This work was supported by the Humanities Research Institute at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada and by the Cannon Research Center at Carolinas Rehabilitation in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.

该协议被批准在布鲁克大学和卡罗来纳康复机构审查委员会。 1.在测试之前<ol><li>对于15电影剪辑创建3个单独的列表，列出每个剪辑以不同的限制令。 </li><li>确保每个清单开始，以中性刺激，而且针对相同的情感没有两个剪辑连续发生结束。 </li><li>在桌面创建电影为了演示每个列表上单独的文件夹和标签的订单名称的文件夹（ 例如 ，订购1）。 </li><li> 15剪辑保存到这三个文件夹。 </li><li>所以它反映了演示数，并给出关于目标的情感线索，不重新标签每个电影剪辑（02; 03; 也就是说 ，01 等 ）。 </li><li>创建任务（DANVA-面，DANVA-的声音，影片剪辑）显示（ 见图1）六个随机订单。 </li><li>分配传入particip蚂蚁电影剪辑呈现三个限制订单之一。 </li><li>进入的参与者分配到的任务呈现六个随机订单之一。 </li></ol> 2.测试日<ol><li>把参与者（S）进入实验室，并在餐桌他们舒适座位。 </li><li>通过阅读每一部分与他/她查看与参与者的同意书。 </li><li>回答参与者可能对知情同意书，让他有任何疑问/她的签名。 </li><li>有与会者填写简短的问卷调查人口（出生日期，性别）。有与会者还TBI完成相关病史调查问卷（受伤日期，受伤原因，损伤程度）问卷的部分。 注:当参与者填写调查问卷，询问任何已知的视觉处理的困难，所以你可能会TBI相应座位的参与者</li><li>参与者在次前的位置椅子E计算机。确保所有参与者（如果有多个）具备屏幕的清晰视图。 </li></ol> 3. DANVA-面任务<ol><li>给每位学员剪辑板附有DANVA，响应面片和用笔圈的反应。 </li><li>提供参与者以下说明:"当你看到每一个项目，圆您回应（快乐，悲伤，愤怒，恐惧，或中性）上对应于每张幻灯片显示的项目编号就行了。" 注:如果学员TBI表明视觉处理困难或精细动作困难是显而易见的，提供与替代响应页面的参与者。此页面列出在横向格式的文本较大的五个响应。 </li><li>在演示文稿中打开DANVA-面任务，并使用幻灯片放映视图播放。 </li><li>使与会者有以下说明:"对于这个活动，我要告诉你一些民族的面孔，我想你告诉我他们的感受。我要你告诉我，如果他们很高兴，悲伤，愤怒或害怕。可怕的是同样的事情，害怕或恐惧。如果您不确定的情感，选择"我不知道"回应。有24个面孔完全。每个面都将在屏幕上大约五秒钟。前脸消失你的答案来算，你必须回答。指示由它盘旋片在你的面前"你的答案。 注:如果参与者无法圆他/她自己的反应，并在研究的一小群的一部分参加，提供以下指令:"指示由指向它的表在你面前对你的答案"。然后考官会记录参与者对DANVA，响应面片的反应。 </li><li>确保在开始之前参与者没有任何问题。 </li><li>先从两练的试验任务。使与会者有以下说明:"我们将要完成两个PRActice试验，让你得到的每个面多久出现在屏幕上从某种意义上说，多久你要提供你的答案。" </li><li>按下键盘上输入的时候脸上消失，移动到下一个刺激。确保所有参与者都在屏幕才这么做的仰视。 </li><li>确保参与者没有问题。如果没有，开始测试试验。确保所有参与者都看屏幕。按下回车键开始测试的刺激。 </li><li>继续概述了实践的任务，直到24的刺激是完整的程序。 </li><li>收集参与者的响应表。 </li></ol> 4. DANVA-声音任务<ol><li>给每位学员剪辑板附有DANVA，声音响应表和一支笔来圈响应。 注:如果学员TBI表明视觉处理困难或精细动作困难是显而易见的，提供与替代响应页面的参与者。该PAGE列出横向格式文本较大的五个响应。 </li><li>通过访问以下网站打开DANVA-声音任务: http://www.psychology.emory.edu/clinical/interpersonal/danva.htm </li><li>点击链接成人的面孔，声音，和姿势。 </li><li>通过输入登录任何字母和密码输入EMORYDANVA2的登录名和密码填写。 </li><li>点击继续。 </li><li> （在屏幕的中心绿圈）点击音色。 </li><li>测试的音量。提供以下说明:"我想，以确保您可以听到电脑上的声音，它是在一个舒适的音量，你我要去点击测试声音，请告诉我，如果你能听到声音，。此外，如果你需要的声音更加响亮或更安静很舒服你。" </li><li>点击测试声音。 </li><li>根据参与者的请求（增加/减少）调整音量。 </li><li>点击"测试声音"再次。根据与会者的要求，调整音量。这样做，直到参与者报告它是在一个舒适的音量。 </li><li>查看与参与者的任务指令。让参与者以下说明:对于此活动，你会听到有人说了一句"现在我要走出房间，但后来我会回来的。"我要你告诉我，如果他们很高兴，悲伤，愤怒或害怕。可怕的是同样的事情，害怕或恐惧。如果您不确定的情感，选择"我不知道"回应。有24个句子。每个句子是口语之前，号码将被公布。你要听后面的句子。的句子将不再重复，所以你需要仔细聆听。告诉我如何的人是通过在纸张在你面前"盘旋你的答案的感觉，一旦你做出选择，我需要选择在计算机屏幕上的响应移动到下一个项目。我会一直选择•他同情感（恐惧）。我的选择并不表示在正确的答案呢。" 注:如果参与者无法圆他/她自己的反应，并在研究的一小群的一部分参加，提供以下指令:"指示由指向它的表在你面前对你的答案"。然后考官会记录参与者对DANVA，声音响应板的响应。 </li><li>点击"继续"。 </li><li>直接参与者圈（或点），他们对他们的回应表的答案时，这句话发挥。 </li><li>点击"可怕"。点击"下一步"。 </li><li>直到24句完成继续此过程。 </li><li>退出该网站，当你到达任务结束。 </li><li>收集参与者的响应表。 </li></ol> 5.电影剪辑任务<ol><li>座椅舒适参与者在电脑前。确保屏幕可以FUL所有LY看到。 </li><li>给每个人的情感电影剪辑响应表的副本剪贴板。 注:如果学员TBI表明视觉处理困难或精细动作困难是显而易见的，提供参与者与两个备用响应页面。第一页列出的五个强迫选择响应和第二提供了0-9级。这两种响应页面在更大的文本和横向格式。 </li><li>打开电脑的电影剪辑呈现的分配顺序上的文件夹。 </li><li>有以下几个方向参与者提供:"你是要查看共有15个电影剪辑在每个电影剪辑，你会看到一个字符谁看起来他们都感到了一定的情感，他们看起来&#39;快乐&#39;，&#39;。伤心"，"愤怒"，"恐惧"或"中性"。首先，我要你告诉我的性格是显示什么情绪，然后告诉我你经历了什么感情，而看电影夹。最后，告诉我，最能说明边看夹你感受到情感的强度的数量。例如，如果一个人的脸让你觉得&#39;轻度&#39;快乐或悲伤，圈一批从1到3。如果你觉得&#39;适度&#39;快乐或悲伤，圈一批从4至6如果你感到"非常"快乐或悲伤，圈数为7至9只不等圈0，如果你没有感到任何感情可言。你有什么问题吗？" 注:只有第一个问题（看官情感字符显示）分析了当前的研究。 </li><li>双击01开的第一部电影剪辑。 </li><li>告诉参与者集中在观看短片的字符。 </li><li>在选项菜单中选择"查看全屏"播放的剪辑。 </li><li>直接参与者时，剪辑播放完响应A线（情感是什么主角经历？）对他们的回应表。 </li><l<html>我&gt;直接参与者向B线（选择最能描述你的感受，一边看剪辑中一个情感）的响应表一旦线路已经回答了回应。 </li><li>直接参与者，一旦线路B已经回答了回应C线（您如何评价在观看剪辑，你经历过的感情的强度？）。 </li><li>直接参与者，一旦反应是完全重新指引他/她的注意电脑屏幕上。 </li><li>返回到该文件夹​​包含在参与者的分配顺序电影剪辑在计算机上。 </li><li> 02双CCK打开第二个电影剪辑。重复步骤5.5至5.12，直至参与者观看所有15个电影剪辑。 </li><li>收集参与者（S）的响应表。 </li></ol> 6.从一个任务移到另一个（可选步骤） <ol><li>为参与者提供取任务2和3之间休息的选项。 </li></ol>e_title"&gt; 7，得分任务<ol><li>参考答案键DANVA2手册32第25页上的得分DANVA-面任务。 </li><li>匹配分数接听键为1，不正确的项目为0。"我不知道"响应被记为0分的项目。 </li><li>通过加入正确响应的总数计算原始分数。除以24（共0条）的原始分数，以获得精确的百分比分数。 </li><li>参考答案键DANVA2手册32第27页并重复步骤7.2和7.3的得分DANVA-声音任务。 </li><li>请参考电影剪辑呈现为参与者分配秩序了接听键。获得1分，如果回答什么情感性格是显示，0如果参与者没有选择目标的情感（包括如果参加者说:"我不知道&#39;）的问题时，参与者识别目标的情感。 </li><li>通过添加correc数计算原始分数Ť响应。除以15（共0条）的原始分数，以获得精确的百分比分数。 </li><li>创建一个子集评分，通过添加正确的反应，只有这12剪辑只包含的快乐，悲伤，愤怒，恐惧和电影剪辑的反应电影剪辑任务。除以12的正确反应的数目，以获得一个百分比的准确性比分。 </li><li>通过加入到中立夹子正确应答的数目创建用于向中立电影剪辑响应的分数。除以3的正确反应数，以获得一个百分比的准确性比分。 注:子分数需要创建因为DANVA任务不包括中性的描写，而电影剪辑的任务一样。 </li><li>计算反应积极valenced项的分数（ 即 ，高兴）和负valenced项目（结合起来，愤怒，恐惧和悲伤的刺激的反应）的所有三项任务。 </li><li>除以3为积极valenced项目每个任务的成绩获得四氯乙烯entage准确性比分。 </li><li> 9除法负valenced项目每个任务的比分获得准确的百分比分数。 </li></ol> 8.数据分析<ol><li>进行方差分析的混合模型分析，以检查由参与者TBI和控制参与者孤立的面孔情绪刺激，隔离声乐情感刺激，和多式联运电影剪辑刺激的反应。 </li><li>探索利用后续单变量比较的方差分析发现的主要影响。 </li></ol>

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</ol>

The author has nothing to disclose.

这份手稿描述了用于评估人的情绪TBI识别能力三个任务。上述方法的目的是孤立地比较响应精度面部和声音情感线索，以有意义的情境中同时出现的这些线索的看法。电影剪辑被列入目前的研究，因为他们的日常情景逼近使他们比情感表达的孤立表现更加生态有效。当执行这个协议与人的脑损伤，必须考虑个人的视觉扫描技术，确保刺激和响应表是完全可见是非常重要的。为了帮助此，响应片创?...

创伤性脑损伤（TBI）影响世界各地的1每年大约有10万人。 TBI之后，认识到使用非语言线索，例如面部和声音表达情感人的能力（ 即 ，说话的语气），和上下文线索，往往是显著损害2-7。由于成功的人际交往和质量的关系至少部分依赖于别人的情绪7-10准确的解释，这并不奇怪，随着情感识别困难已报告有助于TBI后3,8常见的穷人的社会后果， 11,12。 研究人员通过调查情感识别与TBI往往集中于孤立的线索，尤其是识别使用静态照片2面部情感表情。虽然这项工作一直是很重要的，通知有利于治疗的发展克，它没有充分代表一个人的认识和解读情感的肢体语言会在日常交往的能力。不仅静态图像提供更多的时间来诠释刻画情感，他们也通常只描绘了顶点表达13-16（ 即 ，最大表示）。此外，静态图像缺乏与运动12,13,15发生的时间线索，并不能代表在日常生活中遇到的情感迅速变化的面部表情。此外，有证据表明，静态和动态视觉表达式在脑的不同区域进行处理，以向动态刺激17-24更准确的响应。 由人TBI声乐情感识别也进行了研究，既没有意义的语言内容。它已经提出的词句内容的存在增加，因为精确INTE感知需求rpretation要求有发言权的非语言语调与包括口头消息25语义内容的同时处理。虽然许多研究已经显示提高了人声的识别在没有有意义词句内容，Dimoska 等人 25发现在性能上没有差异影响。他们认为，人有脑外伤朝情感句子的语义内容的偏见;所以即使当内容在语义上是中性或淘汰，他们继续把重点放在句子中的口头信息。因此，他们的结果并没有清楚地显示有意义的语言内容是否有助于或阻碍声乐情感表达。 此外，可以陪非语言线索声乐有意义的语言内容，背景也通过社会情况本身提供。情境提供了有关在其下产生的情感表达，能这样就大大的情况下背景资料注量表达的解释。当评估一个人的感觉如何，我们使用环境来确定的情况是与人的需要和期望是一致的。这最终会影响一个人的感觉，所以情境的知识应当引起别人的情绪26更准确的推理。要做到这一点的能力被称为心理理论，发现是显著受损以下TBI 6,27-31的结构。 Milders 等 8.31报告，患有TBI有做出准确的判断有关，并理解简要事迹人物的意图和感受显著困难。 虽然这些研究都强调非语言和情境情感处理赤字，这是很难一概而论的结果到这些线索发生一起彼此和社会背景下的日常社会交往。为了更好地理解人们如何与TBI在日常社会交往诠释情感，我们需要使用在本质上多刺激。只有两个以前的研究已包括多式联运刺激作为调查的一部分进入人们的TBI过程的情感线索如何。麦当劳和桑德斯15和威廉姆斯和木提取16从情感评估测试（EET），这是社会推理测试 26 的意识的一部分的刺激。该EET由护身符录像，显示男性和女性角色刻画的非语言线索的情感，而与人交谈的。在谈话中口头上的内容是语义中性;关于演员的感受，不提供上下文信息线索。因此，需要处理和同时做这与非语言的面部和声音线索被淘汰整合有意义的语言内容。这些研究的结果表明，人的TBI分别significanTLY比他们从多刺激的识别能力，情绪控制不准确。因为无论是研究中考虑对情感表达的语义解释或语境信息的影响，它增加此类信息是否有助于处理，因为增加intersensory冗余的或消极的影响观感，因为增加认知需求仍不清楚。 本文概述了一套用于隔离比较面部和声音的情绪线索的知觉任务，而有意义的情境中同时出现的这些线索的看法。该隔离任务的非语言情感识别较大测试的一部分- 非言语准确的诊断分析2（DANVA2）32。在这个协议中，我们使用了成人面孔 （DANVA-面）和成人同期声 （DANVA-音色）测验。每个分测验的包括24个刺激，每个描绘快乐，悲伤，愤怒，和恐惧情绪六个交涉。该DANVA2要求参与者识别情感用强迫选择格式（4个选项）描绘。这里，第五选项（不知）用于两个子测试。时间显示出每一个面部表情量是从两个秒增加到五秒钟以确保我们正在评估影响的肯定和没有处理的速度。我们没有改变成人同期声分测验超出了强迫选择响应格式添加额外的选择。参与者只有一次听到每个句子。没有在任一任务提供了反馈。 电影剪辑被用来评估情境中同时发生的面部和声音情感线索的看法。虽然这些片段中的语言内容没有明确说明是什么在剪辑的人物都心照不宣，这是有意义的情境。来自共抽取十五剪辑mmercial电影和电视连续剧，包括在研究中，每45至103（平均= 71.87）秒。反馈这个任务时未提供给与会者。有三个片段分别代表如下情感类:高兴，悲伤，愤怒，恐惧，中性。这些片段是基于与年轻人进行的一项研究结果选择（N = 70） 祖潘，B.＆巴贝奇，从电影剪辑和叙事文本DR情感启发刺激。手稿提交到J SOC心理误区 。在这项研究中，参与者赠送了每个目标的情感类六个电影剪辑和六个中立的电影剪辑，从24到127秒（平均=77.3秒）。而目标是包括相对短的电影剪辑，选择用于包含每个剪辑需要有足够的上下文信息，它可以通过观看者，而不必从它溶于33膜的附加 ​​知识来理解。 从电影剪辑和叙事文本祖潘和巴贝奇学习情感启发刺激被正确识别，上面提到的83和幸福的89％的目标的情感，86 - 93 ％，持续伤心，63 - 为生气93％，77 - 96％的恐惧，以及81 - 中性87％。而具有相同数量的每种情感类别的范例的就像在DANVA2任务（N = 6）将是理想的，我们选择了3种，由于电影剪辑刺激的长度的增加相比，在DANVA-面刺激和DANVA-声音任务。 从这些任务的数据是从60名学员收集与TBI和60年龄和性别匹配的对照。参与者被视为单独或小团体（最大值= 3）和三个任务的顺序跨越测试会议是随机的。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2</td><td>Department of Pychology, Emory University. Atlanta, GA</td><td></td><td>DANVA-Faces subtest, DANVA-Voices subtest</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Apple iMac Desktop, 27&quot; display</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Statistical Analysis Software</td><td>SPSS</td><td></td><td>University Licensed software for data analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Happy Film Clip 1</td><td>Sweet Home Alabama, D&amp;amp;D Films, 2002, Director: A Tennant</td><td></td><td>A man surprises his girlfriend by proposing in a jewelry store</td></tr><tr><td>Happy Film Clip 2</td><td>Wedding Crashers, New Line Cinema, 2005, Director: D. Dobkin</td><td></td><td>A couple is sitting on the beach and flirting while playing a hand game</td></tr><tr><td>Happy Film Clip 3</td><td>Reme-mber the Titans, Jerry Bruckheimer Films, 2000, Director: B. Yakin</td><td></td><td>An African American football coach and his family are accepted by their community when the school team wins the football championship</td></tr><tr><td>Sad Film Clip 1</td><td>Grey&#039;s Anatomy, ABC, 2006, Director: P. Horton</td><td></td><td>A father is only able to communicate with his family using his eyes.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sad Film Clip 2</td><td>Armageddon, Touchstone Pictures, 1998, Director: M. Bay</td><td></td><td>A daughter is saying goodbye to her father who is in space on a dangerous mission</td></tr><tr><td>Sad Film Clip 3</td><td>Grey&#039;s Anatomy, ABC, 2006, Director: M. Tinker</td><td></td><td>A woman is heartbroken her fiance has died</td></tr><tr><td>Angry Film Clip 1</td><td>Anne of Green Gables, Canadian Broadcast Corporation, 1985, Director: K. Sullivan</td><td></td><td>An older woman speaks openly about a child&#039;s physical appearance in front of her</td></tr><tr><td>Angry Film Clip 2</td><td>Enough, Columbia Pictures, 2002, Director: M. Apted</td><td></td><td>A wife confronts her husband about an affair when she smells another woman&#039;s perfume on his clothing</td></tr><tr><td>Angry Film Clip 3</td><td>Pretty Woman, Touchstone Pictures, 1990, Director: G. Marshall</td><td></td><td>A call girl attempts to purchase clothing in an expensive boutique and is turned away</td></tr><tr><td>Fearful Film Clip 1</td><td>Blood Diamond, Warner Bros Pictures, 2006, Director: E. Zwick</td><td></td><td>Numerous vehicles carrying militia approach a man and his son while they are out walking</td></tr><tr><td>Fearful Film Clip 2</td><td>The Life Before Her Eyes, 2929 Productions, 2007, Directors: V. Perelman</td><td></td><td>Two teenaged gilrs are talking in the school bathroom when they hear gunshots that continue to get closer</td></tr><tr><td>Fearful Film Clip 3</td><td>The Sixth Sense, Barry Mendel Productions, 1999, Director: M. N. Shyamalan</td><td></td><td>A young boy enters the kitchen in the middle of the night and finds his mother behaving very atypically</td></tr><tr><td>Neutral Film Clip 1</td><td>The Other Sister, Mandeville Films, 1999, Director: G. Marshall</td><td></td><td>A mother and daughter are discussing an art book while sitting in their living room</td></tr><tr><td>Neutral Film Clip 2</td><td>The Game, Polygram Filmed Entertainment, 1999, Director: D. Fincher</td><td></td><td>One gentleman is explaining the rules of a game to another</td></tr><tr><td>Neutral Film Clip 3</td><td>The Notebook, New Line Cinema, 2004, Director: N. Cassavetes</td><td></td><td>An older gentleman and his doctor are conversing during a routine check-up</td></tr></tbody></table>

exploring the use of isolated expressions and film clips to evaluate emotion recognition by people with traumatic brain injury

目前的研究提出了60人，创伤性脑损伤（TBI）和孤立情感的面部表情控制60，隔离声乐情感的表达，和多模式（ 即 ，影片剪辑）的刺激，包括上下文线索。所有的刺激均通过计算机呈现。被要求参加者以确定如何将人在每一个刺激是使用强迫选择格式的感觉。此外，为影片剪辑，参与者们必须表明他们响应刺激的感觉，和强度的水平与他们经历过的情感。

此任务电池被用来比较情绪识别为孤立情感表达式（ 即 ，面仅;仅话音）和合并的情感表达一个情境中发生的（ 即 ，面部和声音）。共60（男37例，女23例）的参与者中重度颅脑损伤的21岁至63岁之间（平均= 40.98）和60（男38例，女22），年龄相合的控制（范围= 18至63;平均= 40.64）完成了三项任务。参与这项研究中，参与者需要一种TBI有无论是格拉斯哥昏迷量表?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

本文介绍了如何实现的行为任务电池检查孤立的面部和声音的情感表达情感识别，并使用商业电视和电影剪辑一个新的任务，以评估多式联运情绪识别，包括上下文线索。

探索孤立的表达式和电影剪辑的使用与创伤性脑损伤的人评价情感识别

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

exploring-use-isolated-expressions-film-clips-to-evaluate-emotion

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.0K 次观看.  Brock University. 本文介绍了如何实现的行为任务电池检查孤立的面部和声音的情感表达情感识别，并使用商业电视和电影剪辑一个新的任务，以评估多式联运情绪识别，包括上下文线索。 

视频: Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is associated with increased personal well-being and self-esteem 2, whereas remembering and ruminating on negative AMs may lead to affective disorders 3. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying AM retrieval in general (reviewed in 4, 5), less is known about the effect of emotion on the subjective re-experience of AMs and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the fact that, unlike the investigations of the emotion effect on memory for laboratory-based microevents (reviewed in 6, 7-9), often times AM studies do not have a clear focus on the emotional aspects of remembering personal events (but see 10). Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional AMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cues for these memories are collected prior to scanning by means of an autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ), therefore allowing for proper selection of emotional AMs based on their phenomenological properties (i.e., intensity, vividness, personal significance). This protocol can be used in healthy and clinical populations alike.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional autobiographical memories, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

情感自传回忆的神经关联的脑成像研究

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

科研

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情绪调节的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

脑成像的情感记忆的促进作用调查

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

行为学

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

情绪调节策略的童年有效性的心理生理评估

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical instruments within a comparative design assessing physiological and psychopathological features of individuals with BPD. This method aims at studying the psychological and physiological effects of trauma-related dissociation. Since the psychodiagnostic classification of trauma-related disorders relies on the observation of evolutionarily determined responses to life-threat, an integrated assessment paradigm for the study of reactions to traumatic memories proposes a very appropriate methodological approach.
The employed script-driven imagery paradigm uses individual recall instructions to activate trauma-related memory networks and prompt associated emotional and physiological responses. These responses are measured by means of self-rating scales and physiological assessments. During the individual recall, participants are asked to vividly imagine traumatic and everyday experiences and other situations triggered by short personalized verbal scripts they authored beforehand together with the experimenters. A wide range of affective reactions and different physiological parameters can be measured. We used this paradigm to investigate dissociative states in BPD and to find physiological and affective correlates of dissociative states. Some of the participants were having severe traumatic antecedents.
To investigate different reaction patterns within the same diagnostic group, participants with different levels of traumatic histories, symptom severities, and co-morbidities should be included. By using short verbal scripts, the level of stress induced to participants is held as low as possible without affecting the validity of the object of investigation.

We present a protocol of personalized script-driven trauma-related imagery and clinical assessments within a comparison design for investigating peritraumatic dissociation (PD), psychophysiological reactions, i.e. heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC), and psychological features of often severely traumatized individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

用心理生理学脚本驱动的图像实验研究边缘人格障碍的创伤相关离解

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Many children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are known to have executive dysfunction, which weakens their abilities to learn and behave in daily living. This protocol describes the methodology that is required for the intervention (psychotherapy) based on planning, attention, successive, and simultaneous (PASS theory) cognitive processing and fear emotional processing. It provides guiding principles and practical recommendations. A disproportionately high level of fear (dysregulation) increases the vulnerability for dysfunction in learning and behavior. We explain the interplay between emotion and cognition at the neurological level.
A go/no go task (The Adventures of Fundi), which involves decision making, is administered in a PC- mode to a sample of 66 ADHD subjects. The Adventures of Fundi, a computer program, was constructed to induce successive or simultaneous processing when involving the training of planning and selective attention. It aims to improve the executive function with planning and selective attention. If executive function improves, learning improves, and behavior ameliorates. After intervention over 6 months, remission was achieved in 70% of subjects.
The instructor encourages the use of appropriate strategies and points out the ways in which the strategies can be useful in finding the solution to the problem (go/no go). The emphasis is not on rehearsing and adult instructed verbal sequence. The verbalization may reveal the conscious verbalized strategy to solve a task that is not really the strategy being unconsciously used in that case. A self-verbal report is unreliable. This is an inductive learning rather than deductive rule-learning approach central to cognitive PASS training. This inductive training has proved to produce not only near transfer but also far transfer.
Noncognitive factors (emotional factors) must be considered to maximize the benefit of cognitive training. Indirect and metaphorical communication considers the emotional factor.

This protocol illustrates a remedial therapy based on inductive learning and indirect communication (Ericksonian metaphorical hypnosis) that can be applied to children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Particularly, this protocol is intended to test the effectiveness of a go/no-go decision task. Neuroscientific rationale is presented throughout the text.

基于注意力缺陷过度活跃障碍患者的认知和情感处理的 Fundi 干预的冒险

Many children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are known to have executive dysfunction, which weakens their abilities to learn and ...

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

In this experiment, we demonstrate a suite of hybrid Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-based paradigms that are designed for two applications: assessing the level of consciousness of people unable to provide motor response and, in a second stage, establishing a communication channel for these people that enables them to answer questions with either &#39;yes&#39; or &#39;no&#39;. The suite of paradigms is designed to test basic responses in the first step and to continue to more comprehensive tasks if the first tests are successful. The latter tasks require more cognitive functions, but they could provide communication, which is not possible with the basic tests. All assessment tests produce accuracy plots that show whether the algorithms were able to detect the patient&#39;s brain&#39;s response to the given tasks. If the accuracy level is beyond the significance level, we assume that the subject understood the task and was able to follow the sequence of commands presented via earphones to the subject. The tasks require users to concentrate on certain stimuli or to imagine moving either the left or right hand. All tasks are designed around the assumption that the user is unable to use the visual modality, and thus, all stimuli presented to the user (including instructions, cues, and feedback) are auditory or tactile.

With this experiment, one might be able to detect consciousness in people with disorders of consciousness. Furthermore, the approach can create a simple communication channel that enables people to give simple YES/NO answers to questions.

有意识障碍者的评估与沟通

In this experiment, we demonstrate a suite of hybrid Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-based paradigms that are designed for two applications: assessing the ...

Physiological Correlates of Emotion Recognition

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the activity of the body's internal organs and regulates changes in their activity depending on the current environment. The vagus nerve, which innervates many of the internal organs, is an important part of the system. When our brain senses danger, vagal tone is inhibited, leading to a set of changes in the body designed to make us more prepared to fight or flee; for example, our heart rate increases, our pupils dilate, and we breath more quickly. Conversely, when the vagal system is activated, these physiological responses are inhibited, leading to a calmer state. The vagus nerve, then, acts as a kind of "brake" on our arousal. One interesting consequence of this calmer state is that it tends to promote social interaction-when we are not tensed and afraid of our immediate environment we are instead receptive to interacting with others. Poor functioning of this regulatory mechanism, therefore, may be associated with difficulties in social behavior.
One index of autonomic regulation is heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is a measure of how much the gap between one beat and the next varies over time. High HRV means there are continual fluctuations in the heart rate over time, a reflection of successful autonomic regulation. Low HRV means there is consistency of the heart rate over time, a condition associated with poor autonomic regulation. 
In this study we will test the hypothesis that increased HRV is associated with more accurate categorization of emotional stimuli.1,2 Following a study by Park et al., we will measure HRV and test its association on a task that measures skill at perceiving facial emotions.3

Correlating Heart Rate Variability with Emotion Recognition

生理相关的情感识别

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the ...