This research was supported by the Center of Innovation Program from the Japan Science and Technology Agency, JST.

实验的所有方面由东京工业大学的伦理委员会批准。 1.实验装置<ol><li>材料和测量本体感觉漂移设置。 <ol><li>获得一个支架可垂直容纳100×100厘米板（ 图1）。 </li><li>获得其上，与会者可以在实验过程中舒适地坐在椅子上。 </li><li>获取100×100厘米亚克力镜面和磨砂的黑板。 </li><li>获得的位置跟踪器（例如，SLC-C02，Cyverse）来跟踪参与者的右手位置上。空间分辨率应为约1.5mm，以允许用于机器学习采样的足够数量。 </li><li>获得将用于分别表示支架和参与者的右手，的位置的红外LED和回射标记物（见步骤1.1.11和3.2.6）。 </li><li>获得参与者的响应脚踏板。 </LI&gt; <li>创建定制的程序，它可以记录和同时显示参与者的反应和右手位置，按下脚踏板时起到提示音作为参与者的回应反馈。在这些实验中，参与者的右手位置，用电动机捕获装置，并根据制造商的说明书其定做程序收集。 注:根据以前的论文16，该方案与软件开发工具包开发的。由软件开发工具包，开发了定制的程序可适于其他品牌动作捕捉装置。 </li><li>使用一个节拍器以提供手运动的训练定时信号，也就是攻镜或黑板的表面上。请参阅步骤3.1.1精确的培训指导。 </li><li>使用降噪耳机，以减少参与者可以听到手的位置声音提示的可能性。 </li><li>对于视觉反馈条件，附镜子的立场。对于没有视觉反馈的情况下，附加在黑板上的立场。 </li><li>放置红外在反射镜或黑板的左上角的LED。 </li></ol></li><li>材料和测量所有权和机构设置感。 <ol><li>从步骤1.1.1重复过程中的步骤1.1.11。 </li><li>创建或获取调查问卷评估所有权和机构的意义（ 如 ，-10,13,16-）。 表1显示了该问卷在以前的研究中使用的15例。 </li><li>使用显示器或平板电脑来显示问卷的参与者。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.与会者<ol><li>招收约10右手参与者正常或矫正到正常视力。 注意:参与者的数目可以根据实验的目标和每particip重复试验的次数来调整蚂蚁。 </li><li>获得书面知情同意前实验开始参与。 </li></ol> 3.实验过程<ol><li>训练阶段的手势动作。 <ol><li>培训学员同步地在镜子或黑板双手在一定的速度用节拍器挖掘。指示参与者通过保持手的脚跟在与反射镜或板接触以执行拍打运动。在训练开始的时候，启动节拍器以每分钟60次节奏，然后指示参与者根据节拍器的声音同步移动双手。 </li><li>确保参与者的手部动作的定时是由它敲击开始之后比较节拍器几分钟的声音接近每秒（大约1赫兹）一个周期。 </li></ol></li><li>在与会者的矢状切面本体感受漂移的估计。 <ol><li&gt;使用跨参与者的条件反平衡秩序。 </li><li>安装在基于条件的站在镜或黑板:视觉反馈，装入镜;无视觉反馈，安装在黑板上。 </li><li>确保参与者坐在非常靠近镜子或黑板，这是沿着参与者的矢状切面定位（ 图1）。 </li><li>确保参与者可以看到左手的镜像，但不能看到真正的右手。 </li><li>指示参与者在实验过程中要注意的左手的图像中的反射镜。 </li><li>把反光标记上参与者的右手食指指尖和手腕。 <ol><li>由于标记只把参与者的右手，确保参与者的右手由于附加标记的触觉感觉不会改变大大相比，左手通过查询参与者口服。 </li></ol></li><li>把降噪耳机在参加者的耳朵。 </li><li>指示参与者从反射镜的右下角水平移动左手垂直约为30厘米和30厘米，以保持在实验过程中该左手位置。这个位置被设定为2D平面的表面的原点。 </li><li>指导参与者把右手随意在镜子或黑板的另一边，并保持其直到审判结束位置。 </li><li>指导有关任务参与者如下: <ol><li>在每个试验开始时，指导参与者推脚踏板中间的按钮。在这个时候，系统将通过耳机作为踏板压的反馈发出蜂鸣声。 </li><li>听到提示音后，指示参与者开始在1赫兹电路板上，这是在镜子同步用双手拍打和视觉反馈或无视觉反馈的情况黑板的条件。 </li><li>经过六年多的手部动作，指导参与者的首选时间停止运动，并通过按脚踏板的右侧或左侧按钮回答有关右手位置的问题。右边的按钮是肯定的，左边是一个没有。现在的问题是，"你觉得右手和左手都在同一个位置上？"此时，参与者将再次听到哔声作为踏板记者反馈。 注意:如果参与者询问的含义是"在同一位置，"告诉他们"相同的位置"是指该右手的主观高度和深度都等同于左手。 </li><li>指示参与者右手转移到他们所选择的其他位置。然后，重新开始试用。这个周期将持续每种条件高达200试验。 </li></ol></li><li&gt;确保学员能够理解任务，并要求参与者重新启动该任务。 </li><li>在任务，检查参与者的攻丝的定时通过比较节拍器观看运动保持在大约1赫兹。 注:节拍器的声音只能通过实验者可以听到。 </li><li>完成约100个试验之后，让参与者休息一下。 </li><li>执行对于在不同的天其它条件（有或没有视觉反馈）实验。 </li></ol></li><li>在镜条件所有权和局感的估计。 <ol><li>定义收集有关所有权和机构的意识调查问卷的参与者的响应右手的立场。例如，在以前的出版物16日 ，有13个前缀，右手位置。这些点每隔7厘米安排可达±从源头21厘米。 </li><li>开展对AB相同的步骤作为从步骤3.2.2中列出步骤3.2.7 OVE估计。 </li><li>指导参与者把右手以下实验者的引导并保持其位置，直到完成一次试验。 </li><li>指导有关任务参与者如下: <ol><li>在试验开始时，推脚踏板中间的按钮。此时，将与会者听到蜂鸣声为踏板压机的反馈。 </li><li>然后，开始同步地挖掘左右手在1赫兹。 </li><li>后攻的六倍以上，停止时，实验者表示敲击。然后，回答关于所有权和机构的意识问题与0显示使用7点李克特量表与收视率从-3（"完全不同意"），以+3显示器（"完全同意"）上表示既不协议或分歧（"不确定"）。 </li><li>移动右手实验者指示的位置。然后，开始试用再次。这个周期将持续到该实验者定义右手位置的数目。 </li></ol></li><li>确保学员能够理解任务，并要求参与者启动任务。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.数据分析<ol><li>本体感受漂移在与会者的矢状切面的分析。 <ol><li>获得的统计工具，其中包含机器学习应用，尤其是支持向量机（ 例如 ，R，MATLAB）。使用支持向量机（SVM）作为分类提取参与者的响应的边界。一个以前的出版物提供了分类算法的解释（见第七章）20。在这篇文章中，我们将介绍使用R（3.1.2版本）的方法。 </li><li>安装名为"kernlab"21包，其中包含在R应用程序中使用SVM分析。 </li><li>马克表示propriocepti区五个手的漂移如下（ 图2描述了数据分析流程的示意性表示）。见补充的软件代码和数据采样该数据分析的进一步解释。 <ol><li>计算从原点的相对正确的手。丢弃从分析错误（ 例如 ，丢失位置数据或参与者的反应）的数据。 </li><li>请在使用SVM二维空间中参与者的"是"响应的概率模型。使用来自响应的数据作为模型的一个象征性的描述。用右手的位置作为模型的参数的数据。使用常用的径向基函数内核内核为SVM。为了避免任意的分析，计算西格马（ 即 ，用于改变每个数据点的权重参数）由自动西格玛估计。 </li><li>确保通过检查日，该模型是正确安装模型电子训练误差为0.2之下。使用概率模型，限定其中的参与者的"是"响应的p值被估计超过0.5的区域。 </li></ol></li><li>平均每个参与者的数据，以显示本体漂移的区域。 注:由于难以进行平均的"是"和"否"响应由在二维空间中的响应的p值估计区域的边界，两种类型的平均推荐。一种方法是将平均的p值在二维空间，这是之前估计的边界用的方法的参与者的响应。另一种方法是进行平均的面积，这是推定的边界后使用。 </li></ol></li><li>分析调查问卷数据和面积的大小。 <ol><li>获得的统计工具来评估位置的意义和调查表的类别（ 如 ，SPSS或R）。 </li><li>评估正态分布利用夏皮罗-威尔克测试所有数据的n，并应用适当的非参数检验当一个或多个相应的数据集的未能满足的标准正态分布（ 例如 ，Wilcoxon符号秩检验，弗里德曼试验）。 注意:如果适合实验缺乏非参数方法，使用一个参数的方法和解释的理由。在先前的研究中16，双向重复测量方差分析问卷的数据，有该分析没有非参数的替代品。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest.

我们展示了一个方法来使用SVM镜子幻想中估计本体漂移在2D平面上，并与所有权和机构的意识问卷答复的结果进行比较。这种新颖的方法揭示了所需的视觉和本体反馈之间的偏移量，以保持本体漂移约为10厘米，而该偏移紧密地与偏移必须维持所有权和机构的感觉重叠。 注意，此方法的最关键的步骤是3.2.5中所述，一个指令至约他们关注的参加者。在以前的试验研究16，</su...

近年来，关于有义或自体，即，自己的身体的经验研究，已在实施例的上下文增加。实施例涉及的想法或具有物理或虚拟体可以与环境交互，例如达到，抓，而感人的概念。例如，人类可以通过移动自己的身体，在这种情况下，自己的手臂和手触摸定位环境中的物体或另一个人。如今，这种相互作用或通信不限定于使用自己的自然的身体。由于发明和人样机器人或化身在虚拟世界的发展，自然人体可以通过人工体被取代，如人形，遥控机器人，电动假体，或电脑图形化身在虚拟现实。例如，研究人员开发出一种机器人，其操作者可以"抓住"对象通过其机械体放置在机器人前面，即使ROBOt被从操作者的身体位置1,2-置于远。类似于本实施例，如果一个人的可通过人工体执行动作，该机构将保持在操作者的自体的归属？ 我们可以很容易地找到相关的从我们自己的身体自然的"自我"的归属或投影这次讨论的人工，非肉和骨的身体话题。一个例子可以在医疗领域中找到例如，在医学康复领域，正在探讨以减少疼痛，改善缺失或瘫痪肢体的运动功能即"特技"使用反射镜病人的自体感治疗，称为镜治疗3-6。在这种疗法中，未受影响的身体部位或肢体的镜象可以误导病人的大脑，以为丢失或瘫痪肢体对应于镜中显示的之一，并导致感觉，它仍然在它前任条件（ 即出事前）。它仍在讨论这种错觉如何影响相关的身体表示大脑的应变能力。除了对我们的身体自然这种类型的讨论中，我们可以发现在工程领域的实施方案类似的讨论，特别是人性化系统交互设计问题。自的用于人造或虚拟体感已在远程呈现，脑机接口，和脑机接口1,2,7-9的上下文中得到了很好的研究。一些研究人员报道，像人一样机器人，它可以从它的机械手转移触感到操作者的手，可以捕获操作者的自体到机器人感以及处于一个地点的意义，其中所述机器人被定位而不是哪里算实际存在，所谓的远程存在1。其他研究人员报告说，虚拟化身反映运营商的肢体动作强LY从操作者的自己的身体的自体的操作者的感觉传送到虚拟体9。这些结果表明用户如何投射自我体感到一种人造体，如人形，遥控机器人，电动假体，或电脑图形化身在虚拟现实中，即使在人造体不直接连接到其大脑和身体。 这种类型的自体感非肉和血的基础科学研究，人工体状物体检测潜在的脑机制自体的使用橡胶手错觉（RHI）10-13和镜像体验幻觉（MI）14-16在医学和工程领域以及在心理物理学和神经心理学。该RHI是一个橡胶手属于自己的身体，并通过同时抚摸可见橡胶手和参与者的手遮挡引起轰动。在MI，一只手IMAGE在沿正中矢状轴定位在镜子在视觉上捕捉参与者的感知看不见的另一只手的位置。此外，反射和看不见的手的动作同步唤起强烈轰动，仿佛反射手图像是看不见的另一只手。根据对这些幻想的研究，多峰信息和预测与约的肢体动作感官反馈之间的一致性似乎发挥自我体归属的判断中起重要作用。因此，这两种幻想可以简单但功能强大的证据和工具，为科学家研究大脑机制，我们感觉背后被欺骗或相信一些人为对象或图像可以主观地是我们自己身体的一部分，我们的自体感呢不必被捆绑到我们的自然的身体。 在上面列出的所有这些研究中，在讨论了基于"自我"consisti概念主人翁意识和机构的意义:由哲学家加拉格尔17提出两种感觉的NG。主人翁意识指的是观察到的身体部位是自己的感觉。机构的意义对应于身体运动是自我造成的感觉。这两个感觉被定义为最小的自我，即，自16立即感。所有权和机构的意义:根据这一概念，"自我"为天然的，受损的，虚拟的，和机械机构的归属可以通过相同的索引进行评估。为了使用这种感觉了科学评价，产生的问题是如何衡量的所有权和机构的意义强劲。目前，所有权和机构意义上的估计主要依赖问卷调查，最初是由Botvinick 9提议。除了问卷调查，我们可以尝试来衡量他们的定量方法。例如，皮肤CONductance反应（SCR）已被用作所有权的情况下，生理指标，其中橡胶手突然被刀子砍18。 SCR被通过测量皮肤的电特性计算为觉醒19的灵敏和有效指标。因为通常被应用于每位与会者单个试验该方法中，测量的SCR不适合作为在需要参与者内重复测量心理物理学实验物理索引。一个用于所有权的意义上最成功的行为指标是本体漂移。本体感受漂移是看不见实际的手的朝向的对象，看起来像一个手，如橡胶制成的假体或位置的感知位置的变化计算机图形10-13。因为这种变化可通过测量看不见真实手和手的视觉图像，本体漂移我之间的距离来重复，鲁棒估计对心理测量适合SA物理指标。然而，这种用法需要进行仔细评估，因为最近的讨论质疑本体漂移总是可以被用来作为拥有12的行为指标。 典型地，本体漂移仅在三个方向，例如高度，宽度或深度中的一个测量。本体漂移很少被在多个方向上测得的，由于估算和可视化多维数据的难度。此计量限制不是基础研究探索了处理多感官信息，因为实验条件可以很容易地设计和控制，以限制所测量的尺寸的机制的关键。然而，在日常生活中，我们的手自由地移动3D跟随我们的意图。在这种情况下，它是困难的，不充分的测量参与者的与问卷调查，这严重限制运动和POS行为手中itions。因此，考虑为所有权和机构在工程和康复，其包括多个方向并允许需要自由手部运动，以评估在日常生活中的情况的视觉和本体反馈之间的空间关系的测量感潜在的应用。如果这样的测量是可能的，真实的和观察到的手之间测量的距离可以利用作为自体的意义上的指导方针。这可能不仅成为康复的进展，但也为空间中的显示的操作目标和操作的手之间的偏移的基准的指标。现在的问题是，如何这测量能够可靠和有效的执行。 为了解决这个问题，我们引入了一种新的方法来估算本体漂移，这相当于从参与者的真正看不见的手的位置转移到一个有形之手般的邻bject，使用镜子幻想通过结合心理过程，并使用机器学习分析2D平面。相比，橡胶手，在镜子的手图像强烈捕获参与者的感知看不见实际的手的位置。此外，镜像图像立刻反映了手的位置自愿的手部动作。因此，镜像被选定为参与者手的视觉反馈。此外，衡量类似的日常生活情况本体漂移，参与者定位自己看不见的手试通过审判他们的意志，试验次数增加。尽管可能已使用方向的任何组合，高度和深度的组合被选择由于易于放置镜垂直的。要检查我们的方法和以前的研究13之间的一致性，两个可视条件下得到实施:与无视觉反馈。在视觉反馈，镜像W上的条件沿着矢状平面定位以创建左手的反射图像，就好像它被视为右手。在没有视觉反馈的情况下，磨砂黑板为了隐藏参与者的真正右手使用。我们通过比较结果对所有权和机构意义上的调查问卷获得的评估这种新方法的有效性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Acric mirror</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matte blackboard</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>custom-made stand</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;i&gt;e.g.&lt;/i&gt; wood pole or PVC(poly vinyl chloride) pipe&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Chair</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foot pedal</td><td>P.I. Engineering</td><td>Classic X-keys USB, and PS/2 Foot Pedals</td><td>Other response device can be avaliable.</td></tr><tr><td>Position sensor</td><td>CyVerse</td><td>SLC-C02</td><td>Other position sensor can be avaliable.</td></tr><tr><td>Custom-made retroreflectivemarker</td><td></td><td>The marker provided by the motion capture vendor can be available.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Noise canselling head phone</td><td>bose</td><td>Quiet Comfort 3</td><td>Other head phone can be avaliable.</td></tr><tr><td>PC</td><td>Mouse computer</td><td>NG-N-i300GA</td><td>Other PC can be available.</td></tr></tbody></table>

visualization method for proprioceptive drift on a 2d plane using support vector machine

Proprioceptive drift, which is a perceptual shift in body-part position from the unseen real body to a visible body-like image, has been measured as the behavioral correlate for the sense of ownership. Previously, the estimation of proprioceptive drift was limited to one spatial dimension, such as height, width, or depth. As the hand can move freely in 3D, measuring proprioceptive drift in only one dimension is not sufficient for the estimation of the drift in real life situations. In this article, we provide a novel method to estimate proprioceptive drift on a 2D plane using the mirror illusion by combining an objective behavioral measurement (hand position tracking) and subjective, phenomenological assessment (subjective assessment of hand position and questionnaire) with a sophisticated machine learning approach. This technique permits not only an investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the sense of ownership and agency but also assists in the rehabilitation of a missing or paralyzed limb and in the design rules of real-time control systems with a self-body-like usability, in which the operator controls the system as if it were part of his/her own body.

从先前的研究的代表性结果呈现来说明方法16。 图3A示出了区域的形状，其中参与者无法检测的空间左右手位置之间的偏移的条件之间有分歧（镜面）和无（黑板）视觉。反馈图3B显示与可视化反馈的条件是面积尺寸比在没有视觉反馈情况显著较大（Wilcoxon符号秩和检验:Z = -2.803，p = 0.005）。这些结果表明，所要求的视觉和本体反馈之间的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine at JoVE.com

Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine

本文介绍估计使用镜子幻想，用机器学习的分析相结合的一个心理过程的2D平面本体漂移的新方法。

对2D平面本体感受漂移的支持向量机可视化方法

Proprioceptive drift, which is a perceptual shift in body-part position from the unseen real body to a visible body-like image, has been measured as the ...

visualization-method-for-proprioceptive-drift-on-2d-plane-using

Universidad San Sebastian

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Mechanical Engineering

Behavior

Unit 1

Planar Kinematics of a Rigid Body

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

9.1K 次观看.  Tokyo Institute of Technology. 本文介绍估计使用镜子幻想，用机器学习的分析相结合的一个心理过程的2D平面本体漂移的新方法。 

视频: Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

科研

行为学

MPI CyberMotion Simulator: Implementation of a Novel Motion Simulator to Investigate Multisensory Path Integration in Three Dimensions

Path integration is a process in which self-motion is integrated over time to obtain an estimate of one's current position relative to a starting point 1. Humans can do path integration based exclusively on visual 2-3, auditory 4, or inertial cues 5. However, with multiple cues present, inertial cues - particularly kinaesthetic - seem to dominate 6-7. In the absence of vision, humans tend to overestimate short distances (&lt;5 m) and turning angles (&lt;30&deg;), but underestimate longer ones 5. Movement through physical space therefore does not seem to be accurately represented by the brain.
Extensive work has been done on evaluating path integration in the horizontal plane, but little is known about vertical movement (see 3 for virtual movement from vision alone). One reason for this is that traditional motion simulators have a small range of motion restricted mainly to the horizontal plane. Here we take advantage of a motion simulator 8-9 with a large range of motion to assess whether path integration is similar between horizontal and vertical planes. The relative contributions of inertial and visual cues for path navigation were also assessed.
16 observers sat upright in a seat mounted to the flange of a modified KUKA anthropomorphic robot arm. Sensory information was manipulated by providing visual (optic flow, limited lifetime star field), vestibular-kinaesthetic (passive self motion with eyes closed), or visual and vestibular-kinaesthetic motion cues. Movement trajectories in the horizontal, sagittal and frontal planes consisted of two segment lengths (1st: 0.4 m, 2nd: 1 m; &plusmn;0.24 m/s2 peak acceleration). The angle of the two segments was either 45&deg; or 90&deg;. Observers pointed back to their origin by moving an arrow that was superimposed on an avatar presented on the screen.
Observers were more likely to underestimate angle size for movement in the horizontal plane compared to the vertical planes. In the frontal plane observers were more likely to overestimate angle size while there was no such bias in the sagittal plane. Finally, observers responded slower when answering based on vestibular-kinaesthetic information alone. Human path integration based on vestibular-kinaesthetic information alone thus takes longer than when visual information is present. That pointing is consistent with underestimating and overestimating the angle one has moved through in the horizontal and vertical planes respectively, suggests that the neural representation of self-motion through space is non-symmetrical which may relate to the fact that humans experience movement mostly within the horizontal plane.

An efficient way to gain insight into how humans navigate themselves in three dimensions is described. The method takes advantage of a motion simulator capable of moving observers in ways unattainable by traditional simulators. Results confirm that movement in the horizontal plane is underestimated, while vertical movement is overestimated.

MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分

Path integration is a process in which self-motion is integrated over time to obtain an estimate of one's current position relative to a starting point 1. ...

神经科学

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the vestibular organ results in mild to severe equilibrium problems, such as vertigo, dizziness, oscillopsia, gait unsteadiness nausea and/or vomiting. A good and frequently used measure to quantify gaze stabilization is the gain, which is defined as the magnitude of compensatory eye movements with respect to imposed head movements. To test vestibular function more fully one has to realize that 3D VOR ideally generates compensatory ocular rotations not only with a magnitude (gain) equal and opposite to the head rotation but also about an axis that is co-linear with the head rotation axis (alignment). Abnormal vestibular function thus results in changes in gain and changes in alignment of the 3D VOR response.
Here we describe a method to measure 3D VOR using whole body rotation on a 6DF motion platform. Although the method also allows testing translation VOR responses 1, we limit ourselves to a discussion of the method to measure 3D angular VOR. In addition, we restrict ourselves here to description of data collected in healthy subjects in response to angular sinusoidal and impulse stimulation.
Subjects are sitting upright and receive whole-body small amplitude sinusoidal and constant acceleration impulses. Sinusoidal stimuli (f = 1 Hz, A = 4&deg;) were delivered about the vertical axis and about axes in the horizontal plane varying between roll and pitch at increments of 22.5&deg; in azimuth. Impulses were delivered in yaw, roll and pitch and in the vertical canal planes. Eye movements were measured using the scleral search coil technique 2. Search coil signals were sampled at a frequency of 1 kHz.
The input-output ratio (gain) and misalignment (co-linearity) of the 3D VOR were calculated from the eye coil signals 3.
Gain and co-linearity of 3D VOR depended on the orientation of the stimulus axis. Systematic deviations were found in particular during horizontal axis stimulation. In the light the eye rotation axis was properly aligned with the stimulus axis at orientations 0&deg; and 90&deg; azimuth, but gradually deviated more and more towards 45&deg; azimuth.
The systematic deviations in misalignment for intermediate axes can be explained by a low gain for torsion (X-axis or roll-axis rotation) and a high gain for vertical eye movements (Y-axis or pitch-axis rotation (see Figure 2). Because intermediate axis stimulation leads a compensatory response based on vector summation of the individual eye rotation components, the net response axis will deviate because the gain for X- and Y-axis are different.
In darkness the gain of all eye rotation components had lower values. The result was that the misalignment in darkness and for impulses had different peaks and troughs than in the light: its minimum value was reached for pitch axis stimulation and its maximum for roll axis stimulation.
Case Presentation
Nine subjects participated in the experiment. All subjects gave their informed consent. The experimental procedure was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Erasmus University Medical Center and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects.
Six subjects served as controls. Three subjects had a unilateral vestibular impairment due to a vestibular schwannoma. The age of control subjects (six males and three females) ranged from 22 to 55 years. None of the controls had visual or vestibular complaints due to neurological, cardio vascular and ophthalmic disorders.
The age of the patients with schwannoma varied between 44 and 64 years (two males and one female). All schwannoma subjects were under medical surveillance and/or had received treatment by a multidisciplinary team consisting of an othorhinolaryngologist and a neurosurgeon of the Erasmus University Medical Center. Tested patients all had a right side vestibular schwannoma and underwent a wait and watch policy (Table 1; subjects N1-N3) after being diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma. Their tumors had been stabile for over 8-10 years on magnetic resonance imaging.

A method is described to measure three-dimensional vestibulo ocular reflexes (3D VOR) in humans using a six degrees of freedom (6DF) motion simulator. The gain and misalignment of the 3D angular VOR provide a direct measure of the quality of vestibular function. Representative data on healthy subjects are provided

三维前庭眼反射测试使用六度自由度运动平台

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the ...

Controlled Rotation of Human Observers in a Virtual Reality Environment

The low cost and availability of Virtual Reality (VR) systems have supported a recent acceleration of research into perception and behavior under more naturalistic, multisensory, and immersive conditions. One area of research that has particularly benefited from the use of VR systems is multisensory integration, for example, the integration of visual and vestibular cues to give rise to a sense of self-motion. For this reason, an accessible method for the controlled physical rotation of an observer in a virtual environment represents a useful innovation. This paper presents a method for automating the rotation of an office swivel chair along with a method for integrating that motion into a VR experience. Using an example experiment, it is demonstrated that the physical motion, thus produced, is integrated with the visual experience of an observer in a way consistent with expectations; high integration when the motion is congruent with the visual stimulus and low integration when the motion is incongruent.

The controlled physical rotation of a human observer is desirable for certain experimental, recreational, and educational applications. This paper outlines a method for converting an office swivel chair into a medium for controlled physical rotation in a virtual reality environment.

虚拟现实环境中人类观察者的受控旋转

The low cost and availability of Virtual Reality (VR) systems have supported a recent acceleration of research into perception and behavior under more ...

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to measure in vivo bone motion, but challenges arise when estimating the rotation and translation (pose) of each bone. The bone's pose is typically estimated with marker- or model-based methods. Marker-based methods are highly accurate but uncommon in vivo due to their invasiveness. Model-based methods are more common but are currently less accurate as they rely on user input and lab-specific algorithms. This work presents a rare in vivo dataset of the calcaneus, talus, and tibia poses, as measured with marker-based methods during running and hopping. A method is included to train users to improve their initial guesses into model-based pose estimation software, using marker-based visual feedback. New operators were able to estimate bone poses within 2&#176; of rotation and 1 mm of translation of the marker-based pose, similar to an expert user of the model-based software, and representing a substantial improvement over previously reported inter-operator variability. Further, this dataset can be used to validate other model-based pose estimation software. Ultimately, sharing this dataset will improve the speed and accuracy with which users can measure bone poses from biplanar videoradiography.

This work presents an in vivo dataset with bone poses estimated with marker-based methods. A method is included here to train operators in improving their initial estimates for model-based pose estimation and reducing inter-operator variability.

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to ...

工程学

用于识别混凝土振动状态的定向梯度直方图和 SVM

Image Recognition and Parameter Analysis of Concrete Vibration State Based on Support Vector Machine

In this paper, the directional gradient histogram technology is employed to extract the features of concrete image samples captured under different vibration states. The support vector machine (SVM) is utilized to learn the relationship between image features and vibration state. The machine learning results are subsequently used to assess the feasibility of the concrete vibration state. Simultaneously, the influence mechanism of the calculation parameters of the directional gradient histogram on the recognition accuracy is analyzed. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using the directional gradient histogram-SVM technology to identify the vibration state of concrete. The recognition accuracy initially increases and then decreases as the block size of the directional gradient, or the number of statistical intervals increases. The recognition accuracy also decreases linearly with the increase of the binarization threshold. By using sample images with a resolution of 1024 pixels x 1024 pixels and optimizing the feature extraction parameters, a recognition accuracy of 100% can be attained.

作者聚焦:使用定向梯度直方图技术和支持向量机进行高效图像识别 

The protocol described in this paper utilizes the directional gradient histogram technique to extract the characteristics of concrete image samples under various vibration states. It employs a support vector machine for machine learning, resulting in an image recognition method with minimal training sample requirements and low computer performance demands.

基于支撑矢量机的混凝土振动状态图像识别与参数分析

In this paper, the directional gradient histogram technology is employed to extract the features of concrete image samples captured under different ...

Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow the examination of all semicircular canals in the clinical setting. Assessment methods of the otolithic system, which is responsible for the perception of linear acceleration and perception of gravity, are far less in clinical use. There are several experimental approaches for measuring the perception of gravity. The most frequently used method is the determination of the subjective visual vertical. This is usually measured with the head in an upright position. We present here an assessment method for testing otolith function in the roll plane. The subjective visual vertical is measured in the head upright position as well as with head inclination of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane. This extended functional paradigm is an easy-to-perform clinical test of otolith function and ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

The perception of gravity is commonly determined by the subjective visual vertical in the head upright position. The additional assessment at head tilts of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

使用主观视觉垂直范式对卷平面中的静态视觉感知的评估

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow ...

医学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>实时记录和映射人类与 3D 虚拟对象的交互

Three-Dimensional Mapping of the Rotation of Interactive Virtual Objects with Eye-Tracking Data

We present a method for real-time recording of human interaction with three-dimensional (3D) virtual objects. The approach consists of associating rotation data of the manipulated object with behavioral measures, such as eye tracking, to make better inferences about the underlying cognitive processes.
The task consists of displaying two identical models of the same 3D object (a molecule), presented on a computer screen: a rotating, interactive object (iObj) and a static, target object (tObj). Participants must rotate iObj using the mouse until they consider its orientation to be identical to that of tObj. The computer tracks all interaction data in real time. The participant&#39;s gaze data are also recorded using an eye tracker. The measurement frequency is 10 Hz on the computer and 60 Hz on the eye tracker.
The orientation data of iObj with respect to tObj are recorded in rotation quaternions. The gaze data are synchronized to the orientation of iObj and referenced using this same system. This method enables us to obtain the following visualizations of the human interaction process with iObj and tObj: (1) angular disparity synchronized with other time-dependent data; (2) 3D rotation trajectory inside what we decided to call a &#34;ball of rotations&#34;; (3) 3D fixation heatmap. All steps of the protocol have used free software, such as GNU Octave and Jmol, and all scripts are available as supplementary material.
With this approach, we can conduct detailed quantitative studies of the task-solving process involving mental or physical rotations, rather than only the outcome reached. It is possible to measure precisely how important each part of the 3D models is for the participant in solving tasks, and thus relate the models to relevant variables such as the characteristics of the objects, cognitive abilities of the individuals, and the characteristics of human-machine interface.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：人体与 3D 虚拟对象交互分析的见解

We have developed a simple, customizable, and efficient method for recording quantitative processual data from interactive spatial tasks and mapping these rotation data with eye-tracking data.

对2D平面本体感受漂移的支持向量机可视化方法

摘要

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方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

MPI CyberMotion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分

三维前庭眼反射测试使用六度自由度运动平台

虚拟现实环境中人类观察者的受控旋转

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

基于支撑矢量机的混凝土振动状态图像识别与参数分析

基于支撑矢量机的混凝土振动状态图像识别与参数分析

基于支撑矢量机的混凝土振动状态图像识别与参数分析

使用主观视觉垂直范式对卷平面中的静态视觉感知的评估

使用眼动追踪数据对交互式虚拟对象旋转进行三维映射

对2D平面本体感受漂移的支持向量机可视化方法

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分

三维前庭眼反射测试使用六度自由度运动平台

虚拟现实环境中人类观察者的受控旋转

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

基于支撑矢量机的混凝土振动状态图像识别与参数分析

基于支撑矢量机的混凝土振动状态图像识别与参数分析

基于支撑矢量机的混凝土振动状态图像识别与参数分析

使用主观视觉垂直范式对卷平面中的静态视觉感知的评估

使用眼动追踪数据对交互式虚拟对象旋转进行三维映射

MPI CyberMotion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分