This work was supported by the Alzheimer&#8217;s Association (NIRG-10-171721; to U.H.), National Institute of Mental Health (MH096702; to U.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS081333; to C.M.T.), and pilot study awards from the National Institute on Aging-funded Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease Research Center at Columbia University (AG008702; to J.B. and Y.Y.J.) that also supports the New York Brain Bank. We thank members of the Hengst laboratory for comments and discussions

所有动物的程序批准了哥伦比亚大学的IACUC和护理和使用实验动物适用的准则随访。注意:准备用于在无RNase或DEPC处理水的ISH程序的所有缓冲区。这个建议并不是严格必要的ISH已经完成之后，但它被认为缓冲器仍然制备蒸压双蒸水和/或通过过滤消毒。 1.检测ATF4基因定位于胆碱能轴突使用荧光成年小鼠大脑中的原位杂交（FISH），其次是免疫组化<ol><li>对于多聚甲醛固定冷冻大脑切片样品制备<ol><li>在下面的例子，从准备冷冻固定老鼠大脑切片。 <ol><li>简单地说，牺牲9个月大的小鼠麻醉氯胺酮（100毫克公斤-1体重）和甲苯噻嗪（10毫克公斤-1身体weigHT），随后加入4％多聚甲醛的PBS穿心输注（pH 7.4）中。 </li><li> 24小时在4℃取出大脑和定位后在4％多聚甲醛</li><li>固定后，24小时在4℃洗涤样品在PBS洗三次并cryoprotect在30％蔗糖的PBS（pH 7.4）中</li><li>在OCT中嵌入大脑冷冻化合物，串联部分中，在20微米在恒冷切片机和安装在聚-D-赖氨酸处理的显微镜载玻片。保持大脑切片在-20℃直到使用。 </li></ol></li><li>除去从冰柜和风干多聚甲醛固定的脑切片在室温30分钟。 </li><li>用1×PBS洗涤三次。 </li><li>在通风橱中，重新修复脑切片20分钟，用4％多聚甲醛在室温。 注:警告:4％多聚甲醛是有毒的，必须被处理和丢弃的适当以下安全协议。 </li><li>用1×PBS洗涤三次。 </li><li>脱水的大脑切片。 <ol><li>制备50％，75％和100％乙醇溶液。 </li><li>沉浸在50％乙醇载玻片5分钟，室温。 </li><li>沉浸在75％的乙醇载玻片5分钟，室温。 </li><li>沉浸在100％乙醇玻片5分钟，室温。 </li><li>沉浸在新鲜的100％乙醇载玻片5分钟，室温。注:或者，幻灯片可以存储在100％的乙醇，在-20℃下长达1个月。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> FISH检测其次是利用免疫组织化学热诱导抗原/ RNA揭露<ol><li>在开始之前准备好所有必需的材料: <ol><li>热火杂交炉至40℃，将装有蒸馏水的盘在烤箱创造湿润的环境。 </li><li>取一个滑动箱并放置浸泡在蒸馏水内加湿滑动箱纸巾。放置在杂交炉滑动箱。 </li><li>从冰箱中取出探针（消极和靶探针），在杂交烘箱加热它们10分钟。让探针冷却道北，RT。 </li><li>平衡的扩增试剂的AMP 1-4（包括在荧光复合试剂盒）于RT。 </li><li>制备抗原修复液:10mM柠檬酸钠（pH值为6），0.05％吐温20。注意:溶液可以储存在室温无限期和用于将来的染色。 </li><li>制备1×洗涤缓冲液稀释在无RNase或DEPC处理水的50倍原液（包含在荧光复合试剂盒）。 注:1×洗涤缓冲液可以储存在室温下1个月，用于将来的染色。 50X洗涤液可能沉淀。如果是这样，在制备1×溶液之前40℃下进行10分钟热的50x洗涤缓冲液。 </li></ol></li><li>除去从100％的乙醇和风干载玻片5分钟，室温。 </li><li>制备含有50毫升抗原修复液的科普林缸。沉浸在抗原修复液的幻灯片和煮沸他们在微波炉中加热10分钟。 注:或者水平的地方在滑动100毫米直径的圆玻璃盘含有100ml检索溶液。 <ol><li>填满的1L烧杯用蒸馏水，并将其放置在微波炉。 注:执行时，揭露水会"缓冲"的热量。 </li><li>放置在微波炉内抗原修复溶液的幻灯片。煮沸滑动以高功率5分钟。样品已停止沸腾后，立即再次加热幻灯片在高功率额外的5分钟。 </li><li>冷静下来的幻灯片在RT。 注:关键步骤:沸腾持续时间和过程应该由用户来确定，这取决于微波特性。越快沸腾开始越高溶液蒸发的可能性。在这种情况下，建议样品煮沸的时间较短的两倍以上，完成10分钟共揭露时间。相反，如果在中等或低功率进行加热，揭露可进行10分钟进行一次。但是，如果样品不开锅continuously代表总共约10分钟，这可能会导致无论是靶RNA和蛋白质部分去掩蔽被检测到。 </li></ol></li><li>洗滑动三次用1×PBS。 </li><li>添加2 - 3滴dapB的探头设置了用于评估背景染色的脑片（约100微升）。注:探头的dapB设定的目标细菌的基因，不应该承认任何哺乳动物RNA。 </li><li>添加2 - 3滴靶向探针设置为用于检测目的RNA的那些脑片。注意:一探针组靶向残基20 - 1381鼠标ATF4的mRNA是用在本实施例的。 </li><li>盖玻片用封口膜，以避免探头挥发，将它们放置在杂交炉内部的加湿盒滑动，并培育它们在40℃2小时。 注:可选:额外的大脑切片可以用杂交探针一套针对鼠标和Polr2A作为阳性对照。 </li><li>洗SLI德两次在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液。 </li><li>添加2 - 3滴扩增试剂AMP 1-FL到每个脑切片，盖玻片用封口膜，将它们放置在幻灯片框和孵化，在40℃下在杂交炉30分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>添加2 - 3滴扩增试剂AMP 2-FL到每个脑切片，盖玻片用封口膜，将它们放置在幻灯片框和孵化，在40℃下在杂交炉15分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>添加2 - 3滴扩增试剂AMP 3-FL到每个脑切片，盖玻片用封口膜，将它们放置在幻灯片框和孵化，在40℃下在杂交炉30分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>添加2 - 3滴扩增试剂AMP 4-FL到每个脑切片，盖玻片用封口膜，将它们放置在滑动箱和孵育在40℃下在杂交炉15分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用1×洗涤缓冲液进行2分钟，在RT和两次用1×PBS滑动两次。 </li><li>添加100 - 200微升（或足够量，以完全覆盖片）的封闭液含有3毫克/毫升BSA，100mM的甘氨酸和0.25％的Triton X-100的PBS（pH7.4）中的幻灯片，覆盖它们用封口膜和孵育在室温30分钟。 </li><li>添加100 - 200微升抗胆碱抗体稀释于封闭液（1/100）的幻灯片，用封口膜覆盖它们，并培育2天，4℃。确保脑片不干燥。 24小时培养后，如果需要，再申请抗胆碱抗体溶液大脑切片。 </li><li>洗涤滑动在1×PBS清洗3次，每次5分钟，在RT。 </li><li>添加100 - 200微升适当的Alexa标记的二抗的（ 例如 ，的Alexa-594驴抗山羊为这个特定的例子），以幻灯片，盖用封口膜和incub吃1小时，在室温。 </li><li>洗涤滑动在1×PBS清洗3次，每次5分钟，在RT。 </li><li>洗涤滑动一次用蒸馏水。 </li><li>滑山含DAPI安装介质。 </li><li>可视化在荧光显微镜下的脑切片。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.检测ATF4 mRNA的本地化的轴突在使用显色原位杂交（CISH），其次是Luxol快速蓝和甲酚紫复染人脑样本<ol><li>对福尔马林固定的石蜡包埋的人脑样品的样品制备<ol><li>烘烤片在干燥炉中在60℃1小时。 </li><li> Deparaffinize脑切片在通风橱中。 注:注意:试剂是有毒的，必须进行处理并丢弃以下相应的安全准则<ol><li>沉浸在二甲苯替代清除剂载玻片两次，每次10分钟。 </li><li>沉浸在100％乙醇载玻片两次，持续1分钟。 </li><li>一个IR-干切片5分钟在室温。注:另外可能的样品在室温Ø干燥/ N，但必须在24小时内使用。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>二氨基联苯胺（DAB）为主色ISH检测之后luxol快速蓝色和甲酚紫染色用热诱导和蛋白酶引起的RNA揭露<ol><li>在开始之前准备所需材料: <ol><li>热火杂交炉至40℃，并放置装有蒸馏水创造湿润的环境，一个托盘。 </li><li>取一个滑动箱并放置浸泡在蒸馏水内加湿滑动箱纸巾。放置在杂交炉滑动箱。 </li><li>制备1×预处理2稀释在无RNase或DEPC处理水10倍的原液（包含在CISH试剂盒）。如果预处理的热板上进行，加入100毫升的预处理溶液，以100毫米直径的玻璃培养皿，以增加盘与热板之间的接触表面（如果预​​处理在微波中进行，可以使用一个科普林缸代替如在1.2.3规定）。散热解决方案，以100℃，并保持样品淹没煮沸前不超过30分钟。 </li><li>热消极和积极的探头在40℃10分钟，冷却在室温。 </li><li>平衡的扩增试剂的AMP 1-6（包括在CISH试剂盒）于RT。 </li><li>制备1×洗涤缓冲液稀释在蒸馏水中的50x贮备液（包含在CISH试剂盒）。注:1×洗涤缓冲液可以储存在室温下1个月，用于将来的染色。 </li></ol></li><li>加〜4滴预处理1的（〜120微升）到每个脑切片，盖上封口膜和在室温下孵育10分钟。 </li><li>在新鲜蒸馏水洗涤3至5次。 </li><li>进行热诱导的揭露: <ol><li>转移幻灯片热预处理2（包含在CISH试剂盒）解决方案，并煮沸15分钟。注意:沸腾可以在热板上，确保执行连续煮沸或以下）的规定1.2.3关键步骤微波炉。 </li></ol></li><li>立即玻片转移到蒸馏水冲洗3至5次。 </li><li>洗涤滑动在新鲜的100％乙醇3至5倍。 </li><li>风干切片5分钟，在RT。注:另外切片可干燥O / N。 </li><li>执行蛋白酶诱导揭露: <ol><li>加4滴预处理3（包含在CISH试剂盒）中，用封口膜封住，并在杂交炉保温30分钟，在40℃。 </li></ol></li><li>洗涤滑动在新鲜蒸馏水3至5倍。 </li><li>加4滴dapB的探头设置了用于评估背景染色的脑片。 </li><li>加入4滴所述靶向探针设置为用于检测目的RNA的那些脑片。 注:探针组靶向残基15 - 1256人类ATF4 mRNA的是用在本实施例中。可选:额外的大脑切片可以HYBridized用探针组针对人类PPIB 和用作阳性对照。 </li><li>放置在滑动框并孵育2小时。在杂交炉40℃。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>加4滴AMP 1试剂每个脑切片，盖玻片用封口膜，将它们放置在幻灯片框和孵化，在40℃下在杂交炉30分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>加4滴AMP 2试剂每个脑切片，盖上玻片用封口膜，将它们放置在幻灯片框和孵化，在40℃下在杂交炉15分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>加4滴AMP 3试剂每个脑切片，盖上玻片用封口膜，将它们放置在幻灯片框和孵化，在40℃下在杂交炉30分钟。 </li><li>滑洗两次为1XH缓冲液在室温2分钟。 </li><li>加4滴AMP 4试剂每个脑切片，盖上玻片用封口膜，将它们放置在幻灯片框和孵化，在40℃下在杂交炉15分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>加入4滴AMP 5试剂至各脑切片的，覆盖载玻片用封口膜和孵育在室温30分钟。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>加4滴AMP 6试剂每个脑切片，盖上玻片用封口膜和孵育15分钟，在室温。 </li><li>洗涤用在室温2分钟1×洗涤缓冲液滑动两次。 </li><li>混合欠压1的等体积和欠压2试剂（包括在CISH试剂盒）中，添加〜120微升溶液到每个脑切片，盖用封口膜和孵育10分钟，在室温。 </li><li>洗涤滑动两次在RT 1×洗涤缓冲液2分钟，在蒸馏水中冲洗一次。 注:关键步骤:以下步骤是关键获得最优轴突染液无掩蔽的RNA颗粒的存在。 </li><li>之前执行染液检查明显微镜下感兴趣的mRNA的存在。限定的脑样品中监测泪点的整个染液过程中存在参考区域。 </li><li>在60 摄氏度预热luxol蓝快的解决方案</li><li>在luxol蓝色快滑到位，并培育30分钟，60℃。 </li><li>冲洗几次在蒸馏水中。 </li><li>浸滑动多次在0.05％碳酸锂溶液开始分化。 </li><li>浸在新鲜的75％乙醇滑动两次。 </li><li>在蒸馏水中清洗。 </li><li>检查一个明显微镜下大脑切片。需要注意的是灰质和白质起，应该区分和RNA颗粒为深蓝色/黑色的泪点仍清晰可见。验证轴突开始出现的淡蓝色纤维。 </li><li>重复步骤2.2.28到2.2.32。 Perfor米与孵育快速luxol蓝溶液在10 - 20分钟的步骤，仔细监测染液和RNA颗粒的存在。注意:通常，最佳染液在60取得- 90分钟（总温育时间），但时间可以如果它被怀疑的RNA颗粒可能被luxol快蓝染色（参见图2的例子）被掩蔽被缩短。 </li><li>孵育在甲酚紫溶液载玻片在室温10分钟。 </li><li>在蒸馏水中清洗幻灯片。 </li><li>浸滑动在70％的乙醇5至10倍。 </li><li>通过100％乙醇的3快速变化脱水大脑切片。 </li><li>在通风橱中，清脑切片在二甲苯替代清除剂2分钟，第三时间为5分钟，在RT下温育两次。 </li><li>摩脑片二甲苯为主的永久性封固剂。 </li><li>一个明显微镜下分析样品。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这份报告中，我们描述了轴突本地化ATF4 mRNA的检测采用了高分辨率的ISH技术。这些和以前发表的研究报告表明，该技术是与基于抗体的蛋白质检测的组织中或甚至整个胚胎33兼容。重要的是，它最近已被使用于海马神经元34的树突内检测电弧的mRNA。它也可以与组织学染料对组织染色组合。最后，这是适合于同时检测多个靶RNA 28,30,33。这些结果例证的高分辨率的RNA原位杂交技术的通用性，并稍作修改的原始协议不降低该方法的敏感性。 描述用Z型结构的探针的一个单分子的分辨率来检测感兴趣的mRNA在组织中原始协议建议两个步骤用于mRNA揭露涉及蛋白酶消化和样品沸腾30,35。在这里，我们将展示如何蛋白酶诱导揭露负面影响成功的基于抗体的检测聊天从隔-海马通路（ 图2A和B）所产生的胆碱能神经轴突。因此，我们决定排除这一步，仅执行热诱导揭露，如果轴突复染涉及使用抗体。如图（ 图2C和D），胆碱能神经轴突可以被可视化用抗ChAT的抗体和ATF4表达颗粒为检测避免蛋白酶消化。注意，正的检测ATF4 mRNA的是根据从负探针中得到的背景荧光。一个额外的控制可以包括在这一点由治疗脑样品与核糖核酸酶和探测它们用鼠标ATF4探针，以测试它们的特异性。这一步是但不包括在自这里所讨论的程序以前的证据显示，使用相同的技术，ATF4 mRNA在轴突以下的siRNA注射小鼠海马18完全耗尽。这样的结果表明此处所用的ISH探针的特异性。使用控制，比负探针其他应根据特定的科学问题进行评估。最后，热诱导的检索可能是由被取代或结合蛋白酶诱导去掩蔽取决于用于轴突复染的抗体的要求。使用一种或其他过程或两者的组合的选择应该由用户根据经验确定。 当执行蛋白酶和热诱导去掩蔽人脑样品中，组织学染料可以替代基于抗体的轴突复染。尽管原始协议这里随后提出使用苏木的组织复染30，这种染料不适合轴突染色。因此，luxol FAS吨蓝色被用于染色髓轴突和甲酚紫被用于可视化神经元细胞体。 LFB，由Kluever和巴雷拉31开发的，被选择了其它污渍，因为它可以在不到2小时内完成，如果分化进行优化（ 图3C-F），淡蓝色的染色不与显示为暗的mRNA的颗粒干扰棕黑色的小点。 90分钟-如所示（ 图3），最优LFB复染可在60℃进行60孵育样品时来完成。然而建议是培养逐步进行，这样可以分化进行认真的监测和mRNA颗粒始终可见。其他组织学技术，如Bielchowsky的还是迪恩的银染收益灰黑色轴突染色36可能不是选择与本报告中的DAB为基础的显色反应兼容。有可能的，这样的染色技术应与RNA检测CISH组合允许使用替代染料，如快速红色或绿色HRP 30。选择的RNA原位杂交分析和轴突污渍的适当的组合应该由用户根据经验确定。 本报告中所描述的第一过程的一个限制是不成功蛋白质检测通过免疫组织化学如果进行蛋白酶消化。这种限制可以通过避免蛋白酶诱导揭露来克服。在轴突本地化ATF4的特定情况下执行热诱导去掩蔽足以检测高于背景水平的胆碱能神经轴突的mRNA颗粒。然而，这可能不是可能需要对感兴趣和蛋白酶消化等的mRNA的情况。如果是这样，轴索复染应该使用抗体比这里所描述的抗胆碱抗体等来执行。可替代地，基于抗体的复染可能是由组织学染料在协议中的第2部分中所述被取代。 30。 在协议部分中所述，两者程序的关键步骤之一是热诱导去掩蔽。如果在微波中进行沸腾，有根据装置的特性溶液蒸发的机会。按照1.2.3和2.2.4规定，以避免蒸发液的步骤。对于揭露的固定冰冻组织10分钟就足够了，而对于石蜡包埋组织15分钟煮沸建议。如果样品不按照推荐的时间不断沸腾，这可能导致部分揭露。然而倍可能略有不同，如果其它设备，诸如电饭锅或热板进行选择，而不是一个微波炉。沸腾持续时间应该由用户来确定，取决于方法。 另一个关键步骤是LFB复染。它的蓝色染料的强度不与mRNA的颗粒的可视干扰是很重要的。一些修改原始协议31进行，以减少染料的强度，如降低温度（ 图3A）或温育时间（数据未示出）进行，但我们没能清楚地分辨髓轴突人脑样品中的。另一方面，温育在LFB溶液样品在建议的温度（摄氏60度）导致髓轴突的最佳染色。它然而建议复染进行阶段性地仔细监测RNA颗粒在任何时候都存在，以确保LFB不会掩蔽感兴趣的mRNA作为在步骤2.2.28-2.2.36指定。 最后，样品不应该干出来的。本报告中所描述的方法涉及多个保温步骤在40℃，这增加了试剂蒸发的机会。由于在协议规定，样品应覆盖封口膜中的所有步骤，以避免蒸发。 总之，高分辨率的RNA原位杂交等方法ISH的发展正在使低丰度的成绩单，包括那些定位于体内轴突成人的可视化。这是因为多年来的mRNA本地化和翻译成人轴突被大大忽视了，因为他们被认为是不活动的翻译尤其重要。 总之，我们提出了一个新颖的公关omising技术ATF4的检测和在哺乳动物脑的成人轴突很多其他可能的mRNA。 RNAscope便于今后对基因定位研究，将有助于解开体内的当地翻译的生物学意义。

轴突mRNA的招聘和本地翻译的轴突能够在一个时间和空间的方式急响应1到胞外刺激。轴突内蛋白合成被最好地理解在神经发育的上下文中，其中它在生长锥行为2-8关键作用，轴突寻路9-11和逆行信令12,13。但到目前为止很少有关于轴突蛋白合成后发育神经元的功能意义时，轴突mRNA和核糖体水平都大大降低14,15。成熟脊椎动物轴突长期以来被认为是不活动的平移16。然而，最近的研究表明，本地翻译病理状态下重新激活在成熟轴突。例如，mRNA的一个子集被招募到再生轴突以下神经损伤和轴突内蛋白质合成所需的这些轴突17的正确再生。此外，集团公顷■证明特异mRNAs被招募到轴突后局部暴露于阿耳茨海默氏病的肽Aβ1-42，和转录因子ATF4的本地翻译需要从轴突传播的Aβ1-42的神经变性影响神经元胞体18。最后，高通量分析已经表明成熟轴突具有更复杂和动态的转录比预期18-21，特别是在病理状况。根据这些研究，一个高度敏感和特异的方法来检测在成年神经系统轴突本地化的mRNA是必要的。 许多关于基因招募和成熟轴突当地的翻译工作已经对培养的神经元被执行。这是特别真实对于转录分析自专门培养方法存在允许从躯体树突隔室18-20轴突的隔离。虽然这些研究都给予宝贵的插件飞行进入成熟轴突当地翻译的作用，问题是否培养的神经元忠实代表情况在体内或mRNA的招聘是轴突以培养条件的一种适应性反应仍然是开放的。很少有研究提供了表达的招聘证据成熟轴突在体内 。例如，所述转录物编码的嗅蛋白在成年感觉神经元22轴突已经检测。含有的β肌动蛋白的mRNA的3&#39;非编码区的转基因被输送到在周围和中枢神经系统的神经元的轴突在小鼠和发育阶段23之后被局部翻译。拉明B2 mRNA定位到视网膜轴突Xenopues蟾蝌蚪和枯竭影响轴突发育后21轴突维修。干扰与细胞色素C氧化IV mRNA的编码的轴突运输改变鼠标的行为24。最后，ATF4的mRNA在成年找到的小鼠和人类大脑中的Aβ1-42的范围内xons诱导神经退行性变18。 高通量转录分析已被证明是有用的，以确定在分离的轴突在体外的mRNA型材但对体内研究的限制，因为在整个组织轴突从未发现在隔离但间杂有神经元细胞体，神经胶质细胞和其它细胞类型。因此，这样的分析必须与确认的mRNA的亚细胞定位的成像技术相结合。 原位杂交（RNA ISH）的RNA可在细胞和组织中的特定RNA序列的检测和可视化。然而，原始的RNA原位杂交测定法是只适合识别的高丰度的RNA 25，这是很少对轴突本地化的mRNA的情况。在过去的十年里越来越多的努力已投入开发新技术，使mRNA的检测在单分子水平<suP&gt; 25,26。例如，Singer和同事开发ISH探针来检测的mRNA在单细胞，包括在5个非重叠的荧光标记的50聚体（详情参见27）。上述技术和此处描述的之间的主要区别是，以后使用20双Z型结构（未线性）探针一般是针对〜1kb的兴趣确保特异性和低背景水平的RNA的区域。探针杂交，然后与最终荧光标记或缀合的酶，使显色反应，前置放大器和功率放大器序列。这些扩增步骤改善信噪比相比其他ISH技术28。在这里，我们将介绍使用RNAscope结合无论是与免疫细胞化学荧光或组织学染料使轴突复染两种协议。这两个协议都适合可视化ATF4 mRNA在成年莫轴突本地化使用和人类大脑。

<table><tbody><tr><td>custom probe targeting residues 20-1,381 of the mouse &lt;i&gt;Atf4&lt;/i&gt; mRNA (NM_009716)</td><td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td><td>-</td><td>probe</td></tr><tr><td>custom probe targeting residues 15-1,256 of the human &lt;i&gt;ATF4&lt;/i&gt; mRNA (NM_001675.2)</td><td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td><td>-</td><td>probe</td></tr><tr><td>negative control probe-DapB</td><td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td><td>310043</td><td>probe</td></tr><tr><td>positive control probe-mouse Polr2A (optional)</td><td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td><td>312471</td><td>probe</td></tr><tr><td>positive control probe-human PPIB (optional)</td><td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td><td>313901</td><td>probe</td></tr><tr><td>RNAscope Fluorescent Multiplex Reagent Kit (for fluorescence detection)</td><td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td><td>320850</td><td>&lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; hybridization kit</td></tr><tr><td>RNAscope 2.0 HD Reagent Kit - BROWN (for chromogenic detection)</td><td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td><td>310035</td><td>&lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; hybridization kit</td></tr><tr><td>Goat polyclonal anti-ChAT antibody</td><td>Millipore</td><td>AB144P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Luxol Fast Blue-Cresyl Echt Violet Stain Kit</td><td>American MasterTech</td><td>KTLFB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Clearify clearing agent (xylene substitute)</td><td>American MasterTech</td><td>CACLEGAL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ProLong Gold mounting&amp;nbsp; medium with DAPI</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P36935</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPX mounting medium</td><td>Sigma</td><td>6522</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

detection of axonally localized mrnas in brain sections using high-resolution in situ hybridization

的mRNA经常局限于脊椎动物轴突和当地翻译所需的轴突寻路或在开发和维护，修理或神经变性postdevelopmental周期分支。高通量分析最近透露，轴突有一个更加动态和复杂的转录于此前预期。这些分析，但大多已在培养的神经元轴突的地方可以从躯体树突状车厢被孤立进行。这几乎是不可能实现这种隔离在体内整个组织。因此，为了验证的mRNA和它们的功能关联的募集在整体动物，转录组分析，最好应与技术，允许mRNA的原位可视化相结合。最近，已经开发出新颖的ISH技术，检测的RNA在单分子水平。当分析mRNA的亚细胞定位，这是特别重要由于本地化的RNA通常出现在较低的水平。在这里，我们描述的轴突本地化的mRNA使用一种新的超灵敏RNA原位杂交技术检测两个协议。使用荧光免疫组织化学和组织学染料，以验证ATF4 mRNA的招募到轴突在体内成熟小鼠和人的大脑我们结合RNAscope ISH与轴突染液。

的上述过程的简要概述显示在图1中。 利用热诱导揭露ATF4 mRNA的最佳检测颗粒的胆碱能神经轴突当评估mRNA的轴突本地化，它能够识别轴突，并能够可视化低丰度的RNA是至关重要的。这里所描述的RNA原位杂交技术使RNA的检测，在单分子的分辨率。采用这种技术的标准协议建议两个揭露程序的组合，以有效地检测靶RNA:蛋白酶诱导和热诱导揭露28。然而，当ISH是结合免疫识别轴突，蛋白酶诱导揭露可能不会导致最佳的抗原检测29。 在这里所描述的第一协议，被避免蛋白酶消化，由于使用的抗体没有认识到Ç啉乙酰转移酶（ChAT的）通常在从septohippocampal途径（ 图2A和B）所产生的齿状回的轴突，虽然分别检测阳性的mRNA颗粒。热诱导的检索用10mM柠檬酸盐缓冲液（pH 6），另一方面，确保了抗胆碱抗体识别的表位的完整性和目标mRNA的有效中的ChAT染色轴突（ 图2C和D）进行检测。此处给出的结果（ 图2）显示ATF4的在mRNA的招募和本地翻译诱导通过输注的Aβ1-42寡聚体进入海马成年小鼠的齿状回的存在。先前的证据表明，ATF4的mRNA未在体外或体内轴突检测基础条件18下，并且因此这样的实验范例的图示。 ATF4的最佳检测同时使用热诱导和蛋白酶诱导揭露在轴突的mRNA颗粒而上述结果表明，进行热诱导的揭露，如果需要的蛋白酶预处理它可能不是有用的，当基于抗体蛋白的检测是用RNA原位杂交技术兼容描述的结果。第2节介绍按照先前公布的程序28,30结合组织学污渍通常用于脑样品31,32轴突内检测ATF4 mRNA的。 在此过程中关键的一步是使用luxol快速蓝（LFB）在没有通过轴突染色CISH基因掩蔽颗粒的存在有髓神经纤维的最佳染剂。用于此目的的试剂允许与LFB以下60的孵育时间以90分钟最佳染液。染液可能失败时的温度和温育时间均降低（ 图3A和插图，而数据未示出）的次虽然mRNA的颗粒仍将是可见的，它们的轴突本地化无法验证。另一方面，孵育脑样品60分钟或更长的时间，在60℃下不监测的阳性颗粒存在周期性可能导致在感兴趣的基因被染料（ 图3B和插图）的不可逆掩蔽。因此建议在样品孵育LFB 30分钟，并进一步温育进行阶段性地检查样品，每10至20分钟，以获得两者的轴突和RNA的颗粒（ 图3D-F）的最佳染色。以下这些准则ATF4阳性颗粒可清楚地检测到既在控制（ 图3D）和阿尔茨海默氏病（ 图3F）的大脑样本。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52799/52799fig1.jpg" /> 图1.总结工作流程的RNA原位杂交接着轴突染液。在黑色描绘步骤是共同的两个程序举例说明。以蓝色突出显示的步骤是对由荧光原位杂交而那些以红色突出显示特定于由色染色ISH福尔马林固定石蜡包埋标本染色多聚甲醛固定标本。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52799/52799fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52799/52799fig2.jpg" /> 图2. FISH检测ATF4的mRNA定位于胆碱能神经轴突在成年小鼠的齿状回。使用蛋白酶诱导（ 升 EFT面板）或热诱导（右图）揭露随后抗体检测胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT的）进行FISH 。该antibODY失败时进行蛋白酶处理来识别聊天。示与非靶向探针（dapB的 ），并使用相同的显微镜设置和调整图像的ATF4 -targeting探针获得的结果的例子。ATF4阳性颗粒与不清楚轴突定位以表示问号而局部颗粒被标记为"好"。比例尺为20μm。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52799/52799fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52799/52799fig3.jpg" /> 图3为CISH基因ATF4定位于髓轴突在人类海马结构。ISH之后，轴突进行复用luxol快速蓝（LFB）和神经元胞体进行复用甲酚紫。次优LFB染色可能导致如果两个温度（A和插图代表染色LFB在40℃进行4小时的样品。）和温育时间（未示出）减少，或者当染液后短潜伏期（B和插图未选中）。最佳LFB染色使用非靶向探针（dapB的 ）或ATF4 -targeting探针结合ISH的例子示（CF和插图）。图像采集被自动调整为最佳信噪比。ATF4阳性颗粒与不清楚轴突定位以表示问号而局部颗粒被标记为"确定"。比例尺50微米，镶石10微米。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52799/52799fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization at JoVE.com

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

在脑切片检测轴突本地化mRNAs的高空间分辨率<em&gt;原位</em&gt;杂交

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for ...

detection-axonally-localized-mrnas-brain-sections-using-high

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Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

11.7K 次观看.  Columbia University. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

视频: Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh frozen brain sections. Our group has successfully used this approach to study gene co-regulation. More specifically, we have used this dFISH method to explore the anatomical organization, neurochemical properties, and the impact of sensory experience in central sensory circuits, at single cell resolution. This protocol has been validated in brain tissue from mice, rats and songbirds but is expected to be easily adaptable to other vertebrate species, as well as to an array of non-neural tissues. In this film we provide a detailed demonstration of the main steps of this procedure.

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

This protocol involves a non-radioactive in-situ hybridization procedure that enables the simultaneous identification of two transcript species, at a single cell resolution, in thin sections of the vertebrate brain.

双荧光原位杂交食脑切片

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh ...

科研

神经科学

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell type-specific fashion. AS expression patterns are typically analyzed by RT-PCR and RNA-seq using RNA samples isolated from a population of cells. In situ examination of AS expression patterns for a particular biological structure can be carried out by RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) using exon-specific probes. However, this particular use of ISH has been limited because alternative exons are generally too short to design exon-specific probes. In this report, the use of BaseScope, a recently developed technology that employs short antisense oligonucleotides in RNA ISH, is described to analyze AS expression patterns in mouse brain sections. Exon 23a of neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) is used as an example to illustrate that short exon-exon junction probes exhibit robust hybridization signals with high specificity in RNA ISH analysis on mouse brain sections. More importantly, signals detected with exon inclusion- and skipping-specific probes can be used to reliably calculate the percent spliced in values of Nf1 exon 23a expression in different anatomical areas of a mouse brain. The experimental protocol and calculation method for AS analysis are presented. The results indicate that BaseScope provides a powerful new tool to assess AS expression patterns in situ.

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

An in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol that uses short antisense oligonucleotides to detect alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns in mouse brain sections is described.

RNA原位杂交法定量分析小鼠脑切片中的替代前 mRNA 拼接方法

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell ...

遗传学

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

快速<em&gt;原位</em使用寡核苷酸探针对大鼠多聚甲醛为前缀的大脑5-羟色胺综合征&gt;杂交

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can be hampered by the lack of specific primary or secondary antibodies for immunostaining. Here we describe a protocol to detect the expression of three different genes in the same brain section using double fluorescence in situ hybridization with two gene-specific probes followed by immunostaining with an antibody of high specificity directed against the protein encoded by a third gene. The Aspartoacyclase (ASPA) gene, mutations of which can lead to a rare human white matter disease - Canavan disease - is thought to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and microglia but not in astrocytes and neurons. However, the precise expression pattern of ASPA in the brain has yet to be established. This protocol has allowed us to determine that ASPA is expressed in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes and it can be generally applied to a wide range of gene expression pattern studies.

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Localizing gene expression to specific cell types can be challenging due to the lack of specific antibodies. Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous triple detection of gene expression by combining double fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization with immunostaining.

结合双荧光<em&gt;原位</em&gt;杂交免疫标记为三个基因在小鼠大脑切片中表达的检测

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can ...

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene expression. Microarray and next generation sequencing approaches are being used to investigate developmental, physiological and stress response processes, dissect epigenetic and small RNA pathways, and build large gene regulatory networks1-3. While these techniques facilitate the simultaneous analysis of large gene sets, they typically provide a very limited spatiotemporal resolution of gene expression changes. This limitation can be partially overcome by using either profiling method in conjunction with lasermicrodissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting4-7. However, to fully understand the biological role of a gene, knowledge of its spatiotemporal pattern of expression at a cellular resolution is essential. Particularly, when studying development or the effects of environmental stimuli and mutants can the detailed analysis of a gene's expression pattern become essential. For instance, subtle quantitative differences in the expression levels of key regulatory genes can lead to dramatic phenotypes when associated with the loss or gain of expression in specific cell types. 
Several methods are routinely used for the detailed examination of gene expression patterns. One is through analysis of transgenic reporter lines. Such analysis can, however, become time-consuming when analyzing multiple genes or working in plants recalcitrant to transformation. Moreover, an independent validation to ensure that the transgene expression pattern mimics that of the endogenous gene is typically required. Immunohistochemical protein localization or mRNA in situ hybridization present relatively fast alternatives for the direct visualization of gene expression within cells and tissues. The latter has the distinct advantage that it can be readily used on any gene of interest. In situ hybridization allows detection of target mRNAs in cells by hybridization with a labeled anti-sense RNA probe obtained by in vitro transcription of the gene of interest. 
Here we outline a protocol for the in situ localization of gene expression in plants that is highly sensitivity and specific. It is optimized for use with paraformaldehyde fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, which give excellent preservation of histology, and DIG-labeled probes that are visualized by immuno-detection and alkaline-phosphatase colorimetric reaction. This protocol has been successfully applied to a number of tissues from a wide range of plant species, and can be used to analyze expression of mRNAs as well as small RNAs8-14.

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

The in situ hybridization protocol described here allows a direct localization of mRNA and small RNA expression at the cellular level with high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is optimized for paraffin-embedded plant tissue sections, is applicable to a wide range of plants and tissues, and can be completed within ten days.

原位杂交技术在植物中的精确定位成绩单

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene ...

生物学

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. Each of these features can be accomplished with in situ hybridization to mRNAs within cells. Here we present a radioactive in situ hybridization method modified from Clayton et al. (1988)1 that has been working successfully in our lab for many years, especially for adult vertebrate brains2-5. The long complementary RNA (cRNA) probes to the target sequence allows for detection of low abundance transcripts6,7. Incorporation of radioactive nucleotides into the cRNA probes allows for further detection sensitivity of low abundance transcripts and quantitative analyses, either by light sensitive x-ray film or emulsion coated over the tissue. These detection methods provide a long-term record of target gene expression. Compared with non-radioactive probe methods, such as DIG-labeling, the radioactive probe hybridization method does not require multiple amplification steps using HRP-antibodies and/or TSA kit to detect low abundance transcripts. Therefore, this method provides a linear relation between signal intensity and targeted mRNA amounts for quantitative analysis. It allows processing 100-200 slides simultaneously. It works well for different developmental stages of embryos. Most developmental studies of gene expression use whole embryos and non-radioactive approaches8,9, in part because embryonic tissue is more fragile than adult tissue, with less cohesion between cells, making it difficult to see boundaries between cell populations with tissue sections. In contrast, our radioactive approach, due to the larger range of sensitivity, is able to obtain higher contrast in resolution of gene expression between tissue regions, making it easier to see boundaries between populations. Using this method, researchers could reveal the possible significance of a newly identified gene, and further predict the function of the gene of interest.

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

This protocol is successfully used to quantitatively detect levels and spatial patterns of mRNA expression in multiple tissue types across vertebrate species. The method can detect low abundance transcripts and allows processing of hundreds of slides simultaneously. We present this protocol using expression profiling of avian embryonic brain formation as an example.

放射性的原位杂交检测组织不同的基因表达模式

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. ...

Combining Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Sections

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique that identifies the presence and spatial distribution of specific RNA transcripts within cells. Neurochemical phenotyping of functionally identified neurons usually requires concurrent labelling with multiple antibodies (targeting protein) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and optimization of in situ hybridization (targeting RNA), in tandem. A &#34;neurochemical signature&#34; to characterize particular neurons may be achieved however complicating factors include the need to verify FISH and IHC targets before combining the methods, and the limited number of RNAs and proteins that may be targeted simultaneously within the same tissue section.
Here we describe a protocol, using both fresh frozen and fixed mouse brain preparations, which detects multiple mRNAs and proteins in the same brain section using RNAscope FISH followed by fluorescence immunostaining, respectively. We use the combined method to describe the expression pattern of low abundance mRNAs (e.g., galanin receptor 1) and high abundance mRNAs (e.g., glycine transporter 2), in immunohistochemically identified brainstem nuclei.
Key considerations for protein labelling downstream of the FISH assay extend beyond tissue preparation and optimization of FISH probe labelling. For example, we found that antibody binding and labelling specificity can be detrimentally affected by the protease step within the FISH probe assay. Proteases catalyze hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds, facilitating FISH probe entry into cells, however they may also digest the protein targeted by the subsequent IHC assay, producing off target binding. The subcellular location of the targeted protein is another factor contributing to IHC success following FISH probe assay. We observed IHC specificity to be retained when the targeted protein is membrane bound, whereas IHC targeting cytoplasmic protein required extensive troubleshooting. Finally, we found handling of slide-mounted fixed frozen tissue more challenging than fresh frozen tissue, however IHC quality was overall better with fixed frozen tissue, when combined with RNAscope.

Combining Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Sections

This protocol describes a method for combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) in both fresh frozen and fixed mouse brain sections, with the goal of achieving multilabel FISH and fluorescence IHC signal. IHC targeted cytoplasmic and membrane attached proteins.

将多重荧光 原 位杂交与荧光免疫组化相结合，对新鲜冷冻或固定的小鼠脑切片进行研究

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique that identifies the presence and spatial distribution of specific RNA transcripts within ...

Probe Hybridization and Signal Amplification in RNA In Situ Hybridization: A Technique for Detecting Specific RNA Sequences in Tissue Sections

Source: Outh-Gauer, S. et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/59422" target="_blank">Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
This video describes a sequential hybridization strategy that involves hybridizing mRNA probes to specific target mRNA. Following probe hybridization, signal amplification is performed to enhance resolution via reduction of signal-to-noise ratio during RNA-CISH of histological samples.

RNA 原位杂交中的探针杂交和信号放大:一种检测组织切片中特异性 RNA 序列的技术

Source: Outh-Gauer, S. et al. Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
This video ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

癌症研究

Head and Neck Cancer

Assays & techniques

In Situ Hybridization Using Oligonucleotide Probes to Study RNA Expression in Rat Brain Sections

Source: Shokry, I. M., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/53165">Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2015).
This video demonstrates the detection of serotonin receptor RNA synthesis using oligonucleotide probes in rat brain tissue affected by serotonin syndrome. The protocol includes tissue pretreatment, probe hybridization, and enzymatic detection to visualize and quantify serotonin receptor RNA expression under a microscope.

Source: Shokry, I. M., et al. Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin ...

Neuropathology

Neurodegenerative Diseases

 Performing Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization to Detect Gene Expression in Mouse Brain Sections

<a href='https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/53976/combining-double-fluorescence-situ-hybridization-with-immunolabelling'>Source: Jolly, S., et.al. Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).</a>This video demonstrates the use of double fluorescence in situ hybridization to visualize the expression of two RNA targets in mouse brain sections. The protocol involves sequential detection of RNA using probes labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and digoxigenin, followed by enzymatic signal amplification to enhance sensitivity. The resulting fluorescence enables co-localization analysis of the target RNAs within the tissue.

Source: Jolly, S., et.al. Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse ...

在脑切片检测轴突本地化mRNAs的高空间分辨率

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

双荧光原位杂交食脑切片

RNA原位杂交法定量分析小鼠脑切片中的替代前 mRNA 拼接方法

快速

结合双荧光

原位杂交技术在植物中的精确定位成绩单

放射性的原位杂交检测组织不同的基因表达模式

将多重荧光原位杂交与荧光免疫组化相结合，对新鲜冷冻或固定的小鼠脑切片进行研究

RNA 原位杂交中的探针杂交和信号放大:一种检测组织切片中特异性 RNA 序列的技术

In Situ Hybridization Using Oligonucleotide Probes to Study RNA Expression in Rat Brain Sections

Performing Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization to Detect Gene Expression in Mouse Brain Sections

在脑切片检测轴突本地化mRNAs的高空间分辨率

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

双荧光原位杂交食脑切片

RNA原位杂交法定量分析小鼠脑切片中的替代前 mRNA 拼接方法

快速

结合双荧光

原位杂交技术在植物中的精确定位成绩单

放射性的原位杂交检测组织不同的基因表达模式

将多重荧光 原 位杂交与荧光免疫组化相结合，对新鲜冷冻或固定的小鼠脑切片进行研究

RNA 原位杂交中的探针杂交和信号放大:一种检测组织切片中特异性 RNA 序列的技术

In Situ Hybridization Using Oligonucleotide Probes to Study RNA Expression in Rat Brain Sections

Performing Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization to Detect Gene Expression in Mouse Brain Sections

将多重荧光原位杂交与荧光免疫组化相结合，对新鲜冷冻或固定的小鼠脑切片进行研究