4.5 : 慢性阻塞性肺病 V：管理

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease management, or COPD, includes several key components.

Firstly, smoking cessation is crucial. Healthcare providers educate COPD patients about the risks of smoking and help them set a specific "quit date" to facilitate stopping.

Next, pharmacologic therapy involves the use of bronchodilators, which include short-acting beta-agonists, short-acting anticholinergics, long-acting beta-agonists, long-acting anticholinergics, along with anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, mucolytic agents, and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors.

These medications are administered via pressurized metered-dose inhalers, small-volume nebulizers, and dry-powder inhalers.

Oxygen therapy is initiated when oxygen saturation drops below 88% at rest or during exercise. It can be administered using nasal cannulas, masks, or transtracheal systems.

Additionally, pulmonary rehabilitation programs such as exercise training, education, and emotional support are provided.

Lastly, for severe COPD, surgical options such as lung volume reduction surgery,  bullectomy, or lung transplantation may be considered.