Name: preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives
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Data reported in this work are part of the USDA-ARS National Program 306 Project 'Values-Added Products from Cottonseed' research supported by the Agency's in-house funding. Publication of this paper is supported in part by the Journal of Visualized Experiments. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. We acknowledge the constructive comments from JoVE science editor and peer reviewers in the review and revision process.

1.棉籽和豆粕为基础的产品（图1） <ol><li>得到的原料，脱脂棉籽和大豆粗粉，从市售来源。 </li><li>研磨固体脱脂一顿旋风磨样品通过0.5mm的钢化屏16获得工作餐。 </li><li>分离水溶性成分的膳食21:从水中提取（200毫升的水25克餐）后的工作餐准备清水洗净饭菜。 </li><li>准备分离蛋白的工作餐碱提酸沉淀16。 </li></ol> 2.准备的木单板条<ol><li> 88.9毫米长的从市售来源成条状25.4毫米宽得到切木单板（1.59毫米厚）。 </li><li>铅笔从每个条的一端标记横跨木纹线在25.4毫米（1.0"）长标签这些条带适当地检测处理或号码5。 -10木对为每个测试变量制备。 </li></ol> 3.用胶粘剂的泥浆<ol><li>计算每个木标本进行检测需要用水冲洗餐量，通过施用量（ 如，4毫克干含量厘米-2）×总粘接面积（ 如581 平方厘米90的木条与2.54×2.54厘米粘接面积各）加上约30％的额外enoughness（ 即，4×581×130个％3克水洗涤餐的例子）。 </li><li>混合水洗涤餐用去离子水（3点25分重量/重量），并搅拌用2小时在用Parafilm密封烧杯磁力搅拌棒。 </li></ol> 4.准备保税木标本<ol><li>刷胶粘剂浆到2木皮条覆盖25.4毫米（1.0"）长一端风干10 - 15分钟或直到俗气。 </li><li>再次刷上的第一层和风干的顶部粘合剂浆料的第二层。干粘合剂的量申请准备是约4.5毫克干每平方厘米2稳固的结合是每个木条。 </li><li> 2木单板条重叠性粘接剂涂面积（25.4×25.4毫米或1.0"×1.0"）。热压用台式热压机在100℃下20分钟，在400磅（2.8兆帕）的压力下进行。注压力是由压由木样本的重叠面积除以所施加的力。根据需要，对于每个测试变量这些接合参数可以被改变。 </li><li>凉爽和调节所述粘结木材试样48小时在空调房间或湿度控制（22温度- 23℃和50的相对湿度％ - 60％; 图2）的培养箱。 </li></ol> 5.耐水性试验<ol><li>浸入粘合木材试样，初始调理后，在自来水中48小时在塑料托盘在RT（22 - 23℃）。浸泡后的湿标本立即剪切测试断裂强度和报告为湿强度。上的单板表面过量的水可以通过与纸巾之前测量轻轻拍打去除。 </li><li>浸入另一组粘结木材的标本，初始调节之后，在水浴中于63ºC4小时，然后干燥，在室温条件下（22温度 - 23℃，50相对湿度 - 60％），O / N（18 - 20小时）。有48小时的干燥时间重复浸泡干燥循环一次。将干燥的试样，然后测试其断裂时的剪切强度并报告为浸泡粘合强度。 </li></ol> 6.搭接剪切强度测量<ol><li>适合的粘合木材试样插入一个材料测试仪的32×40mm的耐鳞爆网格楔形夹具为7兆帕夹紧压力，并设定十字头速度为1mm分钟-1。 </li><li>测量和断裂每个保税木材标本记录剪切强度。多次测量的结果的平均，每个粘接剂箔片不愿意将测试变量。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本文提出了一种基本的程序，准备和测试植物种子为基础的产品如木材胶粘剂。 exampled在这个协议的粘接泥浆只是脱脂粕产品和水。各种粘合剂制剂可以通过加入测试试剂（如十二烷基硫酸钠，亚硫酸氢钠或桐油）5,6,23和/或在混合条件下（如pH值，固体和水的比例）的变化3,24的到达25。还需要的粘合剂配方的调整，如果是该粘合剂浆料的流变学性质不适合用于相应的应用程​​序的木条。 在固体表面材料的测试，木贴面，是天然的产品，让谁也无法预料的木质纹理和表面粗糙度高的变化。由于这个原因，检测复制来自3 - 10已在文献中报道。由于这些变化和其他已知和未知因素的影响，它是不是经常可以看到大标准偏差（&gt; 10％）中观察到的剪切强度的测量，如表1和文献6-8,12,25，这可能会破坏某些统计分析以P≤0.05。因此，一些文件只需出示与标准偏差的数据，然后比较和讨论它们没有统计显着性分析（ 如 7,8,12,26）。这种方法还通过展示从测试变量的影响，总的趋势是有道理的。 应当指出的是，剪切强度的测定也是敏感的样品尺寸和数值结果不能被不同的几何形状之间进行比较。的棉籽-2的剪切强度大于棉籽-1 表1中的较高的值显然是由于用于棉籽-2-厚和更宽木标本。据报道，一个搭接剪切接头的强度可与检体的总长度而变化，即使对于一个固定的OVerlap长度27。因此，该比较只能样品之间进行，在同一组的试验中，不间不同的测试的几何形状，如棉籽-2和大豆（ 表1）之间。上对单搭接剪切接头的断裂的几何形状和材料特性的效果的更多信息可以在Kafkalidis和Thouless 27中找到。 剪切强度是在参照美国试验协会和材料协会（ASTM）的标准方法D-906 22测试。此协议呈现用于耐水性的评价两种常用方法:浸泡在自来水中，在23℃培养48小时，之后立即测得的粘合样品的（1）的湿强度 - 剪切强度，这是根据ASTM标准D1151- 00 11;和（2）中浸渍后浸泡测定粘合试样的强度 - 剪切强度 - 干燥循环，这是类似于中国国家标准胶合板（GB / T 17657-1999 ASTM标准D1151-00 11。有些报纸报道的湿强度仅为5，或者泡水强度只有6或两者11。还值得指出的是，在这个协议中的实力浸泡在63℃浸泡4小时，在干燥RT O / N的两个周期后测量（18 - 20小时）6。一些研究人员测量在室温浸泡1更长的浸泡和干燥过程之后的强度（ 即，48小时均热和2-到7-日干燥二者在23℃）11,25。在我们看来，人们可以选择根据自己的实验时间的可用性和他们的项目目标，这两种方法。 在这项工作中，我们测试了单两层接合试样的粘结强度。虽然这种方法是最广泛使用的（ 例如，4,6,9,11），更复杂或多个重叠木标本也可以在粘合剂测试（使用例如，两个2层关节具有三个木条7,22 </suP&gt;，并且具有三个木条3 3层关节）29。

木材的粘接起着在森林产品工业中日益重要的作用，并且是有效地利用木材资源1的关键因素。在使用天然产物型胶粘剂木材利率稳步上升，从20世纪30年代，以达到在1960年左右2峰值。在此之后，中石油为基础的粘合剂的价格变得如此之低，他们流离失所蛋白胶粘剂从几个传统市场。在过去的二十年里，这一趋势已经在使用的材料是可再生，可降解的新的兴趣逆转，更符合环保要求。这些天然资源包括但不限于，大豆蛋白3-5，棉籽蛋白6，米糠7，小麦面筋8，酒糟蛋白9，低芥酸菜子蛋白质和油10-12，木质素从高粱和甘蔗渣13 ，14，和多糖衍生自虾壳15。 &lt;P类="jove_content"&gt;鉴于种子蛋白质分离物已被广泛地评价为潜在木材胶粘剂，隔离过程涉及腐蚀性酸性和碱性试剂，它使分离物基粘合剂较昂贵和较少的环境友好型16。因此，一些脱脂种子餐（粉）有或无治疗也已测试了用于粘合目的，即使这些膳食的粘合性能不执行以及蛋白分离物17-19。我们顺序地分馏棉籽粕（CM）成不同的馏分，并检查其在粘接木材薄板20,21的粘接强度。水不溶性的固体成分（以下，洗涤棉籽粕-WCM）可以用作木材粘合剂，媲美棉籽蛋白分离物（CSPI），并且将是制备比CSPI成本更低。 粘合强度和耐水性是在评估的性能的两个关键参数一个潜在的粘合剂材料。这里，粘合强度被报告为在每个木材试样的搭接键的断裂的剪切强度。粘合剂的耐水性是通过在粘合的木材试样断裂时的拉伸剪切强度的变化，由于浸水测量。使用脱脂棉籽和大豆膳食为原料，该协议提供了一个简单而直接的方式来准备和测试植物种子为基础的产品如木材胶粘剂。该协议将促进在寻求天然产物为基础的木材胶粘剂更多的经济型和环境友好剂型的努力有所帮助。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Defatted cottonseed meal</td><td>Kentwood Co-op</td><td></td><td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Defatted soy meal</td><td>Kentwood Co-op</td><td></td><td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Wood veneers</td><td>Certainly Wood, Inc.</td><td></td><td>East Aurora, NY, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclone sample mill (model 3010-014)</td><td>UDY Corporation</td><td></td><td>Fort Collins, CO, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Benchtop heated press (model 3856)</td><td>Carver, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Wabash, IN, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Materials tester</td><td>Zwick GmbH &amp;amp; Co.</td><td></td><td>Ulm, Germany</td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives

最近，在植物种子粉为基础的产品如木材胶粘剂的兴趣不断增加，因为这些植物原料被认为是可再生能源和环境友好。这些天然产物可以作为替代的基于石油的粘合剂，以减轻环境和可持续性的担忧。这项工作演示了使用棉籽和大豆粉为原料的植物种子为基础的木材胶粘剂的制备和测试。此外，未经处理的餐点，用水洗净膳食和分离蛋白的制备和测试。粘合剂浆料是通过2小时搅拌冷冻干燥餐产物用去离子水（3点25瓦特/ w）的制备。每种粘合剂制剂施加到用刷子2木材单板条一端。木材单板条带的粘性粘合剂涂覆区域被研磨和胶合热压。粘合强度被报告为粘结木材试样断裂时的剪切强度。粘合剂的耐水性是通过测量在保税木材的剪切强度的变化，在试件浸水后休息。该协议允许一个评估植物种子为基础的农产品为合适人选的合成基木材胶粘剂替代。调整到具有或不具有添加剂和粘合条件的粘合剂配制剂可用于各种实际应用中优化其粘合性能。

各个粘合剂配方的性能是由粘结木材试样的剪切断裂力测定和值取决于所使用的木材单板的尺寸。例如，在表1中，接合试样的干燥和浸泡粘合强度值较低时更薄，更窄枫木条用于（参见棉籽-1），相对于棉籽-2的厚和更宽条建议的协议，使用相同的棉籽基粘合剂配方中。也观察到人在薄和窄木单板粘合剪切强度的测量更多的木材标本失败。具体而言，3脱脂粉，4洗涤膳食，并且所有10的蛋白质的分离物未能在木纹而不是在干粘结标本粘合剂关节，并使用相同的3粘​​合剂配方时，分别为0， 6浸泡标本和9失败的木纹。这表明粘合剂是强于薄木板条21。一般的观察，似乎适用于使用这两种原料。也就是说，水洗涤棉籽粕的粘合剂性能比得上的棉籽蛋白分离物。另一方面，对于大豆的产品，用水洗涤膳食的干燥和浸渍优势类似于脱脂膳食比那些蛋白质分离物，其可反映在棉籽粕和大豆粗粉的化学成分的差异。 表2比较了干，湿，并浸泡粘合在100℃下利用水洗涤棉籽粕和四个木种试样的剪切强度。剪切强度顺序为:干&gt;泡&gt;湿润所有四个类型的木材，说明烘干后恢复的粘合强度的变化趋势相同水削弱这些木材标本的粘结强度，并且部分。杨树，花旗松干剪切强度和白橡木基本上相同的，但干强度较低与核桃。的小的差异，使木材类型上的干粘合强度仅在P = 0.1显著的影响。木材类型的影响是更统计学显著上以P &lt;0.001的湿和浸泡剪切强度的数据。在实际中，对贴合试样为4树林的湿和浸泡强度的顺序并不相同的干强度。我们认为这观测到膨胀程度的差异浸泡期间（肿胀）每种类型的木材的;木贴面的扩张速度可能会与胶粘剂不相容，并可能产生一定的压力，以降低债券合资的粘接强度。 Sun和卞22提出更高的线性或散装的体积膨胀的木材类型会干燥，这部分解释了它们在笏枫的高分层率和杨树比对核桃和松树期间有较高的收缩应力ER-浸泡测试。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52557/52557fig1.jpg" /> 图1.粕基材料顶部-棉籽，底部-大豆。从左至右依次为:脱脂餐，工作餐，用水洗净豆粕和大豆分离蛋白<a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52557/52557fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">，请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52557/52557fig2.jpg" /> 图2.粘结木材试样预留用于调理（ - 23℃，50相对湿度- 22温度60％）左5，白杨。右5，核桃。保税区（25.4×25.4毫米或1.0"×1.0"）显示红色的线条在最左边的一间。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52557/52557fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">PL</a>轻松点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> 胶粘剂 </td><td> 干强度 </td><td> 浸泡实力 </td></tr><tr><td>棉籽-1‡: </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>脱脂餐</td><td> 1.49±0.14 </td><td> 1.37±0.17 </td></tr><tr><td>清水洗净餐</td><td> 1.55±0.11 </td><td> 1.55±0.15 B </td></tr><tr><td>分离蛋白</td><td> 1.53±0.18 </td><td> 1.53±0.14 B </td></tr><tr><td>棉籽-2 $: </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>脱脂餐</td><td> ND＃ </td><td> ND＃ </td></tr><tr><td>清水洗净餐</td><td> 3.26±0.50 </td><td> 2.38±0.51 </td></tr><tr><td>分离蛋白</td><td> 3.6977; 1.13 </td><td> 2.39±0.61 </td></tr><tr><td>大豆$: </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>脱脂餐</td><td> 2.40±0.50 </td><td> 1.25±0.19 </td></tr><tr><td>清水洗净餐</td><td> 2.29±0.39 </td><td> 1.60±0.37 </td></tr><tr><td>分离蛋白</td><td> 3.51±0.33 B </td><td> 3.76±0.90 B </td></tr></tbody></table> ‡粘合剂分别适用于更薄，更窄木条（0.99毫米厚×12.7 mm宽X25.4毫米长）。 $粘合剂被应用到更厚和更宽的木条在协议中描述的（1.59毫米厚x25.4毫米宽×25.4毫米长）。 ＃未确定。 干燥和浸泡槭木条的表1剪切强度（MPa）粘合在100℃下用脱脂粉，水洗涤粉和棉籽和大豆蛋白分离物。 </强&gt;数据都在平均值±标准偏差的形式给出（n = 4时，5，7，或10）。不同的字母在同一个种子序列代表的无水或浸泡强度显著差异在P = 0.05。用于统计分析的数据分析包在Microsoft Excel 2007。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> 木 </td><td> 干强度 </td><td> 湿强度 </td></tr><tr><td>白杨</td><td> 4.52±0.54 </td><td> 1.73±0.20 </td></tr><tr><td>花旗松</td><td> 4.30±0.96 </td><td> 2.24±0.14 </td></tr><tr><td>核桃</td><td> 3.59±0.23 </td><td> 1.78±0.10 </td></tr><tr><td>白橡木</td><td> 4.33±0.32 </td><td> 1.66±0.25 </td></tr><tr><td>显着性水平（P &lt;F）的</td><td> 0.1 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr></tbody></table> &lt;P类="jove_content"&gt; 表2剪切强度的干，湿（兆帕），并浸泡杨树，花旗松，核桃，并粘结在100℃下用水洗涤棉籽粕，数据白栎木条中呈现的平均值±标准偏差格式（N = 5）。用于统计分析的数据分析包在Microsoft Excel 2007。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives at JoVE.com

Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

准备和植物种子膳食为基础的木材胶粘剂的测试

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable ...

preparation-and-testing-of-plant-seed-meal-based-wood-adhesives

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8.7K 次观看.  United States Department of Agriculture. To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

视频: Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the use of non-renewable energy sources. In order to identify which plants, out of a diverse pool, have the desired chemical traits for downstream applications, attributes, such as cellulose and lignin content, or monomeric sugar release following an enzymatic saccharification, must be compared. The experimental and data analysis protocols of the standard methods of analysis can be time-consuming, thereby limiting the number of samples that can be measured. High-throughput (HTP) methods alleviate the shortcomings of the standard methods, and permit the rapid screening of available samples to isolate those possessing the desired traits. This study illustrates the HTP sugar release and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry pipelines employed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. These pipelines have enabled the efficient assessment of thousands of plants while decreasing experimental time and costs through reductions in labor and consumables.

Plant cell wall structure and chemistry traits are evaluated to identify ideal feedstocks for biofuels and bio-materials. Standard methods have limitations when applied to large data sets. These high-throughput pretreatment, enzyme saccharification, and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry methods compare large numbers of biomass samples with decreased experimental time and cost.

总木质素，木质素单体，和酶促糖推出:顽拗变奏曲在木质纤维素生物质的高通量筛选

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the ...

科研

环境科学

Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National Laboratory, a high-moisture pelleting process was developed to reduce the drying cost. In this process the biomass pellets are produced at higher feedstock moisture contents than conventional methods, and the high moisture pellets produced are further dried in energy efficient dryers. This process helps to reduce the feedstock moisture content by about 5-10% during pelleting, which is mainly due to frictional heat developed in the die. The objective of this research was to explore how binder addition influences the pellet quality and energy consumption of the high-moisture pelleting process in a flat die pellet mill. In the present study, raw corn stover was pelleted at moistures of 33, 36, and 39% (w.b.) by addition of 0, 2, and 4% pure corn starch. The partially dried pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70 &#176;C for 3-4 hr to lower the pellet moisture to less than 9% (w.b.). The high moisture and dried pellets were evaluated for their physical properties, such as bulk density and durability. The results indicated that increasing the binder percentage to 4% improved pellet durability and reduced the specific energy consumption by 20-40% compared to pellets with no binder. At higher binder addition (4%), the reduction in feedstock moisture during pelleting was &#60;4%, whereas the reduction was about 7-8% without the binder. With 4% binder and 33% (w.b.) feedstock moisture content, the bulk density and durability values observed of the dried pellets were &#62;510 kg/m3 and &#62;98%, respectively, and the percent fine particles generated was&#160;reduced to &#60;3%.

In this study, a protocol was developed to produce good quality pellets using a flat die pellet mill at reduced specific energy consumption testing high-moisture corn stover and a starch based binder. The results indicated that adding a corn starch binder improved the pellet durability, reduced percent fines and decreased specific energy consumption.

法生产在降低能耗耐用颗粒使用高水分玉米秸秆和玉米淀粉粘合剂在平模制粒机

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National ...

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is needed to open up the structure of the plant cell wall, increasing the accessibility of the cell wall carbohydrates. Lignin, a polyphenolic material present in many cell wall types, is known to be a significant hindrance to enzyme access. Reduction in lignin content to a level that does not interfere with the structural integrity and defense system of the plant might be a valuable step to reduce the costs of bioethanol production. In this study, we have genetically down-regulated one of the lignin biosynthesis-related genes, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (ZmCCR1) via a double stranded RNA interference technique. The ZmCCR1_RNAi construct was integrated into the maize genome using the particle bombardment method. Transgenic maize plants grew normally as compared to the wild-type control plants without interfering with biomass growth or defense mechanisms, with the exception of displaying of brown-coloration in transgenic plants leaf mid-ribs, husks, and stems. The microscopic analyses, in conjunction with the histological assay, revealed that the leaf sclerenchyma fibers were thinned but the structure and size of other major vascular system components was not altered. The lignin content in the transgenic maize was reduced by 7-8.7%, the crystalline cellulose content was increased in response to lignin reduction, and hemicelluloses remained unchanged. The analyses may indicate that carbon flow might have been shifted from lignin biosynthesis to cellulose biosynthesis. This article delineates the procedures used to down-regulate the lignin content in maize via RNAi technology, and the cell wall compositional analyses used to verify the effect of the modifications on the cell wall structure.

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

A double stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) technique is employed to down-regulate the maize cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase (ZmCCR1) gene to lower plant lignin content. Lignin down-regulation from the cell wall is visualized by microscopic analyses and quantified by the Klason method. Compositional changes in hemicellulose and crystalline cellulose are analyzed.

木质素下调<em&gt;玉米</em&gt;通过dsRNAi和Klason木质素分析

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is ...

生物工程

Rapid Testing of Resistance of Timber to Biodegradation by Marine Wood-Boring Crustaceans

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every year. As treatments of wood with broad spectrum biocides, such as creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA), are now restricted in marine use by legislation, naturally durable timber species and novel preservation methods of wood are required. These methods undergo testing in order to meet regulatory standards, such as the European standard for testing wood preservatives against marine borers, EN 275. Initial investigation of durable timbers species or wood preservative treatments can be achieved quickly and inexpensively through laboratory testing, which offers many advantages over marine field trials that are typically costly, long-term endeavours. Many species of Limnoria (gribble) are marine wood-boring crustaceans. Limnoria are ideal for use in laboratory testing of biodegradation of wood by marine wood-borers, due to the practicality of rearing them in aquaria and the ease of measuring their feeding rates on wood. Herein, we outline a standardizable laboratory test for assessing wood biodegradation using gribble.

This protocol presents a method for assessing the feeding rate of the wood-boring crustacean, Limnoria, by measuring faecal pellet production. This method is designed for use in non-specialist labs and has potential for incorporation into standard testing protocols, to evaluate enhanced wood durability under marine conditions.

海洋蛀木甲壳类动物对木材生物降解性能的快速测试

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

轻度乙醇萃取高β-o-4 的木质素及其对解聚产率的影响

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

化学

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

基于木材的高性能复合材料的制造与设计

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...

工程学

Evaluation of the Curing of Adhesive Systems by Rheological and Thermal Testing

The analysis of thermal processes associated to the curing of adhesives and the study of mechanical behavior once cured, provide key information to choose the best option for any specific application. The proposed methodology for the curing characterization, based on thermal analysis and rheology, is described through the comparison of three commercial adhesives. The experimental techniques used here are Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Rheology. TGA provides information about the thermal stability and filler content, DSC allows the evaluation of some thermal events associated to the cure reaction and to thermal changes of the cured material when subjected to temperature changes. Rheology complements the information of the thermal transformations from a mechanical point of view. Thus, the curing reaction can be tracked through the elastic modulus (mainly the storage modulus), the phase angle and the gap. In addition, it is also shown that although DSC is of no use to study the curing of moisture curable adhesives, it is a very convenient method to evaluate the low temperature glass transition of amorphous systems.

An experimental methodology based on thermal and rheological measurements is proposed to characterize the curing process of adhesives with to obtain useful information for industrial adhesive selection.

流变和热测试对粘合系统固化的评价

The analysis of thermal processes associated to the curing of adhesives and the study of mechanical behavior once cured, provide key information to choose ...

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls (Lignocellulosic biomass) Part I: Lignin

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st century. This has rekindled interest in the use of plant products as industrial raw materials for the production of liquid fuels for transportation1 and other products such as biocomposite materials7. Plant biomass remains one of the greatest untapped reserves on the planet4. It is mostly comprised of cell walls that are composed of energy rich polymers including cellulose, various hemicelluloses (matrix polysaccharides, and the polyphenol lignin6 and thus sometimes termed lignocellulosics. However, plant cell walls have evolved to be recalcitrant to degradation as walls provide tensile strength to cells and the entire plants, ward off pathogens, and allow water to be transported throughout the plant; in the case of trees up to more the 100 m above ground level. Due to the various functions of walls, there is an immense structural diversity within the walls of different plant species and cell types within a single plant4. Hence, depending of what crop species, crop variety, or plant tissue is used for a biorefinery, the processing steps for depolymerization by chemical/enzymatic processes and subsequent fermentation of the various sugars to liquid biofuels need to be adjusted and optimized. This fact underpins the need for a thorough characterization of plant biomass feedstocks. Here we describe a comprehensive analytical methodology that enables the determination of the composition of lignocellulosics and is amenable to a medium to high-throughput analysis. In this first part we focus on the analysis of the polyphenol lignin (Figure 1). The method starts of with preparing destarched cell wall material. The resulting lignocellulosics are then split up to determine its lignin content by acetylbromide solubilization3, and its lignin composition in terms of its syringyl, guaiacyl- and p-hydroxyphenyl units5. The protocol for analyzing the carbohydrates in lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose content and matrix polysaccharide composition is discussed in Part II2.

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part I: Lignin

Plant biomass is a major carbon-neutral renewable resource that could be used for the production of biofuels. Plant biomass consists mainly of cell walls, a structurally complex composite material termed lignocellulosics. Here we describe a protocol for a comprehensive analysis of the content and composition of the polyphenolic lignin.

综合植物细胞壁成分分析（木质纤维素生物质）第一部分：木质素

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st ...

生物学

Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Renewable Fiberboards

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as source of mechanical reinforcement in fully bio-based fiberboards was developed. Various lignocellulosic crop by-products have already been successfully pre-treated through this process, e.g., cereal straws (especially rice), coriander straw, shives from oleaginous flax straw, and bark of both amaranth and sunflower stems.
The extrusion process results in a marked increase in the average fiber aspect ratio, leading to improved mechanical properties of fiberboards. The twin-screw extruder can also be fitted with a filtration module at the end of the barrel. The continuous extraction of various chemicals (e.g., free sugars, hemicelluloses, volatiles from essential oil fractions, etc.) from the lignocellulosic substrate, and the fiber refining can, therefore, be performed simultaneously.
The extruder can also be used for its mixing ability: a natural binder (e.g., Organosolv lignins, protein-based oilcakes, starch, etc.) can be added to the refined fibers at the end of the screw profile. The obtained premix is ready to be molded through hot pressing, with the natural binder contributing to fiberboard cohesion. Such a combined process in a single extruder pass improves the production time, production cost, and may lead to reduction in plant production size. Because all the operations are performed in a single step, fiber morphology is better preserved, thanks to a reduced residence time of the material inside the extruder, resulting in enhanced material performances. Such one-step extrusion operation may be at the origin of a valuable industrial process intensification.
Compared to commercial wood-based materials, these fully bio-based fiberboards do not emit any formaldehyde, and they could find various applications, e.g., intermediate containers, furniture, domestic flooring, shelving, general construction, etc.

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass was developed, which leads to an increased average fiber aspect ratio. A natural binder can also be added continuously after fiber refining, leading to bio-based fiberboards with improved mechanical properties after hot pressing of the obtained extruded material.

双螺丝挤压工艺，以生产可再生纤维板

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as ...

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the adhesive cure, and the effect of adhesive penetration on the wood interphase; thus, normal testing of a neat adhesive film is generally not useful. Most tests of wood adhesive bond strength are slow, laborious, can be strongly influenced by the wood and do not provide information on the kinetics of cure. Test method ASTM D 7998-19, however, can be used for fast evaluation of the strength of wood bonds. The use of a smooth, uniform, and strong wood surface, like maple face-veneer, and sufficient bonding pressure reduces the adhesion and wood strength effects on bond strength. This method has three main applications. The first is to provide consistent data on bond strength development. The second is to measure the dry and wet strengths of bonded lap shear samples. The third is to better understand the adhesive heat resistance by quickly evaluating thermal sensitivity and distinguishing between thermal softening and thermal degradation.

We present a procedure, ASTM D7998-19, for a rapid and more consistent evaluation of both dry and wet strength of adhesive bonds on wood. The method can also be used to provide information on strength development as a function of temperature and time or strength retention up to 250 &#176;C.

用于木材粘合剂内聚强度发展的标准测试方法 ASTM D 7998-19

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the ...