Name: place and response learning in the open-field tower maze
Uploaded: 2015-10-28T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 31 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Christopher Newport University for funding the preparation of this manuscript and The University of Vermont for funding the experiments described in the representative results section.

该协议是经克里斯托弗纽波特大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会。 1.构造的OFTM设备的<ol><li>构建边界墙（高40厘米和183厘米口径）由三个白色的层压板。构建从黑色层压板的圆形迷宫地板（183厘米直径的），并将其粘到塑料桌面。边界壁固定表中的用螺钉和胶水的边缘。 </li><li>装饰界墙的内表面:保留四分之一纯白色;漆四分之一纯黑色;涂料四分之一带黑色条纹;涂料四分之一与黑色圆圈。 </li><li>打造四"食品塔"（8厘米×8厘米×20厘米; 图1A）削减从方方正正的白色PVC职位。粘上一块黑色的层压板（8厘米×8cm）上，以每座塔的顶部。他们固定在迷宫地板上疯狂胶54厘米彼此分开。 </li><li>三建"训练前拖ERS"（5厘米10厘米高15厘米分别; 图1B）由一个方形的白色PVC职位。粘上一块黑色的层压板（8厘米×8cm）上，以每座塔的顶部。这些塔仅在预训练阶段（以下描述）贴在迷宫地板。 </li><li>胶1黑色不透明塑料食品杯有螺旋式顶盖（=漆成黑色透明的塑料珠粒容器;高1.75厘米和3.75厘米直径）以每种食品塔的顶部。钻三个小通风孔（直径3mm），在每一个盖子。孔确保使用嗅觉线索老鼠不能找到"正确的"食品塔。训练塔的高度保证​​了使用不封顶的食用杯作为一个视觉提示的老鼠无法找到"正确"的塔。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53227/53227fig1.jpg" /> 图1.打开场塔妈的照片泽（OFTM）。 （A）的老鼠是能够找到和检索只有一个奖赏开涮"训练塔"采集过程中食物奖励，以及所有后续的培训和测试。 （B）三"职前训练塔"被放置在迷宫的舞台在预培训中心。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53227/53227fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 2. OFTM迷宫室<ol><li>用一盏灯与60瓦灯泡（流明:800），以照亮昏暗的迷宫房间。灯位于3英尺高于地面和2英尺到迷宫的侧面，向天花板面对。播放白噪声用机声背景（〜70 dB为单位）。 </li><li>装入数字摄像机迷宫上方的天花板传输视频到计算机。挂一个不透明的窗帘迷宫从计算机监控分离区域。 </li></ol> 3.鼠处理，限食和住房<ol><li>让每个实验者处理所有的老鼠七天（每天4分钟）之前，预培训。 </li><li>将老鼠的食物限制饮食（1小时每天可免费喂养）。这种饮食可以确保老鼠会受到激励以在训练期间检索的奖励，在保持健康的体重（〜90％的自由喂养的重量）。 </li><li>双房子大鼠（如果使用雌性）在整个实验的持续时间。对圈养雌性大鼠比单设雌性大鼠12不那么焦虑。 </li></ol> 4.预培训程序<ol><li>饵不封顶的食用杯上的七塔用食物奖励（ 如一块水果谷物）内。 </li><li>将老鼠放入迷宫中随机位置，直到找到，消耗全部七个食物奖励它被删除之前。 <ol><li>如果老鼠没有在10取回所有的食物奖励分钟，然后将其从迷宫中删除，并再次给前期训练程序第二天。注意:有些老鼠会需要更长的时间比其他人要开始学习如何检索来自塔顶部的食物奖励。 </li><li>如果一只老鼠不检索和使用从内部预训练的前两天塔全部七个食物奖励，给它30分钟的会议在OFTM直到食物奖励被检索。通常情况下，老鼠会发现，消耗全部一两个30分钟的会议后的食物奖励。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.将培训与应对培训过程<ol><li>将每个大鼠两个四开机位置。平衡的情况如下:在每个训练日的开始位置释放点;学习（地点VS响应）的类型; "正确塔"的所有地方的学习者;并依次在每个响应学习者培训，使（右与左）。 </li><li>在每次的开始训练日转噪音的机器上，并打开视频录制节目。诱饵四个塔楼，并覆盖三个出四大粮杯，留下了"正确的"塔露的食物奖励。 </li><li>在每个给定的试验，开始录像（参见制造商提供的使用手册上的说明），然后将在迷宫的老鼠在其指定的起始位置。然后，转到幕后去观察在计算机显示器上老鼠的行为。从迷宫中取出大鼠它获取奖励后立即或3分钟过去后，停止录像。 <ol><li>对于老鼠的地方学习 ，始终使用相同的"正确"的食品塔，并将其放置在老鼠的两家创业地点之一。一个地方学习者通过寻找使用在迷宫中提供的空间感的特定位置解决了OFTM。例如，诱饵塔D（="正确的"塔），并从发布开始位置的老鼠"2"或"3217;或诱饵塔A中（ 在图2A中，左边实线箭头），并释放从开始位置"1"或"4"（虚线在图2A中箭头所示，左）大鼠。 </li><li>为了响应学习老鼠，切换取决于起始位置的"正确"的食物塔。响应学习者解决OFTM通过学习，使特定的转（ 如 ，总是向右转），无论其起始位置在迷宫。例如，诱饵塔D和释放从开始位置大鼠&#39;3&#39;，或诱饵塔B和释放从一个开始位置同一大鼠&#39;2&#39;（实线箭头在图2B中，左侧）。对于不同的大鼠，饵塔B和从位置"1"，或诱饵塔A中释放大鼠和释放大鼠从位置"4"（虚线在图2B中箭头所示，左）。 </li></ol></li><li>给所有的老鼠一共有48训练试验在12个工作日（每个DA四项试验<html> Y）。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53227/53227fig2.jpg" /> 图2.高架示意图显示占位和响应培训和测试程序。此图显示了训练的地方学习者（A，左）和响应学习者（B，左），也开始和奖励的开始和食物奖励位置对于地方学习者的起始位置开关测试过程中使用（A，右）的位置和响应的学习者（B，右）。数字表明老鼠的起始位置;灰色方块代表食物塔;实线和虚线指向饵食塔。起始位置，每一个训练条件中平衡。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53227/53227fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> E"&gt; 6。起始位置开关测试程序<ol><li>后在其渐近的水平所有的老鼠进行（〜80％的正确首选响应）开展了"开始位置开关测试"，以检验学习行为的持续性。 </li><li>抵消新颖起始位置（ 即，还没有被先前用于大鼠的开始位置）。 </li><li>按照程序，在协议第5条描述的新的开始位置每次训练试验。 <ol><li>一个地方学习大鼠最初是从位置&#39;2&#39;或&#39;3&#39;D座释放并有作为其"正确"的塔中，将鼠在任一新的开始位置&#39;1&#39;或&#39;4&#39;的，同时仍引诱塔D（ 图2A，右）。 </li><li>为了响应学习老鼠最初释放出位置"2"或"3"，并学会了右转领取奖励（上塔乙和D，分别），将鼠无论是在新的起点位置&#39;1&#39;或&#39;4&#39;和鱼饵或者塔A或C，分别为（这仍然需要大鼠右转才能找到食物奖励） 图2B，右。 </li><li>辖跨越两天就只8起始位置开关测试试验（每天四项试验）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.数据分析<ol><li>有谁没有受过训练的老鼠，并通过计算反应的老鼠，使找到"正确的"塔每次实验的数量并不知道每只大鼠得分录影试验治疗的实验者（由老鼠饲养了超过指定的食品杯）。 </li><li>计算时间的百分数老鼠发现每个训练日在其第一志愿（第一志愿正确的反应％）的奖励。构建学习使用的整个训练日的第一选择正确答案的百分比曲线。使用f的百分统计学分析IRST选择正确的反应。 </li><li>计算试验次数花鼠达到先验设定的标准收购任务（ 即第一选择正确的8出10个连续试验响应）。排除大鼠从分析中不到达先验标准。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

众多范例可用于研究在啮齿类动物中的学习和记忆，并且每个具有实验者应遵循的重要步骤。在OFTM，重要的是迷宫条件 （例如，迷宫，内和外迷宫线索，在昏暗的照明和背景噪声水平的位置时，训练每日时间）在整个实验期间保持恒定。这也是必要的，以尽量减少应激大鼠科目，以确保持续的性能在OFTM。应力可被保持为最小的雌性大鼠成对容纳它们，也通过之前训练例程处理由实验者。?...

旷场塔迷宫（OFTM）可以用来检验空间学习在啮齿类动物行为和神经生物学机制。重要的是，OFTM使研究人员能够学习两个"地方化"和"反应型"学习类型。在地方学习的动物通过迷宫使用空间线索周围环境（ 如食物奖励毗邻一个高大的灯塔）导航。 期间 ，响应学习的动物使得其位置相对于空间提示的特定转弯响应不管（例如，使一个左转或右转寻找食物奖励）。先前已经报道，响应学习和地点学习依靠两个不同的存储器系统3,4和映射他们的神经机制目前一直科学追求2，5-7。该OFTM的设计改编自所述一个先前描述8。 开放字段范式（所述OFTM的一个组件）通常用于研究焦虑在啮齿类动物9。在典型的开放领域焦虑测试老鼠花更多的时间在一个开放的领域的中心具有较低的压力和焦虑水平高于花更多的时间接近外围影响。在OFTM，大鼠必须输入迷宫的中心寻找食物奖励。因此，正确的导航在OFTM表明，这些老鼠是不强调。一个原因将大鼠在培训期间非强调的是，因为不像焦虑训练OFTM标准旷场测试需要预先训练阶段期间，将大鼠预暴露于迷宫在一段长的时期。此外，该培训发生在一个光线昏暗的环境下进一步降低了一片开阔地的焦虑诱导方面通常是灯火通明。 在OFTM的另一个独特的功能，相比其他一些迷宫，是如何学习的测量。使用实验者水迷宫或Barnes迷宫典型地测量通过分析速度和/或路径长度大鼠行进到达其目标位置学习。会受到非学习因素，如改变在大鼠的一般运动活动这些相关措施。然而，OFTM措施使用的第一选择正确答案的百分比大鼠的学习，使寻找食物奖励。这依赖措施是不容易受到变化电机性能，因此，更准确地评估学习比速度和距离的测量。尽管如此，实验者也可以测量在使用视频跟踪软件OFTM老鼠的速度和行驶距离。 其他迷宫类型，如T迷宫，水迷宫和Barnes迷宫可以用于研究占位和响应学习。然而，OFTM是在几个显着的方面是独一无二的。首先，OFTM是更敏感的行为测定比T-迷宫因为OFTM具有绩效机会电子商务的25％，而T迷宫具有50％的机会性能。第二，大鼠只能打开在在T型迷宫两种方式之一，但在OFTM导航时具有无限制的路线的可能性。第三，不象水迷宫和Barnes迷宫任务（其可以不受限制地路由可能性像OFTM），使用OFTM实验不需要大鼠浏览厌恶的情况。老鼠是motived在Morris水迷宫导航逃脱浸在水中，他们的动机是在巴恩斯迷宫导航，以避免在一个开放的，明亮的光线充足的环境之中。它已经证明，在暴露于水迷宫或Barnes迷宫诱导应激激素（即，皮质酮）在啮齿动物中10的释放。然而，老鼠定位在OFTM，因为他们的动机是寻找食物奖励和培训与昏暗的环境光线进行。因此，OFTM是非厌恶欲求任务。结果从使用紧张米试验阿塞拜疆范式来研究操作，如药物，激素，运动，或饮食对学习和记忆机制的影响是难以解释，因为"压力"，本身可能会影响认知功能11。

<table><tbody><tr><td>OFTM construction supplies</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Safety Glasses, Clear, Uncoated</td><td>Grainger</td><td>4EY97</td><td>Used for general eye protection during maze construction</td></tr><tr><td>Masking Tape, Beige, 18&amp;#160;mm x 55&amp;#160;m</td><td>Grainger</td><td>15F739</td><td>General supply</td></tr><tr><td>Wiss All-purpose Scissor</td><td>Home Depot&amp;nbsp;</td><td>37103278647</td><td>General supply</td></tr><tr><td>Lancaster 6 foot Round Folding table - Heavy Duty white granite plastic - 29&quot;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>www.webstaurantstore.com</td><td>384YCZ72RND</td><td>Used as base of the maze</td></tr><tr><td>Laminate Countertop sheet in White Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td><td>Home Depot&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1573603504896</td><td>Used as walls for the maze</td></tr><tr><td>Laminate Countertop sheet in Black Matte Finish (48 x 96 x 0.039)</td><td>Home Depot&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1595603504896</td><td>Used as floor of the maze</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive, Spray, 24&amp;#160;oz, 17.6&amp;#160;oz Net. 3M</td><td>Grainger</td><td>3MA16</td><td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top and pieces of laminate to each other</td></tr><tr><td>16.6 oz #90 hi-strength S</td><td>Lowe&#039;s</td><td>193252</td><td>Used to adhere the laminate floor to the table top</td></tr><tr><td>Superflex RTV, Silicone Adhesive Sealant, Loctile</td><td>VWR</td><td>300040-068</td><td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td></tr><tr><td>Industrial Sealant; 10.1&amp;#160;oz</td><td>Grainger</td><td>4UH06</td><td>Used to seal around the baze (between the floor and walls of the maze)</td></tr><tr><td>Painter&#039;s Masking Tape; Shurtape; 2&amp;#160;in x 60&amp;#160;yd</td><td>Grainger</td><td>6FET7</td><td>Used to mark out visual patterns on maze walls</td></tr><tr><td>Mini/Trim paint tray</td><td>ACE Hardware</td><td>1365105</td><td>Used to hold paint&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Foam mini roller 4&quot; 6&amp;#160;pk</td><td>ACE Hardware</td><td>1494871</td><td>Used for painting patterns&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Val Sample Set Nbase paint</td><td>ACE Hardware</td><td>1505031</td><td>Used as paint for pattern on the walls of the maze</td></tr><tr><td>HP Paint Black</td><td>Walmart</td><td>72450405005</td><td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td></tr><tr><td>Brush</td><td>Walmart</td><td>81773801110</td><td>Used to paint pattern on the walls of the maze</td></tr><tr><td>Duct Tape, 2&amp;#160;in x 60&amp;#160;yd, 10.5&amp;#160;mil. Black</td><td>Grainger</td><td>15F767</td><td>Used to wrap the exterior of the maze</td></tr><tr><td>4x4 8&amp;#160;ft PT pine Vinyl-CTD Post W/Cap</td><td>Home Depot&amp;nbsp;</td><td>40933070541</td><td>Used to build towers for the maze</td></tr><tr><td>20 gram Pro Super Glue</td><td>Lowe&#039;s</td><td>125870</td><td>Used to glue tower tops, towers to the floor of the maze and food cups to the tower tops</td></tr><tr><td>Bead Containers 9 - 1/2</td><td>Michaels</td><td>652695766978</td><td>Used as food cups on top of towers</td></tr><tr><td>Spray Paint, Black, 12&amp;#160;oz</td><td>Grainger</td><td>6KP22</td><td>Used to paint food cups &amp;amp; covers</td></tr><tr><td>Room prepration</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conair SU1W Sound Machine; 10 Sounds</td><td>Home Depot&amp;nbsp;</td><td>204493600</td><td>Used for background noise</td></tr><tr><td>Lamp</td><td>Walmart</td><td>5027698392</td><td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td></tr><tr><td>ES 14&amp;#160;W DayLight Spiral Bulb 4&amp;#160;pk</td><td>Home Depot&amp;nbsp;</td><td>762148208433</td><td>Used for dim lighting of maze room</td></tr><tr><td>Shower Curtain</td><td>Walmart</td><td>3429910901</td><td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td></tr><tr><td>Curtain Rod</td><td>Bed Bath &amp;amp; Beyond</td><td>76598645104</td><td>Used for separation between the maze and the experimenter</td></tr><tr><td>Froot Loops Cereal</td><td>Walmart</td><td>3800039122</td><td>Used as reward</td></tr><tr><td>Recording equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Media Recorder 3:4 video</td><td>Noldus</td><td>NMR4-0200</td><td>Used to record training trials</td></tr><tr><td>Monochrome GigE Camera</td><td>Noldus</td><td>XCFW-BG62</td><td>Used to record training trials</td></tr><tr><td>Precision M4800 Laptop</td><td>Dell</td><td>N/A</td><td>Used to run video software</td></tr></tbody></table>

place and response learning in the open-field tower maze

这个协议描述了如何打开场塔迷宫（OFTM）范例用于空间学习研究在啮齿类动物。这个迷宫是大鼠研究如何学习使用地方 - 或响应，学习成功驾驭在开放场的舞台特别有用。此外，该协议描述了如何OFTM不同于通常用于空间学习研究在啮齿类其它行为迷宫范例。在这篇文章中所描述的OFTM改编自先前由科尔，克利珀和沃尔特（2007）描述的。具体来说，OFTM是为了测试空间学习中啮齿类动物，而不必考虑"压力"怎么可能发挥作用作为一个混杂变量的实验者。实验表明，应力单靠显著影响认知功能1。代表结果部分包含的数据所使用的OFTM检查雌激素治疗的地方 - 和反应的影响实验-学习在成年雌性SD大鼠2。未来的研究将被用来检查海马和纹状体的地方 - 和应对学习中的OFTM的作用。

这里所描述的有代表性的结果此前已发表 ​​在学习与记忆，爱思唯尔2的神经生物学。在该实验中OFTM用于测试的慢性和循环雌二醇处理对占位和响应学习在雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠的影响（250 - 200克; N = 48）。有两个重要的原因的OFTM被用来进行这个实验。首先，雌二醇已经显示出诱导上占位和响应学习7不同影响。第二，必须以测试学习在非压力的环境雌二醇的影响，因为性腺激素?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze at JoVE.com

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

旷场塔迷宫（OFTM）是创建学习空间学习（ 如地方-或响应学习）的大鼠行为和神经机制迷宫。这个迷宫是谁想要使用非压力的迷津，以空间学习在他们的研究调查实验者特别有用。

在打开场塔迷宫的地方，反应学习

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

place-and-response-learning-in-the-open-field-tower-maze

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.3K 次观看.  Christopher Newport University. 旷场塔迷宫（OFTM）是创建学习空间学习（ 如地方-或响应学习）的大鼠行为和神经机制迷宫。这个迷宫是谁想要使用非压力的迷津，以空间学习在他们的研究调查实验者特别有用。 

视频: Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

低应力路线学习，在老鼠身上使用拉什利三迷宫

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

科研

神经科学

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

行为学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

使用开放式现场迷宫来衡量小鼠的运动能力和焦虑样行为

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Utilizing a Reconfigurable Maze System to Enhance the Reproducibility of Spatial Navigation Tests in Rodents

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze shape, thus requiring several separate mazes in different configurations. The maze geometry cannot be reconfigured in a single environment to accommodate scalability and reproducibility. The reconfigurable maze is a unique approach to address the limitations, allowing quick and flexible configurations of maze pathways in a repeatable manner. It consists of interlocking pathways and includes feeders, treadmills, movable walls, and shut-off sensors. The current protocol describes how the reconfigurable maze can replicate existing mazes, including the T-shaped, plus-shaped, W-shaped, and figure-eight mazes. Initially, the T-shaped maze was constructed inside a single experimental room, followed by modifications. The rapid and scalable protocol outlined herein demonstrates the flexibility of the reconfigurable maze, achieved through the addition of components and behavioral training phases in a stepwise manner. The reconfigurable maze systematically and precisely assesses the performance of multiple aspects of spatial navigation behavior.

The present protocol describes a reconfigurable maze, a unique system for testing spatial navigation and behavioral phenotypes in rodents. The adaptability of this maze system enables the execution of various experiments in a single physical environment. The ease of structural rearrangement generates reliable and reproducible experimental results.

利用可重构的迷宫系统提高啮齿动物空间导航测试的可重复性

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze ...

使用主动位置回避测试了解小鼠的空间学习

The Active Place Avoidance (APA) Test, an Effective, Versatile and Repeatable Spatial Learning Task for Mice

Hippocampus-dependent spatial learning in rodents has been tested using a variety of methods. These include the Morris water maze (MWM), Y-maze, and novel object location (NOL) tasks. More recently, the active place avoidance (APA) task has been developed as an alternative to these more traditional approaches. In the APA task, mice must use spatial cues placed around a rotating arena to avoid a stationary shock zone. Due to the multiple parameters that can be adjusted, the APA task has been demonstrated to be a very versatile approach. It lends itself to being used longitudinally and repeatedly for the same cohort of mice. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to successfully conduct the APA task. We also highlight alternative APA approaches that can be used to examine different components of spatial learning. We describe the data collection and analysis processes. Critical steps during the APA task are discussed to increase the likelihood of successfully conducting the test. The APA task has several advantages over more traditional spatial navigation tests. It is appropriate to use with aged mice or those with disease phenotypes such as Alzheimer's disease. The complexity of the task can be easily altered, allowing a wide range of mouse strains to be tested. Further, the APA task is suitable for testing animals that have undergone surgery or experimental interventions that may have affected motor or neural function, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury.

作者聚焦：研究衰老对海马依赖性空间学习的影响

Here, we present a protocol for the active place avoidance test, a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning paradigm designed for rodents. Altering key parameters allows for re-testing of animals before and after treatments or over time.

主动位置回避 （APA） 测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

Hippocampus-dependent spatial learning in rodents has been tested using a variety of methods. These include the Morris water maze (MWM), Y-maze, and novel ...

在打开场塔迷宫的地方，反应学习

摘要

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低应力路线学习，在老鼠身上使用拉什利三迷宫

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

使用开放式现场迷宫来衡量小鼠的运动能力和焦虑样行为

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

利用可重构的迷宫系统提高啮齿动物空间导航测试的可重复性

主动位置回避（APA）测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

主动位置回避（APA）测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

主动位置回避（APA）测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

在打开场塔迷宫的地方，反应学习

摘要

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此视频中的章节

低应力路线学习，在老鼠身上使用拉什利三迷宫

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

使用开放式现场迷宫来衡量小鼠的运动能力和焦虑样行为

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

利用可重构的迷宫系统提高啮齿动物空间导航测试的可重复性

主动位置回避 （APA） 测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

主动位置回避 （APA） 测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

主动位置回避 （APA） 测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

主动位置回避（APA）测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

主动位置回避（APA）测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务

主动位置回避（APA）测试，一种有效、多功能且可重复的小鼠空间学习任务