin, a polyphenolic material present in many cell wall types, is known to be a significant hindrance to enzyme access. Reduction in lignin content to a level that does not interfere with the structural integrity and defense system of the plant might be a valuable step to reduce the costs of bioethanol production. In this study, we have genetically down-regulated one of the lignin biosynthesis-related genes, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (ZmCCR1) via a double stranded RNA interference technique. The ZmCCR1_RNAi construct was integrated into the maize genome using the particle bombardment method. Transgenic maize plants grew normally as compared to the wild-type control plants without interfering with biomass growth or defense mechanisms, with the exception of displaying of brown-coloration in transgenic plants leaf mid-ribs, husks, and stems. The microscopic analyses, in conjunction with the histological assay, revealed that the leaf sclerenchyma fibers were thinned but the structure and size of other major vascular system components was not altered. The lignin content in the transgenic maize was reduced by 7-8.7%, the crystalline cellulose content was increased in response to lignin reduction, and hemicelluloses remained unchanged. The analyses may indicate that carbon flow might have been shifted from lignin biosynthesis to cellulose biosynthesis. This article delineates the procedures used to down-regulate the lignin content in maize via RNAi technology, and the cell wall compositional analyses used to verify the effect of the modifications on the cell wall structure.

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

A double stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) technique is employed to down-regulate the maize cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase (ZmCCR1) gene to lower plant lignin content. Lignin down-regulation from the cell wall is visualized by microscopic analyses and quantified by the Klason method. Compositional changes in hemicellulose and crystalline cellulose are analyzed.

Lignin Herunterregulierung<em&gt; Zea mays</em&gt; Über dsRNAi und Klason Lignin Analyse

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is ...

Biotechnik

Rapid Testing of Resistance of Timber to Biodegradation by Marine Wood-Boring Crustaceans

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every year. As treatments of wood with broad spectrum biocides, such as creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA), are now restricted in marine use by legislation, naturally durable timber species and novel preservation methods of wood are required. These methods undergo testing in order to meet regulatory standards, such as the European standard for testing wood preservatives against marine borers, EN 275. Initial investigation of durable timbers species or wood preservative treatments can be achieved quickly and inexpensively through laboratory testing, which offers many advantages over marine field trials that are typically costly, long-term endeavours. Many species of Limnoria (gribble) are marine wood-boring crustaceans. Limnoria are ideal for use in laboratory testing of biodegradation of wood by marine wood-borers, due to the practicality of rearing them in aquaria and the ease of measuring their feeding rates on wood. Herein, we outline a standardizable laboratory test for assessing wood biodegradation using gribble.

This protocol presents a method for assessing the feeding rate of the wood-boring crustacean, Limnoria, by measuring faecal pellet production. This method is designed for use in non-specialist labs and has potential for incorporation into standard testing protocols, to evaluate enhanced wood durability under marine conditions.

Schnelle Prüfung der Beständigkeit von Holz gegen den biologischen Abbau durch marine holzbohrende Krebstiere

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

Gewinnung von Lignin mit hohen Gehalt an β-O-4 durch milde Ethanol Extraktion und seine Wirkung auf die Depolymerisation Ausbeute

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Chemie

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

Herstellung und Design von holzbasierten Hochleistungs-Verbundwerkstoffen

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...

Ingenieurwesen

Evaluation of the Curing of Adhesive Systems by Rheological and Thermal Testing

The analysis of thermal processes associated to the curing of adhesives and the study of mechanical behavior once cured, provide key information to choose the best option for any specific application. The proposed methodology for the curing characterization, based on thermal analysis and rheology, is described through the comparison of three commercial adhesives. The experimental techniques used here are Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Rheology. TGA provides information about the thermal stability and filler content, DSC allows the evaluation of some thermal events associated to the cure reaction and to thermal changes of the cured material when subjected to temperature changes. Rheology complements the information of the thermal transformations from a mechanical point of view. Thus, the curing reaction can be tracked through the elastic modulus (mainly the storage modulus), the phase angle and the gap. In addition, it is also shown that although DSC is of no use to study the curing of moisture curable adhesives, it is a very convenient method to evaluate the low temperature glass transition of amorphous systems.

An experimental methodology based on thermal and rheological measurements is proposed to characterize the curing process of adhesives with to obtain useful information for industrial adhesive selection.

Bewertung der Aushärtung von Klebstoffsystemen durch rheologische und thermische Prüfung

The analysis of thermal processes associated to the curing of adhesives and the study of mechanical behavior once cured, provide key information to choose ...

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls (Lignocellulosic biomass) Part I: Lignin

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st century. This has rekindled interest in the use of plant products as industrial raw materials for the production of liquid fuels for transportation1 and other products such as biocomposite materials7. Plant biomass remains one of the greatest untapped reserves on the planet4. It is mostly comprised of cell walls that are composed of energy rich polymers including cellulose, various hemicelluloses (matrix polysaccharides, and the polyphenol lignin6 and thus sometimes termed lignocellulosics. However, plant cell walls have evolved to be recalcitrant to degradation as walls provide tensile strength to cells and the entire plants, ward off pathogens, and allow water to be transported throughout the plant; in the case of trees up to more the 100 m above ground level. Due to the various functions of walls, there is an immense structural diversity within the walls of different plant species and cell types within a single plant4. Hence, depending of what crop species, crop variety, or plant tissue is used for a biorefinery, the processing steps for depolymerization by chemical/enzymatic processes and subsequent fermentation of the various sugars to liquid biofuels need to be adjusted and optimized. This fact underpins the need for a thorough characterization of plant biomass feedstocks. Here we describe a comprehensive analytical methodology that enables the determination of the composition of lignocellulosics and is amenable to a medium to high-throughput analysis. In this first part we focus on the analysis of the polyphenol lignin (Figure 1). The method starts of with preparing destarched cell wall material. The resulting lignocellulosics are then split up to determine its lignin content by acetylbromide solubilization3, and its lignin composition in terms of its syringyl, guaiacyl- and p-hydroxyphenyl units5. The protocol for analyzing the carbohydrates in lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose content and matrix polysaccharide composition is discussed in Part II2.

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part I: Lignin

Plant biomass is a major carbon-neutral renewable resource that could be used for the production of biofuels. Plant biomass consists mainly of cell walls, a structurally complex composite material termed lignocellulosics. Here we describe a protocol for a comprehensive analysis of the content and composition of the polyphenolic lignin.

Umfassende Analyse der Zusammensetzung von pflanzlichen Zellwänden (Lignozellulose) Teil I: Lignin

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st ...

Biologie

Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Renewable Fiberboards

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as source of mechanical reinforcement in fully bio-based fiberboards was developed. Various lignocellulosic crop by-products have already been successfully pre-treated through this process, e.g., cereal straws (especially rice), coriander straw, shives from oleaginous flax straw, and bark of both amaranth and sunflower stems.
The extrusion process results in a marked increase in the average fiber aspect ratio, leading to improved mechanical properties of fiberboards. The twin-screw extruder can also be fitted with a filtration module at the end of the barrel. The continuous extraction of various chemicals (e.g., free sugars, hemicelluloses, volatiles from essential oil fractions, etc.) from the lignocellulosic substrate, and the fiber refining can, therefore, be performed simultaneously.
The extruder can also be used for its mixing ability: a natural binder (e.g., Organosolv lignins, protein-based oilcakes, starch, etc.) can be added to the refined fibers at the end of the screw profile. The obtained premix is ready to be molded through hot pressing, with the natural binder contributing to fiberboard cohesion. Such a combined process in a single extruder pass improves the production time, production cost, and may lead to reduction in plant production size. Because all the operations are performed in a single step, fiber morphology is better preserved, thanks to a reduced residence time of the material inside the extruder, resulting in enhanced material performances. Such one-step extrusion operation may be at the origin of a valuable industrial process intensification.
Compared to commercial wood-based materials, these fully bio-based fiberboards do not emit any formaldehyde, and they could find various applications, e.g., intermediate containers, furniture, domestic flooring, shelving, general construction, etc.

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass was developed, which leads to an increased average fiber aspect ratio. A natural binder can also be added continuously after fiber refining, leading to bio-based fiberboards with improved mechanical properties after hot pressing of the obtained extruded material.

Doppelschnecken-Extrusionsverfahren zur Herstellung erneuerbarer Faserplatten

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as ...

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the adhesive cure, and the effect of adhesive penetration on the wood interphase; thus, normal testing of a neat adhesive film is generally not useful. Most tests of wood adhesive bond strength are slow, laborious, can be strongly influenced by the wood and do not provide information on the kinetics of cure. Test method ASTM D 7998-19, however, can be used for fast evaluation of the strength of wood bonds. The use of a smooth, uniform, and strong wood surface, like maple face-veneer, and sufficient bonding pressure reduces the adhesion and wood strength effects on bond strength. This method has three main applications. The first is to provide consistent data on bond strength development. The second is to measure the dry and wet strengths of bonded lap shear samples. The third is to better understand the adhesive heat resistance by quickly evaluating thermal sensitivity and distinguishing between thermal softening and thermal degradation.

We present a procedure, ASTM D7998-19, for a rapid and more consistent evaluation of both dry and wet strength of adhesive bonds on wood. The method can also be used to provide information on strength development as a function of temperature and time or strength retention up to 250 &#176;C.

Standardprüfverfahren ASTM D 7998-19 zur kohäsiven Festigkeitsentwicklung von Holzklebstoffen

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the ...