Name: light/dark transition test for mice
Uploaded: 2006-11-13T00:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 35 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Light/dark Transition Test for Mice at JoVE.com

这项研究是由赠款支持，援助青年科学家（一）（＃16680015），为探索性研究赠款，援助（＃16653065），于优先领域的科研赠款援助（＃18023022＃ 18016012和18053015＃）由教育部，文化，体育，科学和技术在日本，格兰特推广健康科学的基础研究，生物医学创新研究所（NIBIO），格兰特的援助赈灾基金拨款援助，从日本神经信息学中心（NIJC），理化学研究所

<ol><li>光/暗转换测试使用的仪器，包括划分成大小相等的两个部分，一个门分区（大原公司，东京）一笼（21x42x25厘米）。 </li><li>小鼠被安置在一个房间里，每笼12小时随意获取食物和水的光/暗周期（上午7:00灯）三个四个。理想的情况下，两个控件和两个突变都住在一起，通过重新组织，尽快为他们在断奶时基因型的小鼠。行为测试之间进行的上午9:00和下午6:00所有的笼子转移到小鼠的行为测试室的第一次审判开始前30分钟。 </li><li>一室明亮的白色二极管照明（390勒克斯），而其他商会是黑暗（2勒克斯）。小鼠被放置到阴暗的一面，门被打开后，鼠标是由红外摄像机检测到3秒自动。门使用，因此，老鼠不进入光室后，立即释放他们的动机摆脱实验者，由于延迟进入光室可作为焦虑样行为的指标。 </li><li>小鼠允许两院之间的门打开10分钟的自由移动。用于采集和分析的行为数据（图像LD4）的应用程序是基于对公共领域的图像J计划（在美国国立精神卫生研究所byWayne Rasband http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij /），这是刚宫川（通过奥哈拉公司，日本东京）的修改。 </li><li>距离在每个分庭，总数的过渡，在每个分庭花的时间，延迟进入光chamberare记录图像LD4方案。 </li><li>每次试验后，所有分庭具有超强的次氯酸水清洗，以防止对嗅觉线索为基础的偏见。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Austin, C. P., Aiba, A., Takao, K., Miyakawa, T., Takao, K., Yamasaki, N., Miyakawa, T., Crawley, J. N., Crawley, J. N., Crawley, J., Goodwin, F. K., Miyakawa, T., Crabbe, J. C., Wahlsten, D., Dudek, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+knockout+mouse+project.">The knockout mouse project.</a> Nat Genet. 36, 921-924 (2004).</li></ol>

所有的程序获得批准使用动物保健委员会和日本京都大学的。宫川是刚与鸟，日本科学技术振兴机构，日本埼玉县。

虽然所有的小鼠基因组序列已经确定，大部分这些基因的功能尚不清楚。基因定位技术，但是，可以用来删除或操纵在小鼠的特定基因（AIBA等，2007; Austin等人，2004年）。对某一具体行为的特定基因的影响，然后可以由突变小鼠的行为进行分析（隆夫和宫川，2006年;。隆夫等，2007）。作为行为的突变小鼠的表型试验，光/暗的过渡测试是使用最广泛的测试，以测量在小鼠焦虑行为（克劳利，2000年）之一。该测试是基于对小鼠自然厌恶明亮的照明领域，并以新颖的环境自发的探索行为（克劳利，1985）。测试是敏感的抗焦虑药物治疗（克劳利，1985年）。该装置由一个黑暗室和一个明亮的照明室。一个受限制的开放，高3厘米，宽5厘米，连接两院。小鼠允许两院之间自由移动。到明亮的商会参赛作品的数量和持续时间花在有明亮的空间在小鼠的焦虑指数。 克劳利和他的同事们（克劳利和Goodwin，1980年）最初是由光/暗转换测试。其原始版本和我们的测试之间的差异有两个。首先，光腔比原版本中的暗腔较大，而两院的大小是相同的，在我们的测试版本的。其次，在原来的版本，光室不设上限和光室的墙壁都是透明的（克劳利和Goodwin，1980），而我们使用光室的墙壁和天花板的白色不透明塑料。这些差异，即光腔的大小和开放性，允许同时检测的明亮空间的焦虑，以及开放空间的原始版本在测试焦虑。然而，在我们的实验室，开放空间的焦虑般的行为在小鼠是在高架十字迷宫测试。不透明的墙壁和天花板，光腔的大小，和我们的具体的光/暗转换测试协议是专门检测原来的版本相比，明亮的空间焦虑。 虽然光/暗转换测试和高架十字迷宫都用于评估类似焦虑的行为，其结果并不总是一致的。例如，特定的脑钙调神经磷酸酶基因敲除小鼠光在光/暗转换测试室花费的时间减少量，但增加的时间在高架十字迷宫张开双臂量（宫川等，2003） 。我们假设我们的光/暗转换测试和高架十字迷宫试验评估焦虑样行为的不同方面，如明亮的空间焦虑和开放空间的焦虑样行为，。为了检验这一假设，我们用一组在这两项测试中使用相同的小鼠，收集大量的数据。在我们的实验室，我们进行行为测试电池，涵盖诸多领域，行为意义的基因屏幕。测试电池需要几个星期才能完成。在测试期间，鼠标笼存放在我们的设备机架上。如果我们从其他机构的实验室老鼠是运到，他们习惯于我们的设施环境，至少1周。习惯期后，小鼠的一般健康检查和筛选神经系统（宫川等人，2003年），和这些简单的考试后，小鼠受到光/暗转换测试。在一个健全的证明后，习惯性试验室的30分钟的试验室进行测试，如在电影中所示。 我们已评估超过60株突变小鼠基因工程使用在电影中的协议，并有3000多个小鼠（包括野生型和突变型小鼠）的原始数据的大集。我们进行了因素分析，采取了大量的原始数据集的优势。事实上，我们发现不同的因素，从每个测试（未发表数据），指数（未发表数据）之间虽然有一些显着的相关性..作为一个公共数据库，我们现在建设的一部分，这些数据将被披露。 在我们的测试电池中，野生型窝通常用来作为对照。作为背景应变，常用C57BL/6J小鼠。我们用来测试电池控制的突变小鼠C57BL/6J小鼠中收集的数据。从C57BL/6J小鼠在光/暗转换测试得到的指数如下（N = 795;平均教育统筹局局长）;距离：846.5 8.88厘米，在光室，在黑暗中腔1478.5 9.53厘米;持续时间花：215.8 1.85 395.8 1.86 S的光，在黑暗中的S;车厢之间的转换数量：30.52 0.43;延迟进入光室：64.94 2.40秒各地的分庭入口处小鼠的运动检测相机，并在C所花费的时间计算hambers。正因为如此，在光度过的时间平均持续时间的总和，在黑暗的车厢大于整个工期的测试（600）。 在我们的协议中，鼠标放置在暗室内。三秒钟后，鼠标放置在黑暗中商会，商会之间的门自动打开，鼠标可以自由移动两院之间。 C57BL/6J小鼠花费更少的时间比在黑暗中商会（P &lt;0.0001，持续时间，如果时间花在轻光腔：215.8 1.85小号，在黑暗中度过的时间期限：316.3 2.11小号的时间花费在黑暗中不不包括初始时间花费在黑暗中前首次进入光室]，N = 795，配对t检验）。这表明C57BL/6J小鼠倾向于避免光室，光花的时间是一个良好的焦虑样行为的指标。 从不同菌株的突变小鼠中取得的成果很容易比较，因为所有的数据都使用相同的协议。要获得一个可以很容易地复制和与其他突变体的数据相比，突变小鼠的菌株分型结果，行为测试方法应如实验室之间可能完全相同。 Crabbe和他的同事测试鼠标行为和实验室环境中使用完全相同的近交系和一个空的突变株之间的相互作用。在他们的研究，严格规范的仪器，测试协议，许多环境变量。尽管标准化，他们发现在整个实验室的行为进行了系统性的差异，虽然他们也发现在所有的行为（克拉布等，1999）的应变差异。他们报告说，不可控变量和特征的突变体的实验可能产生的结果，则是千变万化的，以一个特定的实验室。实验室之间存在的程序上的差异使得它难以复制或实验室之间的比较结果。在这里，我们目前的光/暗转换测试作为一部电影，使该协议的细节可以证明我们的协议。 建立视觉文档的协议将有助于更好地理解实验程序的细节，允许在实验室和不同菌株的突变小鼠的行为表型的比较使用的协议的标准化评估使用这个测试。电影的其他协议，如高架十字迷宫，开放式的现场测试，porsolt强迫游泳测试，怕空调，我们在我们的行为测试电池的使用，目前正在作为未来视频杂志文章的出版。

light/dark transition test for mice

虽然所有的小鼠基因组序列已经确定，我们不知道大多数这些基因的功能。基因定位技术，然而，可用于删除或操纵在小鼠体内的特定基因。突变小鼠的行为进行分析，然后确定特定基因上的一个特定的行为的影响。作为行为的突变小鼠的表型试验，光/暗的过渡测试是使用最广泛的测试，以衡量状的焦虑的小鼠行为之一。该测试是基于对小鼠自然厌恶明亮的照明领域，并以新颖的环境中自发探索行为。测试是敏感的抗焦虑药物治疗。该装置由一个黑暗室和一个明亮的照明室。小鼠允许两院之间自由移动。到明亮的商会参赛作品的数量和持续时间花在有明亮的空间在小鼠的焦虑指数。要获得一个可以很容易地复制和与其他突变体的突变小鼠的菌株分型结果，行为测试方法应如实验室之间可能完全相同。然而，程序实验室之间存在的差异使其难以复制或实验室之间的比较结果。在这里，我们目前的光/暗转换测试作为一部电影，使该协议的细节可以证明我们的协议。在我们的实验室，我们已经评估了超过60株的使用在电影中的协议的突变小鼠。作为一个公共数据库，我们现在建设的一部分，这些数据将被披露。 形象化的协议将有助于了解整个实验过程的细节，允许各实验室和不同菌株的突变小鼠的行为表型的比较中使用的协议的标准化评估使用这个测试。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Light/dark Transition Test for Mice at JoVE.com

Light/dark Transition Test for Mice

光/暗转换的测试是使用最广泛的测试，以衡量状的焦虑的小鼠行为之一。在这里，我们提出了一个电影，显示了我们如何进行测试的详细程序。

光/暗转换测试小鼠

Although all of the mouse genome sequences have been determined, we do not yet know the functions of most of these genes. Gene-targeting techniques, ...

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

52.4K 次观看.  Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University. He did. So what?

视频: Light/dark Transition Test for Mice

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, sensorimotor tests sensitive to varying degrees of nigrostriatal dysfunction are fundamental for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Reliable and quite elegant sensorimotor measures exist for rats, however many of these tests measure sensorimotor asymmetry within the rat and are not entirely suitable for the newer genetic mouse models of PD. We have put together a battery of sensorimotor tests inspired by the sensitive tests in rats and adapted for mice. The test battery highlighted in this study is chosen for a) its sensitivity in a wide variety of mouse models of PD, b) its ease in implementing into a study, and c) its low expense. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of PD as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

In Parkinson's disease and movement disorders in general, sensitive and reliable behavioral assays are essential for testing novel potential therapeutics. Here, we describe a manageable battery of sensorimotor tests for mice that are sensitive to varying degrees of injury to the nigrostriatal system and useful for preclinical studies.

帕金森氏症小鼠模型的感觉功能评估

Sensitive and  reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of  potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many  ...

科研

行为学

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the &#34;cloud&#34; and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in&#160;cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.

Fully automated system for measuring physiologically meaningful properties of the mechanisms mediating spatial localization, temporal localization, duration, rate&#160;and probability estimation, risk assessment, impulsivity, and the accuracy and precision of memory, in order to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on foundational mechanisms of cognition in mice.

小鼠自动化，定量认知/行为筛选：对于遗传学，药理学，动物认知与本科教学

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

Measuring Circadian and Acute Light Responses in Mice using Wheel Running Activity

Circadian rhythms are physiological functions that cycle over a period of approximately 24 hours (circadian- circa: approximate and diem: day)1, 2. They are responsible for timing our sleep/wake cycles and hormone secretion. Since this timing is not precisely 24-hours, it is synchronized to the solar day by light input. This is accomplished via photic input from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which serves as the master pacemaker synchronizing peripheral clocks in other regions of the brain and peripheral tissues to the environmental light dark cycle3-7. The alignment of rhythms to this environmental light dark cycle organizes particular physiological events to the correct temporal niche, which is crucial for survival8. For example, mice sleep during the day and are active at night. This ability to consolidate activity to either the light or dark portion of the day is referred to as circadian photoentrainment and requires light input to the circadian clock9. Activity of mice at night is robust particularly in the presence of a running wheel. Measuring this behavior is a minimally invasive method that can be used to evaluate the functionality of the circadian system as well as light input to this system. Methods that will covered here are used to examine the circadian clock, light input to this system, as well as the direct influence of light on wheel running behavior.

This article will review methods that can be used to determine circadian function and light responsiveness in mice.

测量小鼠使用车轮运行活动的昼夜和急性对光反应

Circadian rhythms are physiological functions that cycle over a period of approximately 24 hours (circadian- circa: approximate and diem: day)1, 2.  They ...

神经科学

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given gene on a specific behavior can be determined by behavioral analysis of mutant mice. If a target gene is expressed in the brain, behavioral phenotype of the mutant mice could elucidate the genetic mechanism of normal behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments. The apparatus consists of open arms and closed arms, crossed in the middle perpendicularly to each other, and a center area. Mice are given access to all of the arms and are allowed to move freely between them. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in the open arms are used as indices of open space-induced anxiety in mice. Unfortunately, the procedural differences that exist between laboratories make it difficult to duplicate and compare results among laboratories. Here, we present a detailed movie demonstrating our protocol for the elevated plus maze test. In our laboratory, we have assessed more than 90 strains of mutant mice using the protocol shown in the movie. These data will be disclosed as a part of a public database that we are now constructing.
Visualization of the protocol will promote better understanding of the details of the entire experimental procedure, allowing for standardization of the protocols used in different laboratories and comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of various strains of mutant mice assessed using this test. 


The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we present a movie showing the detailed procedures for conducting the test.

对小鼠高架十字迷宫

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

生物学

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer basic questions on how light information is processed and shared between rapid and circadian behaviors. Drosophila larvae display a stereotypical avoidance behavior when exposed to light. To investigate light dependent behaviors comparably simple light-dark preference tests can be applied. In vertebrates and arthropods the neural pathways involved in sensing and processing visual inputs partially overlap with those processing photic circadian information. The fascinating question of how the light sensing system and the circadian system interact to keep behavioral outputs coordinated remains largely unexplored. Drosophila is an impacting biological model to approach these questions, due to a small number of neurons in the brain and the availability of genetic tools for neuronal manipulation. The presented light-dark preference assay allows the investigation of a range of visual behaviors including circadian control of phototaxis.

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Here we describe a light-dark preference test for Drosophila larva. This assay provides information about innate and circadian regulation of light sensing and processing photobehavior.

光偏好的检测，以研究的先天和昼夜调节感光特性<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of single neurons and region-specific transmitter release, up to whole neuronal circuitries in the central nervous system, and allows the direct measurement of behavioral outcomes. Neurons express optogenetic tools via an injection of viral vectors carrying the DNA of choice, such as Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2). Light is brought into specific brain regions via chronic optical implants that terminate directly above the target region. After two weeks of recovery and proper tool-expression, mice can be repeatedly used for behavioral tests with optogenetic stimulation of the neurons of interest.
Optogenetic modulation has a high temporal and spatial resolution that can be accomplished with high cell specificity, compared to the commonly used methods such as chemical or electrical stimulation. The light does not harm neuronal tissue and can therefore be used for long-term experiments as well as for multiple behavioral experiments in one mouse. The possibilities of optogenetic tools are nearly unlimited and enable the activation or silencing of whole neurons, or even the manipulation of a specific receptor type by light.
The results of such behavioral experiments with integrated optogenetic stimulation directly visualizes changes in behavior caused by the manipulation. The behavior of the same animal without light stimulation as a baseline is a good control for induced changes. This allows a detailed overview of neuronal types or neurotransmitter systems involved in specific behaviors, such as anxiety. The plasticity of neuronal networks can also be investigated in great detail through long-term stimulation or behavioral observations after optical stimulation. Optogenetics will help to enlighten neuronal signaling in several kinds of neurological diseases.

With optogenetic manipulation of specific neuronal populations or brain regions, behavior can be modified with high temporal and spatial resolution in freely moving animals. By using different optogenetic tools in combination with chronically implanted optical fibers, a variety of neuronal modulations and behavioral testing can be performed.

神经活性的光遗传学操作，调节自由移动小鼠的行为

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

使用轻度厌恶研究小鼠偏头痛样行为

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>小鼠模型中自闭症谱系障碍的行为检测

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically complex condition with a heterogeneous genetic etiology. Clinically, ASD is diagnosed by social communication impairments and restrictive or repetitive behaviors, such as hand flapping or lining up objects. These behavioral patterns can be reliably observed in mouse models with ASD-linked genetic mutations, making them highly useful tools for studying the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in ASD. Understanding how genetic changes affect the neurobiology and behaviors observed in ASD will facilitate the development of novel targeted therapeutic compounds to ameliorate core behavioral impairments. Our lab has employed several protocols encompassing well-described training and testing procedures that reflect a wide range of behavioral deficits related to ASD. Here, we detail two assays to study the core features of ASD in mouse models: self-grooming (a measure of repetitive behavior) and the three-chamber social interaction test (a measure of social interaction approach and preference for social novelty).

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

Rodent models are valuable tools for studying core behaviors related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, we expound on two behavioral tests for modeling the core features of ASD in mice: self-grooming, which assesses repetitive behavior, and the three-chamber social interaction test, which documents social impairments.

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically complex condition with a heterogeneous genetic etiology. Clinically, ASD is diagnosed by social ...

光/暗转换测试小鼠

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评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略