This work was funded by the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) to K. M., and an infrastructure grant of the Netherlands Research Organization (NWO) to B. H.

<ol>
	<li>Tsakiris, M., Sch&#252;tz-Bosbach, S., Gallagher, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+agency+and+body-ownership:+Phenomenological+and+neurocognitive+reflections.">On agency and body-ownership: Phenomenological and neurocognitive reflections.</a> Conscious. Cogn. 16 (3), 645-660 (2007).</li><li>Botvinick, M., Cohen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rubber+hands+'feel'+touch+that+eyes+see.">Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see.</a> Nature. 391 (6669), 756-756 (1998).</li><li>Armel, K. C., Ramachandran, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Projecting+sensations+to+external+objects:+Evidence+from+skin+conductance+response.">Projecting sensations to external objects: Evidence from skin conductance response.</a> Proc. R. Soc. B. 270 (1523), 1499-1506 (2003).</li><li>Tsakiris, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=My+body+in+the+brain:+A+neurocognitive+model+of+body-ownership.">My body in the brain: A neurocognitive model of body-ownership.</a> Neuropsychologia. 48 (3), 703-712 (2010).</li><li>Kalckert, A., Ehrsson, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moving+a+rubber+hand+that+feels+like+your+own:+Dissociation+of+ownership+and+agency.">Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own: Dissociation of ownership and agency.</a> Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6 (40), (2012).</li><li>Kalckert, A., Ehrsson, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spatial+distance+rule+in+the+moving+and+classical+rubber+hand+illusions.">The spatial distance rule in the moving and classical rubber hand illusions.</a> Conscious. Cogn. 30C, 118-132 (2014).</li><li>Ma, K., Hommel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body-ownership+for+actively+operated+non-corporeal+objects.">Body-ownership for actively operated non-corporeal objects.</a> Conscious. Cogn. 36, 75-86 (2015).</li><li>Ma, K., Hommel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+agency+for+perceived+ownership+in+the+virtual+hand+illusion.">The role of agency for perceived ownership in the virtual hand illusion.</a> Conscious. Cogn. 36, 277-288 (2015).</li><li>Slater, M., Perez-Marcos, D., Ehrsson, H. H., Sanchez-Vives, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+digital+body:+The+virtual+arm+illusion.">Towards a digital body: The virtual arm illusion.</a> Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2 (6), (2008).</li><li>Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Spanlang, B., Frisoli, A., Bergamasco, M., Slater, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virtual+hand+illusion+induced+by+visuomotor+correlations.">Virtual hand illusion induced by visuomotor correlations.</a> PLOS ONE. 5 (4), e10381 (2010).</li><li>Spanlang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+build+an+embodiment+lab:+Achieving+body+representation+illusions+in+virtual+reality.">How to build an embodiment lab: Achieving body representation illusions in virtual reality.</a> Front. Robot. AI. 1, 1-22 (2014).</li><li>Tsakiris, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Looking+for+myself:+Current+multisensory+input+alters+self-face+recognition.">Looking for myself: Current multisensory input alters self-face recognition.</a> PLOS ONE. 3 (12), e4040 (2008).</li><li>Sforza, A., Bufalari, I., Haggard, P., Aglioti, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=My+face+in+yours:+Visuo-tactile+facial+stimulation+influences+sense+of+identity.">My face in yours: Visuo-tactile facial stimulation influences sense of identity.</a> Soc. Neurosci. 5, 148-162 (2010).</li><li>Bufalari, I., Porciello, G., Sperduti, M., Minio-Paluello, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-identification+with+another+person's+face:+the+time+relevant+role+of+multimodal+brain+areas+in+the+enfacement+illusion.">Self-identification with another person's face: the time relevant role of multimodal brain areas in the enfacement illusion.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 113 (7), 1959-1962 (2015).</li><li>Ma, K., Sellaro, R., Lippelt, D. P., Hommel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mood+migration:+How+enfacing+a+smile+makes+you+happier.">Mood migration: How enfacing a smile makes you happier.</a> Cognition. 151, 52-62 (2016).</li><li>Ma, K., Hommel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+virtual-hand+illusion:+Effects+of+impact+and+threat+on+perceived+ownership+and+affective+resonance.">The virtual-hand illusion: Effects of impact and threat on perceived ownership and affective resonance.</a> Front. Psychol. 4 (604), (2013).</li><li>Suma, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adapting+user+interfaces+for+gestural+interaction+with+the+flexible+action+and+articulated+skeleton+toolkit.">Adapting user interfaces for gestural interaction with the flexible action and articulated skeleton toolkit.</a> Comput. Graph. 37 (3), 193-201 (2013).</li><li>Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Smollan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inclusion+of+Other+in+the+Self+Scale+and+the+structure+of+interpersonal+closeness.">Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 63 (4), 596 (1992).</li><li>Russell, J. A., Weiss, A., Mendelsohn, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affect+grid:+a+single-item+scale+of+pleasure+and+arousal.">Affect grid: a single-item scale of pleasure and arousal.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57 (3), 493-502 (1989).</li><li>Guilford, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The nature of human intelligence. , (1967).</li><li>Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., Turken, A. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neuropsychological+theory+of+positive+affect+and+its+influence+on+cognition.">A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition.</a> Psychol. Rev. 106 (3), 529-550 (1999).</li><li>Hommel, B., Haggard, P., Eitam, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;Action+control+and+the+sense+of+agency&amp;#34.">34;Action control and the sense of agency&amp;#34.</a> The sense of agency. , 307-326 (2015).</li><li>Akbari Chermahini, S., Hommel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+(b)link+between+creativity+and+dopamine:+Spontaneous+eye+blink+rates+predict+and+dissociate+divergent+and+convergent+thinking.">The (b)link between creativity and dopamine: Spontaneous eye blink rates predict and dissociate divergent and convergent thinking.</a> Cognition. 115 (3), 458-465 (2010).</li><li>Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Slater, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+presence+to+consciousness+through+virtual+reality.">From presence to consciousness through virtual reality.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 (4), 332-339 (2005).</li><li>Slater, M., Spanlang, B., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Blanke, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+person+experience+of+body+transfer+in+virtual+reality.">First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality.</a> PLOS ONE. 5 (5), (2010).</li><li>Maselli, A., Slater, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+building+blocks+of+the+full+body+ownership+illusion.">The building blocks of the full body ownership illusion.</a> Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7 (83), (2013).</li><li>Pavone, E. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embodying+others+in+immersive+virtual+reality:+Electro+cortical+signatures+of+monitoring+the+errors+in+the+actions+of+an+avatar+seen+from+a+first-person+perspective.">Embodying others in immersive virtual reality: Electro cortical signatures of monitoring the errors in the actions of an avatar seen from a first-person perspective.</a> J. Neurosci. 26 (2), 268-276 (2016).</li><li>Tieri, G., Tidoni, E., Pavone, E. F., Aglioti, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+visual+discontinuity+affects+feeling+of+ownership+and+skin+conductance+responses.">Body visual discontinuity affects feeling of ownership and skin conductance responses.</a> Sci. Rep. 5 (17139), (2015).</li><li>Kilteni, K., Normand, J., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Slater, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extending+body+space+in+immersive+virtual+reality:+A+long+arm+illusion.">Extending body space in immersive virtual reality: A long arm illusion.</a> PLOS ONE. 7 (7), (2012).</li><li>Banakou, D., Groten, R., Slater, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Illusory+ownership+of+a+virtual+child+body+causes+overestimation+of+object+sizes+and+implicit+attitude+changes.">Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (31), 12846-12851 (2013).</li><li>Martini, M., Perez-Marcos, D., Sanchez-Vives, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+color+is+my+arm?+Changes+in+skin+color+of+an+embodied+virtual+arm+modulates+pain+threshold.">What color is my arm? Changes in skin color of an embodied virtual arm modulates pain threshold.</a> Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7 (438), (2013).</li><li>Peck, T. C., Seinfeld, S., Aglioti, S. M., Slater, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Putting+yourself+in+the+skin+of+a+black+avatar+reduces+implicit+racial+bias.">Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias.</a> Consc. Cogn. 22 (3), 779-787 (2013).</li><li>Shimada, S., Fukuda, K., Hiraki, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rubber+hand+illusion+under+delayed+visual+feedback.">Rubber hand illusion under delayed visual feedback.</a> PLOS ONE. 4 (7), (2009).</li><li>Synofzik, M., Vosgerau, G., Newen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+the+comparator+model:+A+multifactorial+two-step+account+of+agency.">Beyond the comparator model: A multifactorial two-step account of agency.</a> Conscious. Cogn. 17 (1), 219-239 (2008).</li><li>Hommel, B., M&#252;sseler, J., Aschersleben, G., Prinz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+theory+of+event+coding+(TEC):+A+framework+for+perception+and+action+planning.">The theory of event coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning.</a> Behav. Brain. Sci. 24 (5), 849-878 (2001).</li><li>Hommel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action+control+according+to+TEC+(theory+of+event+coding).">Action control according to TEC (theory of event coding).</a> Psychol. Res. 73 (4), 512-526 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这篇文章中，我们描述了两个具体方案为虚拟手和虚拟面错觉范例，在我们的虚拟面的研究是第一个复制在虚拟现实中传统的行程引起的面所有权的错觉，从代表性的结果一起两种范式。 该显著同步效果表明，我们成功地诱导了虚拟手虚幻的所有权和虚拟的脸，类似于更传统的幻想典范。如果能够通过虚拟现实技术手段重现这些影响有很大的优势11，24。虚拟现实技术是从相当人为干扰性和抚摸的过程释放实验者并打开实验操作新的可能性。例如，变形的虚拟效应使我们能够系统地操纵APPEA的影响虚拟手的朗斯和虚拟和参与者的真实手，或虚拟面部的面部表情之间的相似性。机构的影响也可以通过不同的程度（ 例如直接），以参与者可以控制人工效应的运动进行系统的探讨。 为未来的虚拟现实研究的另一个充满希望的途径是第一人称视角（1PP）虚拟现实体验。 1PP经验可以存在的，在一个完全不同的规模比第三人称视角的虚拟现实体验25，26，27，28创建和沉浸感的一个巨大的意义。在经历1PP人能够真正感觉一个是分身，一个是从字面上体现头像。这开辟了各种操作的可能性，如一个分离部件<html>人的身体28，伸长29，重新缩放的身体部位30，或改变人的皮肤颜色31,32。 作为本和其他许多研究结果表明，控制同步方式虚拟事件大大增加属于自己的身体这些事件的看法。例如，我们从手研究发现表明立即控制为区分的重要线索自产和其它副产物的事件（ 即 ，个人代理）和之间的自相关和其他相关的事件（ 即 ，身体所有权） 。这里和其他地方提出的调查结果表明，自下而上的信息在惊人的自我表现出现决定性的作用，甚至对身体部位都不如身份相关的作为自己身体的一部分4。 jove_content"&gt;所描述的协议的最关键的部分是感应过程，它引入了视觉，触觉和马达之间的相关性（ 即 ，本体）信息这些相关性允许认知系统推导所有权和机构。作为这些相关性依赖于各个事件，如参与者的自身运动和人工效应器的运动之间的延迟的相对定时，关键的是要保留的处理延迟（特别是关于数据的翻译从数据手套到虚拟执行器的运动屏幕），以最低的。随着我们的实验装置的最大延迟时间大约是40毫秒，这是难以察觉的，不妨碍因果关系和机构的看法。岛田，福田和HIRAKI 33提出，关键的时间窗口构成自体表示多感觉整合过程的发生是300毫秒，这意味着更长的延迟可能减少在虚拟事件控制的感知。 协议的另一个重要方面是在参与者的手或脸的动作紧实验对照，取决于范例。诱导期间，各因子的活性的动作是必要的，因为所需的intersensory相关依靠于参与者的侧有源探索运动。鼓励参与者频繁移动和积极的探索搞这是重要的。在实验中的其他阶段，运动可以然而损害测量。例如，在虚拟手错觉范式，移动左手（从其中的SCR被记录）可能呈现的SCR级嘈杂和不可靠的测量。 虚拟手错觉范式技术的局限性是，对于实际的原因，与会者通常佩戴数据手套和方向TR阿克尔在整个实验过程中（以便最大限度地减少分心）。这未必是舒服，这又可能影响参与者的情绪或动机。对于这个问题的一种可能的解决办法是使用打火机设备或定做身打扮的。我们当前的虚拟面错觉范例技术的另一个限制是，该设备只注册头部运动但在面部表情中没有改变。允许参与者控制虚拟面部的面部表情是可能有助于所有权幻想，但这需要的硬件和软件，提供在人类-我们还没有可用的在我们的实验室可靠的检测和面部表情的分类。使用例如实时（面部）动作捕捉事业将大有裨益克服这些限制，并允许我们增加机构和化身为显著更高水平的主人翁意识。 正如所建议的从我们的研究8的结果，人们考虑的各种信息来源，不断更新自己的身体表示。他们似乎使用一个补偿性的方式自下而上的信息与自上而下的信息，该信息的来源之一起着在没有其他相似的是什么已经承担了机构34的感更强的角色意识。这提供了进一步的研究有趣的途径，因为它例如表明所有权即使对于在不良姿势人工效应被感知，提供一个足够程度的表面的相似性，或反之亦然（的即 ，如果人工效应完全与实际效应对齐但它的不同之处的表面特征而言）。可用发现还表明自己和他人之间的界限是相当塑料，使得其他人或代理人的功能可被视为自身的一个特征，提供了某种程度的顺的自己的行为和其他35，36之间chrony。

据西方哲学，人类自我包括两个方面1:首先，我们认为我们自己的身体和我们的活动在这里，现在，它创建了一个惊人的自我表现（通常被称为最小的个体经营 ）。另一方面，我们通过存储关于我们的个人历史信息，整合新的信息新兴的自我概念创造我们自己的更持久的表现，并呈现于我们相应的社会环境，这相当于建立一个所谓的叙事自我 。最小或自我惊人一直认为从两种信息来源出现。一个是关于我们的身体的更持久的方面，例如约我们拥有效应或我们的面的形状信息自上而下信息 。另一种是自我认知在当前形势下提供自下而上的信息 。 后者的调查，斯特龙通过Botvinick和Cohen 2的巧妙研究甘氨酸的启发。这些作者提出的人类受试者用橡胶手趴在他们的面前，接近其真实的手中，这是不过从视图中隐藏的一个。当真正的手和橡胶手同步进行抚摸，所以创造联运同步输入，参与者倾向于认为橡胶的手，自己的身体， 橡胶手错觉的一部分。进一步研究表明，认为所有权还跟到目前为止，与会者将开始出汗，并试图当橡胶手被刀或以其他方式攻击正在撤回其真正的手"伤"3。 虽然Botvinick和Cohen解释了他们的研究结果证明，从自下而上的信息的处理，即自我认知出现的时候，其他的作者认为，从联运SYNCHR之间的相互作用的橡胶手错觉结果输入的信息自下而上的来源，并亲手存储表示，信息4自上而下源ONY。这个想法是刺激同步给人的印象是真实和橡胶手是同一个东西，考虑到橡胶手看起来像一个真正的手，这种印象被认为是现实。 通过Kalckert和艾尔逊5以后的研究增添了视觉-马达组件的橡胶手模式，它允许两个感知的所有权（印象中的人工效应属于自己的身体）的调查和感知机构（的印象，一个是生产观察自己的动作）。参与者能够通过移动自己食指上下移动橡胶手的食指，并且实部和橡胶手手指的动作之间的同步，运动的模式（被动与主动模式），并且positionin克橡胶手（不协调与一致性的关于参与者的手）被操纵。结果被送往为概念提供支持该机构和所有权在功能上是不同的认知现象:而运动的同步性废除所有权和机构，运动不仅影响机构的模式的两个意义，并且橡胶手的位置的一致性对效果只有所有权。后两个结果被复制在一个后续的研究中，在垂直平面实和橡胶手之间的距离变化6:用于橡胶手所有权降低其位置日益不匹配参与者的真实手。然而，代理没有受到在任何条件下的橡胶手的错位。 然而，使用虚拟现实技术，其提供具有在人工效应主动控制的参与者，最近的研究表明，自顶向下的作用一部分所有权和机构之间的区别可能被高估7,8。这些技术已被呈现给参与者在他们面前的屏幕上，或通过虚拟现实眼镜9装置的虚拟手更换橡胶手。与会者普遍穿翻译参与者真实的手部动作到虚拟手的动作，同步或异步（ 例如 ，具有明显的延迟）数据手套一个。类似于橡胶手错觉，同步翻译大大增加参与者的印象，即虚拟手成为他或她自己的身体10的一部分。 采用虚拟现实技术来制造橡胶手错觉具有优于传统的橡胶手范例和橡胶手范例与视觉一马达的直流电阻的组合都几个优点TS 11。移动一个人的手，看到效应的同步移动与它创建一个比一个面临橡胶手和实验者被抚摸一个更自然的情况。此外，虚拟操作提供了更为灵活的实验和超过感知和移动一个真实的手和人工效应产生的事件之一的感知之间的关系感性得多控制实验者。特别是，使用虚拟技术便于有可能影响感知的所有权和机构因素的操作。例如，虚拟手的形状可以被修改更容易和比橡胶手的形状更快，并且在虚拟手的运动可以是任何种类的并且例如涉及生物不可能的移动。别的不说，这有利于探索幻想的界限，作为人工效应不必看起来像一只手，但可能是replac任何一种静态或动态事件的主编。实践和理论的兴趣，一个虚拟的效应可以说是很多更加身临其境，感觉很多更真实比橡胶手，这很可能减少需要调用自上而下的解释，使目前的情况感觉。 所有权幻想都，然而，并非仅限于手。 Tsakiris 12是第一个使用冲程技术来创建参与者的印象是，在他们面前呈现一个画面一个静态人脸是自己的。斯福扎等。 13还发现了证据对于这种现象，它们所参考的enfacement:成立一个合作伙伴的五官参与者当自己和他们的合作伙伴的脸同步被感动。在enfacement错觉的神经机制，最近被各种研究人员调查;一个全面的评论和INT调查结果erpretation看到Bufalari 等。 14。最近，我们变成了常规enfacement错觉设计成一个虚拟现实的版本（虚拟面的错觉），其中的参与者通过移动自己的头15控制在他们面前的一个虚拟的脸的动作。 在这里，我们描述了使用的虚拟手错觉7与虚拟面错觉15范式，分别调查自表示两个实验。虚拟手实验包括三个完全越过实验因素:（a）（毡）实手和（看到）虚拟效应的动作，这是任一接近零以诱导所有权和机构到三秒作为之间的同步控制条件; （b）该虚拟效应，这看起来或者像人的手或类似矩形的外观（以便测试实虚拟EFF的效果在所有权幻觉厄克托相似性）;和（c）的机会，以控制虚拟效应，这是在被动状态或不存在，或直接在活跃状态的行为。假想面实验包括二，完全越过实验因素:（a）实面和虚拟面的运动，这是任一接近零以诱导所有权和机构到三秒作为控制条件之间的同步; （二）虚拟的脸，这是中性或露出一丝笑容的表情，检验积极情绪是否会解除参与者的情绪和提高他或她的心情敏感的创意任务绩效。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Vizard (Software controlling the virtual reality environment)</td><td>Worldviz</td><td></td><td>Vizard allows importing hand models and integrating the hand, dataglove and orientation tracker modules through self-written command scripts. These scripts can be run to control the presentation of the virtual hand in the virtual environment, the appearance of the hand and the way it moves; they also control vibrator activities.</td></tr><tr><td>Cybertouch (Dataglove)</td><td>CyberGlove&amp;nbsp;Systems</td><td>Cybertouch</td><td>Participants wear this dataglove to control the movements of the virtual hand in the virtual environment. Measurement frequency = 100 Hz; Vibrator vibrational frequency = 0-125 Hz.</td></tr><tr><td>Intersense (Orientation tracker)</td><td>Thales</td><td>InertiaCube3</td><td>Participants wear the Intersense tracker to permit monitoring the orientation of their real hand (data that the used dataglove does not provide). Update rate = 180 Hz.</td></tr><tr><td>Biopac system (Physiological measurement device)</td><td>Biopac</td><td>MP100</td><td>The hardware to record skin conductance response.</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition unit (Physiological measurement device)</td><td>Biopac</td><td>BN-PPGED</td><td>The hardware to record skin conductance response.</td></tr><tr><td>Remote transmitter (Physiological measurement device)</td><td>Biopac</td><td>BN-PPGED-T</td><td>Participants wear the remote transmitter on their left hand wrist; it sends signals to the Biopac acqusition unit.</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode (Physiological measurement device)</td><td>Biopac</td><td>EL507</td><td>Participants wear&amp;nbsp; the electrode on their fingers; it picks up skin conductance signals.</td></tr><tr><td>AcqKnowledge (Software controlling acquisition of physiological data)</td><td>Biopac</td><td>ACK100W, ACK100M</td><td>The software to record skin conductance responses.</td></tr><tr><td>Box</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>Participants put their right hand into the box</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Any standard PC + Screen (could be replaced by VR glasses/devive)</td><td></td><td>Necessary to present the virtual reality environment, including the virtual hand.</td></tr><tr><td>Cape</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>Participants wear this cape on their right shoulder so they cannot see their right hand and arm.</td></tr><tr><td>Kinect (Head position tracker)</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td>Kinect tracks the X-Y position of the participant&#039;s head. Recording frame rate = 30 Hz.</td></tr><tr><td>FAAST (Head position tracker software)</td><td>MXR</td><td>FAAST 1.0</td><td>Software controls Kinect and is used to track the position of the participant&#039;s head.</td></tr><tr><td>Intersense (Head orientation tracker)</td><td>Thales</td><td>InertiaCube3</td><td>Intersense tracks rotational orientation changes of the participant&#039;s head. Update rate = 180 Hz.</td></tr><tr><td>Facegen (Face-model generator software)</td><td>Singular Inversions</td><td>FaceGen&amp;nbsp;Modeller&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Facegen allows creating various virtual faces by varying various parameters, such as male/female-ness or skin color.</td></tr><tr><td>Cap</td><td>Any cap, e.g., baseball cap</td><td></td><td>The cap carries the Intersense orientation tracker.</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Any standard PC + Screen</td><td></td><td>Necessary to present the virtual reality environment, including the virtual head.</td></tr></tbody></table>

creating virtual-hand and virtual-face illusions to investigate self-representation

调查研究人们如何代表自己和自己的身体经常使用"所有权幻觉"，如传统的橡胶手错觉还是最近发现enfacement幻想的变体。然而，这些示例需要而人为实验装置，其中人工效应需要通过与参与者的真正的手或脸的情况下同步进行抚摸，参与者有超过抚摸或他们的真实的或人工效应的运动没有控制。在这里，我们描述的技术来建立一个配置，它更逼真，更直观，想必较高生态效度的所有权幻想。它允许通过具有参与者控制虚拟手的呈现在屏幕上，或在他们面前虚拟空间中的运动创建虚拟手错觉 。如果虚拟手与参与者自己真正的手同步移动时，他们往往认为Ť他虚拟手作为自己身体的一部分。该技术还通过创建具有参与者，他们往往认为面当作自己的，如果它在同步移动与他们的真正面目的影响控制虚拟脸的运动在他们面前，再一次虚拟面的错觉 。研究认为这种幻想可以创建，增加，减少或者提供有关人们如何创建和维护自己的表示重要信息的情况。

虚拟手错觉我们使用虚拟手错觉范式，来调查人们如何表示自己的身体，在这种情况下，他们的手跑了几个实验。测试参与者的数量取决于条件的量，一般在20名学员每个条件。在这里，我们提供了最详细阐述研究中，我们在我们的实验室进行的一个相关的结果。我们会限制我们的讨论主观数据，平均李克特规模反馈四个所有权问题（O1-O4）和李克特规模答复原子能机构的问题（A1）的。 在这项研究8中 ，我们系统地研究的partic同步（同步和异步），虚拟效应的外观（虚拟手与矩形），和活性（被动与主动）的效应ipants的所有权和机构的意识感（所有条件的参与者中测试）。结果是为所有权和机构是相同的。 如图2所示，认为所有权和机构均强，如果现实和虚拟携手同步移动[F（1,43）= 48.35; P &lt;0.001;和F（1,43）= 54.64; P &lt;0.001;所有权和机构，分别]，如果虚拟效应是比手，如果它是一个矩形[F（1,43）= 14.85; P &lt;0.001;和F（1,43）= 6.94; P &lt;0.02]，如果嘉宾主动而非被动的[F（1,43）= 9.32; P &lt;0.005;和F（1,43）= 79.60; P &lt;0.001。该同步效果复制了标准的虚拟手错觉。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig2.jpg" /> 图2: 所有权和机构的评级作为零件同步的功能，虚拟效应的外观和活动icipant。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig3.jpg" /> 图3: 所有权和机构的评级作为参与者的同步和活动的功能。注意，同步效果是主动的参与者更明显。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 更有趣的是，所有权和机构表现出的活性和同步性[F（1,43）= 13.68之间有显著的相互作用; P = 0.001;和F（1,43）= 23.36; P &lt;0.001;参见图3]，但外观和同步之间不。这种模式建议活动起到了更主要的作用，为所有权和错觉比外表确实，它甚至表明，虚幻的所有权观念是虚拟比传统的橡胶手错觉范强。根据霍梅尔22，客观机构（ 即 ，向其中加入可以客观地控制的程度的外部事件）有助于主观所有权和主观机构，这可以解释为什么在该实验中，在虚拟的效应活性，同步控制增加主观所有权和主观的机构。 虽然外观上没有与同步互动，这表明所有权幻觉不依赖于外观，它也产生重要影响。这表明，外观确实对感知的所有权产生影响。这是有道理的假设，人们有什么外界物体可能会或可能不会是一个PL一般预期他们的身体，它支持所有权感知一般但不适度同步的效果的ausible一部分。因此，我们得出结论，多源信息有助于主观的主人翁意识:一般自上而下的预期和自下而上的同步信息。这两个信息来源之间的关系似乎并不是互动的，但代偿，从而使总的期望可能会在没有同步的主宰，反之亦然。 虚拟面对面错觉在另一项研究中，我们研究人们如何代表自己的脸。我们能够复制传统enfacement错觉在虚拟环境中，这是我们称之为虚拟面错觉 12。我们进一步调查人们是否采纳他们认同一个虚拟的面部表情的心情。有一个内参与者因子同步（同步和异步）和一个参与者之间因数的面部表情（高兴与中性）。诱导期前IOS的评级被从诱导期后IOS的评分中减去，也影响电网的评分的诱导期是从诱导期后的影响电网的评分中减去之前，这些等级的变化被用作IOS和影响电网结果。 所有权分数的分析（O1-4），该机构评分（A1-2）和IOS规模18的变化都表现出[F（1,58）= 38.24同步的主要影响; P &lt;0.001; F（1,58）= 77.33; P &lt;0.001;和F（1,58）= 43.63; P &lt;0.001;分别]，表现出了自己的头部运动和虚拟脸的运动之间的同步增加感知的所有权和机构，并协助对方的脸融入自己的自我（见网络古尔4）。同步也改善情绪，如通过一个同步效果的影响电网19的变化F（1,58）= 7.99表示; P &lt;0.01]。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig4.jpg" /> 图4:所有权和机构评级，以及IOS的变化，同步的功能。需要注意的是积极的IOS的变化意味着进入一个人的自我增加了其他的集成。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig5.jpg" /> 图5: 影响格变化（正值意味着正向影响），并用AUT灵活性分数，作为同步的函数，所述虚拟的面部表情。请注意，同步和表达之间的相互作用是通过更多的正向情绪，特别是良好的弹性性能同步和快乐的虚拟脸的组合驱动。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 有关于IOS改变面部表情的显著主效应，影响电网的变化，并在AUT 20，21，23，但更重要的灵活性是一个事实，即影响到电网的变化和灵活性得分互动与同步[F（1， 58）= 4.40; P &lt;0.05;和F（1,58）= 4.98; P &lt;0.05;分别]。 如图5所示，参与者报告改善情绪和之后enfacing（ 即同步表现出更多的创新行为LY与移动）笑脸相比，他们有快乐的脸，或用同步中性面移动异步的条件。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>的F / P / PES </td><td> EFF </td><td>法案</td><td> SYN </td><td> EFF * ACT </td><td> EFF * SYN </td><td> ACT * SYN </td><td> EFF * ACT * SYN </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O1 </td><td> 11.66 </td><td> 10.11 </td><td> 45.38 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 10.08 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.001 </td><td> 0.003 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> 0.003 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.21 </td><td> 0.19 </td><td> 0.51 </td><td> 0.19 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O2 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 5.37 </td><td> 47.65 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0。025 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.11 </td><td> 0.53 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O3 </td><td> 10.75 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 41.30 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 9.81 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.002 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> 0.003 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.49 </td><td> 0.19 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O4 </td><td> 12.86 </td><td> 17.17 </td><td> 15.12 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 10.60 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.001 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> 0.002 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.29 </td><td> 0.26 </td><td> 0.20 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O1-4 </td><td> 14.85 </td><td> 9.32 </td><td> 48.35 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 13.68 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>0 0.001 </td><td> 0.004 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> 0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.26 </td><td> 0.18 </td><td> 0.53 </td><td> 0.24 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> A1 </td><td> 6.94 </td><td> 79.60 </td><td> 54.64 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 23.36 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.012 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.14 </td><td> 0.65 </td><td> 0.56 </td><td> 0.37 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:F，P 和偏埃塔平方（PES）的值的问题项的评分的效应，用df = 43的因素是EFF:虚拟效应器（虚拟手与矩形）; ACT:活动（积极的探索与被动的刺激）;和SYN:同步（同步和异步）。只为显著的影响结果如图。 <table bordER ="1"FO:保together.within页="1"FO:保持与 - next.within页="总是"&gt; <tbody><tr><td> M / SE </td><td> HP-SY </td><td> HP-AS </td><td> HA-SY </td><td> HA-AS </td><td> RP-SY </td><td> RP-AS </td><td> RA-SY </td><td> RA-AS </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> O1-4 </td><td> 4.37 </td><td> 3.44 </td><td> 5.09 </td><td> 3.50 </td><td> 3.79 </td><td> 3.14 </td><td> 4.68 </td><td> 3.05 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.19 </td><td> 0.25 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.21 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> A1 </td><td> 3.59 </td><td> 3.11 </td><td> 6.36 </td><td> 4.36 </td><td> 3.07 </td><td> 2.57 </td><td> 6.09 </td><td> 3.80 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.30 </td><td> 0.32 </td><td> 0.15 </td><td> 0.33 </td><td> 0.28 </td><td> 0.27 </td><td> 0.24 </td><td> 0.33 </td></tr></tbody></table>表2: 平均值（M），并在所有八个条件所有权和机构的评级标准误差（SE）。 H:手; R:矩形;答:活跃;病人:被动的; SY:同步; AS:异步的。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>的F / P / PES </td><td>表情</td><td>同步性</td><td>面部表情*同步性</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">所有权（O1-4） </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 38.24 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.40 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">局（A1-2） </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 77.33 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.57 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> IOS变化</td><td> 4.03 </td><td> 43.63 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.049 </td><td> 0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.07 </td><td> 0.43 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">影响电网价变化</td><td> 6.06 </td><td> 7.99 </td><td> 4.40 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.017 </td><td> 0.007 </td><td> 0.041 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.10 </td><td> 0.13 </td><td> 0.07 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> AUT-灵活性</td><td> 5.42 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 4.98 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.024 </td><td> 0.03 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.09 </td><td> 0.08 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> AUT-流利</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 7.89 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.007 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.12 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3:F，P 和部分埃塔平方（PES）的值取决于相关措施，用df = 58问卷调查和IOS的结果，和df = 56对电网影响的哞价维度D和AUT结果。只为显著的影响结果如图。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> M / SE </td><td>中性SY </td><td>中性-AS </td><td>快乐-SY </td><td>快乐-AS </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">所有权（O1-4） </td><td> 2.88 </td><td> 2.03 </td><td> 3.38 </td><td> 2.36 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.27 </td><td> 0.16 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.22 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">局（A1-2） </td><td> 5.90 </td><td> 4.25 </td><td> 6.16 </td><td> 4.08 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.25 </td><td> 0.13 </td><td> 0.32 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> IOS变化</td><td> 0.37 </td><td> -0.80 </td><td> 1.00 </td><td> -0.40 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.21 </td><td> 0.25 </td><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.24 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">影响电网价变化</td><td> -1.07 </td><td> -1.33 </td><td> 0.60 </td><td> -1.20 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.42 </td><td> 0.33 </td><td> 0.39 </td><td> 0.31 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> AUT-灵活性</td><td> 5.87 </td><td> 6.07 </td><td> 7.43 </td><td> 6.10 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.31 </td><td> 0.37 </td><td> 0.29 </td><td> 0.39 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> AUT-流利</td><td> 7.27 </td><td> 8.27 </td><td> 9.73 </td><td> 7.37 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.51 </td><td> 0.68 </td><td> 0.68 </td><td> 0.49 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表4: 装置（M）和在四个条件相关依赖措施的标准误差（SE）。中性:中性表情;快乐:快乐的表情; SY:同步; AS:异步的。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation at JoVE.com

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

这里，我们描述了虚拟手和可以用于研究身体相关的自我感知/ - 表示虚拟面错觉范式。它们已经在各种研究用于证明，在特定条件下，一个虚拟手或脸可并入一个人的身体的表示，这表明体表示是相当灵活的。

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

creating-virtual-hand-virtual-face-illusions-to-investigate-self

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

Behavior

Foundations of Social Psychology

The Social Self

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

13.2K 次观看.  Leiden University. 这里，我们描述了虚拟手和可以用于研究身体相关的自我感知/ - 表示虚拟面错觉范式。它们已经在各种研究用于证明，在特定条件下，一个虚拟手或脸可并入一个人的身体的表示，这表明体表示是相当灵活的。 

视频: Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

神经科学

Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine

Proprioceptive drift, which is a perceptual shift in body-part position from the unseen real body to a visible body-like image, has been measured as the behavioral correlate for the sense of ownership. Previously, the estimation of proprioceptive drift was limited to one spatial dimension, such as height, width, or depth. As the hand can move freely in 3D, measuring proprioceptive drift in only one dimension is not sufficient for the estimation of the drift in real life situations. In this article, we provide a novel method to estimate proprioceptive drift on a 2D plane using the mirror illusion by combining an objective behavioral measurement (hand position tracking) and subjective, phenomenological assessment (subjective assessment of hand position and questionnaire) with a sophisticated machine learning approach. This technique permits not only an investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the sense of ownership and agency but also assists in the rehabilitation of a missing or paralyzed limb and in the design rules of real-time control systems with a self-body-like usability, in which the operator controls the system as if it were part of his/her own body.

This article describes a novel method to estimate proprioceptive drift on a 2D plane using the mirror illusion and combining a psychophysical procedure with an analysis using machine learning.

对2D平面本体感受漂移的支持向量机可视化方法

Proprioceptive drift, which is a perceptual shift in body-part position from the unseen real body to a visible body-like image, has been measured as the ...

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

使用虚拟商店作为调查消费者店内行为的研究工具

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

用生理学方法进行虚拟现实实验

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

在振动触觉反馈的对象传递过程中应用不一致的视觉触觉刺激

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

The feeling that a body part is one&#8217;s own body (sense of ownership; SoO) and the feeling based on the causal relationship between one&#8217;s will and action (sense of agency; SoA) have been recognized as the basis of our bodily self-consciousness. Previously, the illusory SoO over a fake body part (e.g., rubber hand) was introduced as the rubber hand illusion (RHI). Furthermore, it was determined that one could also evoke a SoA over an object with movements linked to the one&#8217;s prior intention. On the other hand, the postdictivity of our spontaneity implies that it is essentially inseparable whether actions originate from self or others. In other words, our SoA or daily experiences are obtained in such as inseparable scenario. Previous research, however, has maintained the premise that self- and other-origin movements are perceptually distinguishable. Here, we implement a protocol to make these aspects ambiguous for the participants and to estimate whether they can feel SoO and/or SoA and how. To this end, we employ an experiment using virtual reality, under which participants observe virtual fingers moving very slowly (or quickly or not moving) while their own fingers do not move. For evaluation of the illusory SoO, measurements of skin conductance responses against a knife threat are adopted. Additionally, we introduce face-to-face interviews to determine whether the feelings regarding the slow movement match the conventional SoA definition. Our representative results suggest that the SoO is evoked over the hand, and various attitudes to accept its movement as the participant&#8217;s own with awareness that they did not originate it are reported by the majority. As the results show, the novelty of this protocol is discovering that in such a situation, the SoO cooperates with an externally produced SoA to establish one&#8217;s own bodily experience rather than the independence of the SoO and SoA.

While previous research on bodily self-consciousness assumed that self- and other-origin movements were perceptually distinguishable, this protocol allows them to be ambiguous on a virtual hand with unintentional slight movements. This enables us to observe one&#8217;s experience formed by SoO and other-produced SoA, rather than the absence of SoA.

自我与其他起源之间模棱两可的虚拟手:主人翁感和"其他生产"机构

The feeling that a body part is one&#8217;s own body (sense of ownership; SoO) and the feeling based on the causal relationship between one&#8217;s will ...

Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

Mirror therapy (MT) has been proposed as an effective rehabilitative strategy to alleviate pain symptoms in amputees with phantom limb pain (PLP). However, establishing the neural correlates associated with MT therapy have been challenging given that it is difficult to administer the therapy effectively within a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner environment. To characterize the functional organization of cortical regions associated with this rehabilitative strategy, we have developed a combined behavioral and functional neuroimaging protocol that can be applied in participants with a leg amputation. This novel approach allows participants to undergo MT within the MRI scanner environment by viewing real-time video images captured by a camera. The images are viewed by the participant through a system of mirrors and a monitor that the participant views while lying on the scanner bed. In this manner, functional changes in cortical areas of interest (e.g., sensorimotor cortex) can be characterized in response to the direct application of MT.

We present a novel combined behavioral and neuroimaging protocol employing real-time video projection for the purpose of characterizing the neural correlates associated with mirror therapy within the magnetic resonance imaging scanner environment in leg amputee subjects with phantom limb pain.

MRI 实时视频显示在与镜治疗的恐惧症肢体疼痛相关的神经相关性特征中的应用

Mirror therapy (MT) has been proposed as an effective rehabilitative strategy to alleviate pain symptoms in amputees with phantom limb pain (PLP). ...

在脑机接口系统中使用 VR 数字化身的运动图像

Motor Imagery Performance Through Embodied Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality-Enabled Brain-Computer Interface Environment

This study introduces an innovative framework for neurological rehabilitation by integrating brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and virtual reality (VR) technologies with the customization of three-dimensional (3D) avatars. Traditional approaches to rehabilitation often fail to fully engage patients, primarily due to their inability to provide a deeply immersive and interactive experience. This research endeavors to fill this gap by utilizing motor imagery (MI) techniques, where participants visualize physical movements without actual execution. This method capitalizes on the brain's neural mechanisms, activating areas involved in movement execution when imagining movements, thereby facilitating the recovery process. The integration of VR's immersive capabilities with the precision of electroencephalography (EEG) to capture and interpret brain activity associated with imagined movements forms the core of this system. Digital Twins in the form of personalized 3D avatars are employed to significantly enhance the sense of immersion within the virtual environment. This heightened sense of embodiment is crucial for effective rehabilitation, aiming to bolster the connection between the patient and their virtual counterpart. By doing so, the system not only aims to improve motor imagery performance but also seeks to provide a more engaging and efficacious rehabilitation experience. Through the real-time application of BCI, the system allows for the direct translation of imagined movements into virtual actions performed by the 3D avatar, offering immediate feedback to the user. This feedback loop is essential for reinforcing the neural pathways involved in motor control and recovery. The ultimate goal of the developed system is to significantly enhance the effectiveness of motor imagery exercises by making them more interactive and responsive to the user's cognitive processes, thereby paving a new path in the field of neurological rehabilitation.

作者聚焦：通过 EEG、运动图像和虚拟现实增强神经康复

Motor imagery in a virtual reality environment has wide applications in brain-computer interface systems. This manuscript outlines the use of personalized digital avatars that resemble the participants performing movements imagined by the participant in a virtual reality environment to enhance immersion and a sense of body ownership.

在支持虚拟现实的脑机接口环境中通过具身数字孪生实现的运动图像性能

This study introduces an innovative framework for neurological rehabilitation by integrating brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and virtual reality (VR) ...