This research was supported by grants MOST102-2410-H-001-044 and MOST103-2410-H-001-058-MY2 to M. Liou, and RSF-14-15-00202 to A.N. Savostyanov. The support of Russian Science Foundation (RSF) was used for elaboration of experimental paradigm of face recognition.

伦理学声明:涉及人类受试者的程序已批准由人类参与研究伦理委员会/机构审查委员会中央研究院，台湾。 1.刺激和实验程序准备<ol><li>准备的60多情绪正面照片29分为三个面部表情（愤怒，快乐，中性）的游泳池。使用图形软件在与黑色背景的照片，以屏蔽掉的头发和耳朵的部件， 如图1A所示 ，使参与者能够集中精力在照片的面部特征。 <ol><li>打开图形软件的照片。使用选择工具箱绘制一个椭圆区域，并调整该区域的大小，使耳朵和最头发不会在椭圆下降。 </li><li>倒置选定的区域。点击"删除"以删除照片中不需要的区域，并与黑色的背景色更换。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig1.jpg" /> 图1.情感的脸刺激的例子。（A）照片的面孔，其中头发和耳朵已经在黑色的背景色被屏蔽掉，和（B）线绘图从（A）在图形编辑软件进行编辑的面孔。这些面分别显示中性，快乐，和愤怒的情绪从上下行。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>创建试点研究。招收飞行员学员从照片库中选择合适的刺激。 注:飞行员参与者不得参与脑电图实验。 <ol><li>配置与第一台电脑屏幕上呈现的任务指令开始刺激演示程序，其次是5法米尔iarization试验。开始定影横每次试验，接着一个面刺激，并通过一个情绪评估任务。见补充编码文件的示例程序。 注:真正的先导试验立即从池中随机的顺序选择正面照片按照熟悉试验。 <ol><li>创建一个实验计划，包括指令屏幕和一个中央眼睛注视屏幕。生成面刺激屏幕， 如图2所示，通过配置照片尺寸为18.3点¯x24.4厘米2（宽×高）与黑色背景颜色，给定计算机屏幕大小41点¯x25.6厘米2 1680点¯x1050的分辨率。见补充编码文件的示例程序。 </li><li>创建用于在程序情绪评价记分系统， 如图3所示放置一个水平线在连续尺度在屏幕的中心，从-100到+100 withouŧ任何勾号标记，除了中央和端点。准备程序，参与者可以自由地得分光标拖动到左侧很生气（-100），并为很开心的权利（+100）评价照片脸的情感，并按下GO按钮。 注:得分线的设计没有任何刻度的标记，因为AS患者很容易陷入情绪评估期间将蜱的光标。因此，连续的比例优选为患者。 </li><li>确保程序记录一个参与者的行为的结果（ 例如 ，反应时间和情感分数），其被用作标准从池中选择照片（见步骤1.3.1）。 </li></ol></li><li>招募飞行员的参与者（5个控制和5个试点参与者）。诊断根据Gillberg 30和DSM-IV标准的26例患者的临床和管理韦氏成人的临床衍生简短形式<html>智力量表（WAIS-III）31。尽可能地匹配控制，以他们作为同行性别，并在言语/性能智商。 </li><li>运行在每个单独参与者试点研究的实验程序。在完成情绪人脸识别任务后，采访每个导频的AS参与者在中心眼固定和刺激呈现周期的合理的持续时间，任务的难度，便于使用的评分系统和试验用于保持他/她的最大数量的浓度的基础上，该程序可以被重新配置为脑电图实验（见步骤1.3.2） </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig2.jpg" /> 图2.在程序的面刺激的屏幕截图。脸部的大小被构造以适应屏幕的高度。空区域用黑色填充。上传/ 53962 / 53962fig2large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig3.jpg" /> 图3.情绪评估评分系统的屏幕截图。计分栏设计为无刻度标记。参与者需要拖动鼠标来选择分配给面子得分和按下GO按钮以完成任务。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="3"><li>计划任务1:照片会话。 <ol><li>从池30照片选择，包括每10快乐，愤怒，和中性表情（5男5女面临着每种类型的表达式），即给予最可比的平均反应时间和平均5 AS之间情感分数5个控制试点的参与者。 </l我&gt; <li>从试点的病人加入反馈，如优化中心眼固定期间（ 即 1000毫秒）更新实验方案配置，刺激呈现（ 即 1000毫秒），刺激间隔（ 即随机分配的持续时间评分系统（的-between 4和7秒），和规模即 -100〜100）。添加之前在方案30实验试验的5熟悉试验。 <ol><li>改变与实验程序相关联的外部配置文本文件的刺激和时间间隔的数目。 注:文本文件可以被修改，以适应不同的实验条件下，无需软件工程师的干预。 </li><li>不要指望对熟悉审判5张照片选取的30的照片。不要使用脑电图和数据分析记录在熟悉审判行为数据。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>节目f或任务2:线条绘制会议。 <ol><li>创建的35张照片（5熟悉试验中，30为实验性试验）通过追踪每个面的边缘在任务1中使用的画线图象。使用图形软件来修改灰度照片成黑色和白色线图， 如图1B所示 。 注意:下面的照片编辑步骤是用于制造线图的可能的解决方案之一。 <ol><li>在图形软件，调节照片的亮度/对比度，使得在大多数像素的原始灰度强度落在黑色或白色。 </li><li>申请中的"效应""草图效应"或软件的"过滤器"菜单中的灰度照片，以便只有高空间频率部分的轮廓被保留，并且应用"遇险效应"，以增加的轮廓线的扩张。 </li><li>使用任何画笔工具来增强轮廓和使用橡皮擦工具清理不需要的部分。确保通过检查来回原始照片和画线之间的对应，保持重要的面部特征。 </li></ol></li><li>使在步骤1.3以创建任务2的程序，并与相应的线路附图替换在任务1 35照片任务1的程序的副本。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.脑电图记录过程<ol><li>准备工作<ol><li>招募10名健康对照和10例AS根据当地人力参与研究伦理委员会/机构审查委员会的指导方针脑电图实验。 </li><li>辖WAIS-III 31的短形式向患者单独AS之前的实验，找出谁尽可能地满足患者的性别和口头/性能智商的控件。 </li></ol></li><li>脑电图记录<ol><li>座椅舒适的椅子参与者在一个健全的绝缘这样电脑屏幕是在参与者面前60厘米D（昏暗）室，并调整座椅的位置。对实验过程的教程后，有参与者填写了知情同意书，在他/她的霸道几个问题一起。 </li><li>使用EEG帽带132的Ag / AgCl电极（包括122 10-10系统脑电图，和双极VEOG，HEOG，心电图，肌电图的电极，具有六个面部肌肉渠道一起）记录脑电图。盖连接到具有0.1〜100赫兹的模拟带通滤波器2个64信道放大器在1000赫兹的采样率进行数字化原始脑电图。 </li><li>符合标准的128通道脑电帽每个参与者的头上。调整帽使得电极标记为"参考"被放置在"直拉"的位置，其位于相对于前部/后部中线地标（ 即鼻根到INION距离的中间），以及左/右地标（ 即 ，左/右tragis的中间），根据电子如国际10/10系统。 </li><li>轻轻地用钝针注入凝胶传导到所有的电极。与针慢慢电极内部搅拌，以确保头皮和电极（ 即 ，保持低于5千欧的阻抗）之间有良好的凝胶接触。不断检查凝胶接触的条件在标以"参考"和"地"的EEG帽，以确保阻抗测量是正确的电极。 <ol><li>通过查看脑电图记录软件支持的电极阻抗屏幕观察电极阻抗（ 例如，扫描4.5在本研究中），通常与EEG系统进入。在屏幕上，电极示于颜色，不同的颜色表示阻抗的电平。 </li></ol></li><li>放置在一只眼睛（正位点）的眦1 HEOG电极，和在另一只眼睛（负位点），大于1 VEOG电极和另一个第l以下的眦的第二电极EFT眼，在左边和右边的手，和双极肌电电极在该地区的拇指和右手的食指，和周围的眉毛和面颊的六个面电极之间的背面双极EKG电极。 </li><li>记录在笔记本那些坏信道，其中所述阻抗高于5千欧，或直接保存在屏幕示出阻抗在所有电极。以此作为将来在脑电数据处理阶段丢弃坏信道的参考。 </li><li>指示参与者闭上眼睛12分钟后记录静息态脑电图。在此期间，双重检查由脑电记录软件支持的屏幕上显示的即时EEG流的质量。 注:应该用眼睛开放条件相比，眼睛闭合状态下分布于枕部渠道清晰α波。如果α波是太嘈杂（忽略坏信道）或扭曲，返回到步骤2.2.4和调整凝胶接触。 </li><li>跨越参与者反平衡才能启动两个实验任务。通过单击录音软件支持在屏幕上录制图标记录脑电图。 <ol><li>阅读屏幕上显示的任务指令后，有每个参与者执行5熟悉试验中，其次是30任务试验。同时用于照片和画线任务相同的步骤。在任务指令，鼓励参与者尽快分配比分脸刺激情绪。 </li><li>重要提示:检查步骤1.3.2和1.4.2准备正确发送事件时间锁定到中央眼注视，面刺激呈现的发作，以及情绪的评价过程中按下GO按钮录音软件的程序。那些起效时间被编码为数字，并且可以通过记录软件支持的屏幕上检查。 注:参加者可以休息一会在这两个任务之间。没有脑电图重在休息的时候盘带。 </li></ol></li><li>使用数字转换器（ 如 Polhemus的FASTRAK 3D扫描仪在这项研究中）来记录电极的3D位置，并将其保存在一个文件中（ 如 .3dd或.dat文件），用于数据分析跨参与者共同注册脑电图帽。 </li><li>脑电图实验后，让参与者填写他/她的行为和感情问题35库存脑电图实验过程中（ 例如 ，有负面情绪，几乎陷入休眠），并为参与实验的为他们提供付款。 </li><li>使与会者到洗手间清洗/干他/她的头发。 </li><li>根据临床说明书清洗，消毒脑电帽。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.加工脑电数据注:本节提供的软件命令特定于EEGLAB。 <ol><li>用1赫兹的高通滤波器和50Hz的低通滤波器通过调用过滤EEG信号pop_eegfilt.m功能32。 注意:使用40赫兹的低通滤波器对于一些国家有50赫兹电网频率</li><li>检查记录的步骤2.2.6电极阻抗后丢弃坏信道具有阻抗高于5千欧。丢弃那些坏信道具有非常不同的功率谱，在每个信道由功率谱特征目视检查（ 例如 ，最大值，曲率等）相 ​​邻信道进行比较。 <ol><li>计算并通过调用函数pop_spectopo.m 32绘出脑电信号的功率谱。 </li></ol></li><li>再引用通过调用函数pop_reref.m的平均脑渠道不坏信道的EEG信号。 </li><li>段成脑电图刺激锁定的时代，每一个从-2.0秒前1.5秒后刺激发病范围。通过去除基线VALU的平均正确的基线（-2.0到刺激发病前-1.2秒）从每个历上课。 <ol><li>调用pop_epoch.m和pop_rmbase.m功能，分别为。中央眼固定周期和面刺激的发病前选择的基准的时间间隔。 </li></ol></li><li>马克坏的时代，似乎包含文物。扬弃时代同时保留通过眨眼污染时期。与文物的时期通常看起来嘈杂或有典型的时代相比非常高的峰值（ 如高于100μV）。 <ol><li>调用pop_rejmenu.m功能推出半自动程序。交互窗口会弹出由通过目测用户重新确认自动选择的不好的时期。虽然多数历元由眨眼污染，这些历元可以暂时保留通过独立分量分析（ICA）33在步骤3.8以后除去。 </li></ol></li><li>丢弃坏信道和坏的时期后，在使用pop_runi剪掉的脑电数据运行ICAca.m功能。 </li><li>其中估算的独立的组件（ICS），确定自眼球运动/眨眼，肌肉活动，心跳，线路噪音造成32假象。 注:组件的IC成绩和那些所有参考通道（VEOG，HEOG，心电图，和面部通道）之间的显著很高的相关性（R 2&gt; 0.9），表示该部件主要贡献的文物。由文物解释估计IC分数可以采用多元回归分析进行清理。 </li><li>除去伪影的IC，并估计这是由在ICA的混合矩阵和工件清洗集成电路得分矩阵的乘积获得的清洁脑电图。保存清洁脑电图进行进一步的分析。 <ol><li>远离在IC得分矩阵参考VEOG，HEOG，心电图和面部渠道预测神器集成电路（R 2&gt; 0.9）的残差。由pop_subcomp.m功能删除其他神器集成电路。该函数返回神器清洗脑电图。 </LI&gt; </ol></li></ol> 4.统计分析<ol><li>分区脑电图通道为11均匀区域，以减少统计比较的数量在ERP和ERSP分析，即左（10信道），midline-（14），和右额叶（10）;左（13）和右颞（13）;左（9），midline-（14）和右中央（9）;左（9），midline-（12）和右枕顶叶（9）， 如图4。这些区域根据皮层34的功能解剖限定。在这些区域脑电信号的功能同质化已经在不同的实验13,35,36得到验证。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig4.jpg" /> 图4.通道分区。该信道被划分为11的区域。 LF:左额叶（10通道），MF:中线额叶（14），RF:右额叶（10），LT:左颞（13），RT:右颞（13），LC:左中部（9），MC:中线中部（14），RC:右中心（9），LP:左枕顶（9），MP:中线枕顶（12），RP :右顶枕部（9） <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53962/53962fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>装入干净的脑电图步骤3.8。在同一区域内平均计算的ERP在每个通道均跨越时代的信号通道ERP和ERP地区。 注意:当脑电图使用在EEGLAB的pop_loadset.m函数加载，信号被存储在结构变量"EEG.data"在通道中逐个时间逐历元阵列。 <ol><li>在Matlab命令窗口，通过在历元平均EEG.data为每个信道计算的信道的ERP（ 例如 ，channelERP =平均（EEG.dat，3））。按照4.1（ 例如 ，REGI分区通过平均每个区域内的通道计算的ERP地区ERPonalERP =平均值（channelERP（索引，:)，1），其中，"指数"表示在给定的区域中的信道索引）。 </li></ol></li><li>通过施加一个时间-频率变换（ 例如小波变换），以划时代的每个信道信号在同一区域平均信道ERSPs计算信道ERSPs，和区域ERSPs。 <ol><li>执行时频通过调用函数pop_newtimef.m变换。 注意:在此研究中，"子波周期"项设置为[1，0.5]和"基准"设定为[-2000至-1200]毫秒。所得通道ERSPs将被储存在一个频率逐时间逐通道阵列。 </li><li>在Matlab命令窗口，根据在4.1分区由每个区域内各渠道平均ERSPs计算区域ERSP（ 例如 ，regionalERSP =平均（channelERSP（:，:，索引），3），其中"channelERSP"是输出从pop_newtimef.m功能，和"索引"代表在股份公司的信道索引伊芬区域）。 </li></ol></li><li>在不同的时间间隔计算出的平均值（ 例如 50〜150，150-250，250-350，350-450毫秒）区域的ERP。在不同的时间频率间隔计算出的平均值（ 例如 50〜150，150-250，250-350，350-450，450-800毫秒在1-7赫兹和200-800毫秒在8-30赫兹），区域ERSPs。 </li><li>统计软件（ 如 IBM SPSS）应用MANOVA地区的ERP和ERSPs的平均值来评估任务（照片与线图），区域（此处为十头皮地区），并且组主效应（AS与控制） ，以及任务，区域，和群之间的相互作用的影响。 <ol><li>在统计分析中，考虑到性别（男性与女性）作为协变量，并通过举办性别影响评估不变的主要和互动效应。 </li></ol></li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

文学性的识别面部情绪的自闭症患者脑电图反应44的分析研究，并在识别高，低空间频率内容使用的视觉刺激43。据我们所知，然而，缺乏对大脑活动的振荡现有工作相结合的情感识别具有不同空间频率的内容。我们的协议是朝着估算AS患者与健康对照相比，情绪（正，中性和负面）和对识别的情绪的空间频率信息（照片和线图）的影响的第一个步骤。我们在空间，时间和频率域脑...

面部情感识别是一家从事社会交往中最重要的大脑过程之一。各种精神障碍都涉及到面部的情绪4-6明确的检测问题。一个面的照片包含可被过滤为任一高空间频率（HSF）或低空间频率（LSF）内容的空间信息的频谱。 HSF涉及的图像的非常详细的部分，如一个面的边缘，而LSF涉及较粗或更少明确定义的部分，如一个整体脸LSF内容物7。任何脸部识别任务同时诱导意识和非意识过程8-12，和非意识的过程的参与150-250毫秒后发病间隔甚至更早13发生。在健康对照中，非意识的过程一般比自觉的过程14,15更快。一些神经影像学研究表明，在面部的刺激（或动机上显著刺激）的LSF主要激活杏仁核，丘脑枕，和上丘尤其是可怕的面孔3,16。这些区域构成在情绪非意识知觉边缘结构和直接或间接地1调节皮质活动。与此相反，情绪意识表示是前扣带，前额叶皮层，并且在面对9,17,18导向自愿注重细节躯体感觉皮层更加明显。 阿斯伯格综合症（AS）19,20表示影响感官，情感和交际能力，没有正常的语言能力和智力干扰非典型的精神困扰。一些研究发现，在神经回路功能缺损面部情感识别重要的是可以部分解释社会交往失败的AS 21-25。在儿童观察行为障碍可诊断前三年的生活26，在这一期间，他们在自愿的行为（或意识）控制没有完全开发27。在成人中，行为障碍可以通过注意第28条补偿。在一定的空间频率范围内难以处理的细节可以指示在不同的信息处理阶段中断。到目前为止，还没有研究直接涉及特定的空间频率范围的脸刺激情绪认知期间讨论的诱发电位和AS病人振荡的活动。当通过控制任务的需求和人口的效果，如性别和IQ处理具有不同的空间频率内容的面部刺激过程中与健康对照相比检查患者的AS功能轨迹是重要的。 为了澄清间情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的表示之间发挥，脑电图实验方案的设计比较脑诱发患者之间的电位和振荡活动与AS和IQ /性别匹配的健康对照。参加试点的队列是为了促进业绩的评价AS患者脑电图实验与实验刺激和评分系统的开发选择援助之前招募。该协议包括涉及任一照片或画线面的情绪评价两个任务。两组之间的差异可以通过计算事件相关电位和事件相关谱扰动（ERSPs）进行评估。在接下来的部分中，实验方案的细节阐述，包括试点研究和脑电图数据处理/分析方法，接着由主分析结果。最后，在协议中的关键步骤和其相对于现有的意义讨论的方法。限制和协议的可能延长患者使用其他情绪障碍也指出。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Synamps 2/RT 128-channel EEG/EP/ERP</td><td>Neuroscan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quik-CapEEG 128 electrodes</td><td>Neuroscan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel</td><td>Quik-Gel</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FASTRAK 3D digitizer</td><td>Polhemus&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in asperger's syndrome

几个神经影像学研究表明，在一个情感面低空间频率内容主要激活杏仁核，枕，和上丘尤其是可怕的面孔1-3。这些区域构成在情绪非意识知觉边缘结构和直接或间接2调节皮质活动。与此相反，情绪的意识表示是前扣带，前额叶皮层，并且在面3,4-引导自愿注重细节躯体感觉皮层更加明显。阿斯伯格综合症（AS）5,6代表是影响感官，情感和交际能力，没有正常的语言能力和智力干扰非典型的精神困扰。一些研究发现，在神经回路功能缺损面部情感识别重要的是可以部分地解释社会交往失败AS患者7-9。为了阐明在AS情绪面孔的有意识和无意识表示之间的相互作用，脑电图实验协议被设计与涉及任一照片或画线面的情绪评价两个任务。试点研究介绍了选择面对刺激，最大限度地减少与AS和IQ /性别匹配的健康对照组的反应时间并分配到预测试的患者之间的面部情感分数的差异。从预测试患者信息是用于开发用于情绪评价评分系统。研究面部情绪和不同空间频率内容的视觉刺激已达取决于参与者的人口特征差异的结果和任务要求2。实验方案旨在澄清AS病人赤字加工情绪面孔时，与正常对照组相比，通过控制因素Ş无关识别面部情绪，比如任务难度，智商和性别。

平均口头和性能智商列于表1的控制和AS的平均反应时间和分配给两组面情绪平均分数沿基。在表中，没有一个组间差异实现除了在线描绘任务，其中的基团具有接近零（P &lt;0.001）13的平均得分的中立面统计学意义。有趣的是，AS组仍然有稍长的反应时间比对照组在应对愤怒和幸福的笑脸，和更短的反应时间，甚至性别，智商和面部的刺激实验控...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome at JoVE.com

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

脑电图实验方案旨在澄清情绪面孔的有意识和无意识表示之间的相互作用患者阿斯伯格综合征。该技术表明，患者阿斯伯格综合症有情绪面孔的不自觉的表现赤字，但在与健康对照组有意识的表现相当的性能。

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

conscious-non-conscious-representations-emotional-faces-asperger-s

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.0K 次观看.  Academia Sinica. 脑电图实验方案旨在澄清情绪面孔的有意识和无意识表示之间的相互作用患者阿斯伯格综合征。该技术表明，患者阿斯伯格综合症有情绪面孔的不自觉的表现赤字，但在与健康对照组有意识的表现相当的性能。 

视频: Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

科研

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情绪调节的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

脑成像的情感记忆的促进作用调查

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

探索孤立的表达式和电影剪辑的使用与创伤性脑损伤的人评价情感识别

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

自闭症幼儿的眼动追踪

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

医学

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive social stimuli in daily living contexts. Since daily social episodes consist of subtle dynamic changes in social information, any failure to attend to or process subtle human nonverbal cues, such as facial expression, postures, and gestures, might lead to inappropriate social interaction. Traditional behavioral rating scales or assessment tools based on static social scenes have limitations in capturing the moment-to-moment changes in social scenarios. An eye-tracking assessment, which can be administered in a video-based mode, is therefore preferred, to augment clinical observation. In this study, using the single-case comparison design, the eye-tracking data of three participants, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), another with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and a neurotypical control, are captured while they view a video of social scenarios. The eye-tracking experiment has helped answer the research question: How does social attention differ between the three participants? By predefining areas of interest (AOIs), their visual attention on relevant or irrelevant social stimuli, how fast each participant attends to the first social stimuli appearing in the videos, for how long each participant continues to attend to those stimuli within the AOIs, and the gaze shifts between multiple social stimuli appearing concurrently in the same social scene are captured, compared, and analyzed in a video-based eye-tracking experiment.

This is a qualitative comparative case study analysis of eye-tracking data on the first moments of social video scenes as viewed by three participants: one with autism spectrum disorder, one with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and one neurotypical control.

患有高功能性泛型疾病、无注意力缺陷多动障碍和控制社会视频的儿童眼动追踪数据比较

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

面部肌电图对人体有经验和观察到的情感触觉的影响评估

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Many children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are known to have executive dysfunction, which weakens their abilities to learn and behave in daily living. This protocol describes the methodology that is required for the intervention (psychotherapy) based on planning, attention, successive, and simultaneous (PASS theory) cognitive processing and fear emotional processing. It provides guiding principles and practical recommendations. A disproportionately high level of fear (dysregulation) increases the vulnerability for dysfunction in learning and behavior. We explain the interplay between emotion and cognition at the neurological level.
A go/no go task (The Adventures of Fundi), which involves decision making, is administered in a PC- mode to a sample of 66 ADHD subjects. The Adventures of Fundi, a computer program, was constructed to induce successive or simultaneous processing when involving the training of planning and selective attention. It aims to improve the executive function with planning and selective attention. If executive function improves, learning improves, and behavior ameliorates. After intervention over 6 months, remission was achieved in 70% of subjects.
The instructor encourages the use of appropriate strategies and points out the ways in which the strategies can be useful in finding the solution to the problem (go/no go). The emphasis is not on rehearsing and adult instructed verbal sequence. The verbalization may reveal the conscious verbalized strategy to solve a task that is not really the strategy being unconsciously used in that case. A self-verbal report is unreliable. This is an inductive learning rather than deductive rule-learning approach central to cognitive PASS training. This inductive training has proved to produce not only near transfer but also far transfer.
Noncognitive factors (emotional factors) must be considered to maximize the benefit of cognitive training. Indirect and metaphorical communication considers the emotional factor.

This protocol illustrates a remedial therapy based on inductive learning and indirect communication (Ericksonian metaphorical hypnosis) that can be applied to children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Particularly, this protocol is intended to test the effectiveness of a go/no-go decision task. Neuroscientific rationale is presented throughout the text.

基于注意力缺陷过度活跃障碍患者的认知和情感处理的 Fundi 干预的冒险

Many children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are known to have executive dysfunction, which weakens their abilities to learn and ...

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative emotions, which could be associated with impairments in emotion regulation skills. The ability to regulate emotions is a necessary coping mechanism when facing emotionally distressing situations, and deliberate emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal have been extensively studied in the general population. Despite this, little is known about potential deliberate emotion regulation deficits in OCD patients and the associated neural correlates. Here, we describe a protocol to investigate the neural correlates of deliberate emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in OCD patients in comparison to a matched control sample. This protocol follows current gold standards for neuroimaging studies and includes both task activation and connectivity analysis (as well as behavioral data) to allow a more complete investigation. Therefore, we expect it will contribute to expanding the knowledge of the neural correlates of emotion (dys)regulation in OCD, and it could also be applied to explore emotion regulation deficits in other psychiatric disorders.

We introduce a protocol for exploring the neural correlates of a cognitive emotion regulation task, namely cognitive reappraisal, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol was used in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls but can also be used in other clinical samples.

使用基于任务的功能磁共振成像探索强迫症认知再评估的神经相关性

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative ...

Physiological Correlates of Emotion Recognition

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the activity of the body's internal organs and regulates changes in their activity depending on the current environment. The vagus nerve, which innervates many of the internal organs, is an important part of the system. When our brain senses danger, vagal tone is inhibited, leading to a set of changes in the body designed to make us more prepared to fight or flee; for example, our heart rate increases, our pupils dilate, and we breath more quickly. Conversely, when the vagal system is activated, these physiological responses are inhibited, leading to a calmer state. The vagus nerve, then, acts as a kind of "brake" on our arousal. One interesting consequence of this calmer state is that it tends to promote social interaction-when we are not tensed and afraid of our immediate environment we are instead receptive to interacting with others. Poor functioning of this regulatory mechanism, therefore, may be associated with difficulties in social behavior.
One index of autonomic regulation is heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is a measure of how much the gap between one beat and the next varies over time. High HRV means there are continual fluctuations in the heart rate over time, a reflection of successful autonomic regulation. Low HRV means there is consistency of the heart rate over time, a condition associated with poor autonomic regulation. 
In this study we will test the hypothesis that increased HRV is associated with more accurate categorization of emotional stimuli.1,2 Following a study by Park et al., we will measure HRV and test its association on a task that measures skill at perceiving facial emotions.3

Correlating Heart Rate Variability with Emotion Recognition

生理相关的情感识别

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the ...