Name: transplantation of zebrafish pediatric brain tumors into immune-competent hosts for long-term study of tumor cell behavior and drug response
Uploaded: 2017-05-17T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 43 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response at JoVE.com

We thank the two reviewers for excellent suggestions and improvements to the manuscript. We also thank Huntsman Cancer Institute/University of Utah for the animal husbandry and maintenance. This work was funded by the American Cancer Society (#124250- RSG-13-025-01-CSM), an NIH grant (P30 CA042014 CRR program), the University of Utah Seed Grant, and the Huntsman Cancer Foundation.

All animal procedures were approved and followed the animal care guidelines of the University of Utah Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC#16-03019).
1. Preparing the Equipment for the Microinjection
<ol>
	<li>Preparing the injection plate.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a 50 mL solution of 1.2% agarose dissolved in egg water (0.6 g/L aquarium salt in reverse osmosis water + 0.01 mg/L methylene blue). Boil the solution until the agarose dissolves and then supplement by adding 0.05 mg/L methylene blue. Pour 25 mL of the final solution into a 10 cm Petri dish and allow it to solidify. Place the remaining 25 mL of agarose solution in a 42 &#176;C water bath until ready for step 1.1.2.</li>
		<li>Set a 2 inch diameter beaker in the center of the solidified surface and pour the remaining 25 mL of 1.2% agarose. 
		NOTE: This creates an injection surface on the periphery of the plate and a core in the center, which provides an area to test needle size and tumor suspension consistency.
		<ol>
			<li>Maintain the injection plate at 28 &#176;C for at least 30 min prior to injection or at 4 &#176;C for long-term storage.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing injection needles.
	<ol>
		<li>Make the needles by pulling 10 cm capillaries with an outer dimension of 1.2 mm and an inner dimension of 0.9 mm (without a filament) into two needles on a needle puller. 
		NOTE: Each needle should measure 6 cm in total length, where approximately 1.5 cm of the end is tapered.</li>
		<li>Carefully place the needle on a microscope slide wrapped in plastic paraffin film. Use a razor blade to cut the end of the needle at a 45&#176; angle to create a needle with an opening at the tip. 
		NOTE: Typically, 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm of the end of the needle is removed. A beveled tip is not required to perform the injections.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare the microinjection setup.
	<ol>
		<li>Arrange a standard microinjection setup, including a stereomicroscope, a manipulator, and a microinjector for the transplantation.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Preparing Embryos for Transplantation
<ol>
	<li>Collect up to 500 mitfa w2 embryos44 (or embryos of any other zebrafish genotypes as defined by the user) as described45 and maintain in a 28 &#176;C incubator.</li>
	<li>Dechorionate the embryos at 24 hpf by adding 100 &#181;L of 10 mg/mL protease cocktail solution diluted in egg water and gently rock for approximately 20 min. Rinse the embryos 3 times with fresh egg water to remove the residual protease.</li>
	<li>Screen the embryos at 48 hpf for the appropriate developmental stage, as defined by standard staging series criteria45. 
	Note: Only correctly staged and morphologically normal embryos should be used for the transplantation.</li>
	<li>Anesthetize approximately twenty 48-hpf embryos in egg water containing 0.002% Tricaine-S in a petri dish. Confirm proper anesthesia by observing the cessation of movement.</li>
</ol>
3. Making a Tumor Cell Suspension
NOTE: Zebrafish brain tumor models can be generated by genetically engineering combinations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes17,46,47. Here, the sox10 promoter-driven NRASWT, p53zdf1/zdf1 CNS-PNET zebrafish model was used, as recently described17.
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize a brain tumor-bearing fish whose tumor burden is approximately 20% of the total body size using a 0.4% Tricaine-S overdose followed by immersion in ice water according to IACUC-approved protocols.</li>
	<li>Dissect the fluorescently labeled tumor with a razor blade and tweezers under a fluorescence microscope using sterile technique and place it in 5 mL of 1x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). 
	NOTE: Exact dissection methods will be user-defined and dependent on tumor type and tissue location. See the listed references for detailed procedures for the dissection of different zebrafish organs and brain tumors17,48.</li>
	<li>Manually disrupt the tumor mass using a p1000 pipette until a uniform, cloudy solution develops. Remove large particulates with a pipette tip or using a 40 &#181;m cell strainer (this is tumor-dependent). Centrifuge the suspension at room temperature for 5 min at 290 x g and remove the supernatant. 
	Note: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is not performed to isolate tumor cells. This allows for the transplantation of a heterogeneous population of stromal, immune, and tumor cells.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the tumor cell pellet in 100 &#181;L of sterile PBS and transfer it to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. Take 5 &#181;L of the cell suspension and dilute it in 250 &#181;L of PBS. Count the number of cells using a hemocytometer. Centrifuge the suspension for 3 min at 290 x g, remove the supernatant, and resuspend the pellet in sterile PBS to obtain the desired cell concentration. 
	NOTE: Typically, cells resuspended in 30-40 &#181;L of sterile PBS yield a solution that is viscous and opaque (cell concentration&#160;&#8805;100 cells/nL) and tend to generate the most successful transplants. Cell viability is not assessed.</li>
	<li>Store the tumor suspension on a 28 &#176;C heat block during the transplantation procedure.</li>
</ol>
4. Injecting the Tumor Suspension into the Fourth Ventricle of a 2-dpf Embryo
<ol>
	<li>Transfer 10-20 anesthetized embryos (from step 2.4) to the periphery of the injection plate using a transfer pipette; the embryos should fall laterally onto the injection plate, with the ventricles clearly visible and accessible. Use an angled probe to adjust the embryos as needed and position them away from the outer edge of the injection plate.</li>
	<li>Load 1-2 &#181;L of the tumor cell suspension into the injection needle using gel loading pipette tips and insert the needle into the manipulator.</li>
	<li>Manually lower the manipulator, holding the needle at a 45&#176; angle. Adjust the knobs on the micromanipulator in the x, y, and z directions until the needle is just above and approximately 5 mm to the right of the embryo head. Look through the eyepieces of the stereomicroscope and slowly adjust the micromanipulator in the x-direction until the needle pierces the fourth ventricle of the embryo. Do not allow the needle to pierce the heart or the yolk.
	<ol>
		<li>Push the foot pedal attached to the microinjector to inject the tumor cell suspension. 
		NOTE: The injection pressure and time will vary based on needle bore size, but a good starting point is 5 - 10 PSI and 50 - 100 ms. The volume of injected tumor cells can be assessed with standard oil drop techniques through injection into mineral oil, if desired49. Injections of 500 pL with a drop diameter of 0.1 mm typically give the best results.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Gently rinse the injected embryos off the injection plate and into a petri dish using fresh egg water. Maintain the embryos in egg water for the remaining procedures or until they are grown in tanks (as described in step 4.9.1).</li>
	<li>Inspect the injected embryos under a fluorescence stereomicroscope. Confirm that the injection pressure, angle, needle size, and cell suspension viscosity result in tumor cells filling 25-50% of the ventricle space. Adjust these parameters as necessary.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 4.1-4.5 for any remaining embryos. Anesthetize the additional embryos as needed (described in step 2.4). 
	NOTE: An experienced user can inject up to 300 embryos over 3-4 h.</li>
	<li>Place the embryos back in the 28 &#176;C incubator overnight.</li>
	<li>The next day, assess embryo survival by examining morphological and physiological features, such as normal heart and brain development, as described45.</li>
	<li>For screening, anesthetize the embryos, as described in step 2.4, at 1 day post-transplant (dpt).
	<ol>
		<li>Use a transfer pipette to add 4% methylcellulose onto the middle of a petri dish and add the embryos to the methylcellulose drop. Orient the embryos (ventral side facing the light source) using an angled probe and screen for a consistent engraftment size using a fluorescence microscope. Remove any embryos with tumor cells not confined to the ventricle or those that contain tumor cells emcompassing less than 25% of the ventricle space. 
		Note: Consistent engraftment is defined as embryos with a single tumor mass that encompasses 25-50% of the ventricle space17. For screening purposes, use a fluorescence stereomicroscope with a 1X objective, a 0.15 numerical aperture, a magnification ranging from 0.7-1.6X, and an exposure time of 50 ms to 1 s. For all images, utilize the bright-field channel in addition to either the GFP or RFP channel.</li>
		<li>For maintenance of tumors, place the transplanted embryos in tanks to grow45 at 8 dpf (6 dpt).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Imaging Transplanted Embryos for Cellular Behaviors
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize the embryos at 3-8 dpf (1-6 dpt) and mount (dorsal side facing the coverslip) in 1.2% low-melt agarose. Perform time-lapse imaging of the mounted embryos using a laser-scanning confocal microscope for the desired length of time to visualize cellular behaviors, such as migration, cell division, or cell-cell interactions, as needed38,43,53. 
	NOTE: Use an aspect ratio of 1,024 x 1,024, a scan speed of 8 &#181;s/pixel. Employ scan averaging and define the z-depth dimensions to ensure the capture of the entire tumor mass (1,000-1,500 &#181;m). Additionally, perform 4-h time-lapse experiments, acquiring an image every 10-15 min using a 40x objective, to monitor invasive behaviors. The detector sensitivity will vary depending upon the intensity of the tumor mass, and the laser power will be microscope-dependent, but it is generally recommended to be between 15 and 40%.</li>
	<li>Once the imaging is complete, free the mounted embryo from the agarose using an angled probe and transfer it to a petri dish with fresh egg water.</li>
</ol>
6. Drug Administration to Transplanted Embryos and the Assessment of Tumor Burden17
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize embryos at 3 dpf and orient them in 4% methylcellulose, with the ventral side facing the light source. Image the pre-treatment embryos using a fluorescence microscope17.</li>
	<li>Place the transplanted embryos at 3 dpf in a 12-well plate, with 10 embryos per well in 0.5 mL of egg water. Add the appropriate amount of drug to obtain the desired final concentration (e.g., 50 &#181;M MEK inhibitor) and return the embryos to a 28 &#176;C incubator. The next day, remove the drug-treated egg water with a thin-bore transfer pipette and add fresh treatment. Repeat this daily until the embryos reach 8 dpf.</li>
	<li>At 8 dpf, remove the embryos from drug treatment and place them in fresh egg water. Anesthetize the embryos and orient (ventral side facing the light source) in 4% methylcellulose. Image embryos post-treatment using a fluorescence microscope. Quantify the tumor area using appropriate software, as described17.</li>
	<li>Separate the embryos as appropriate per treatment and place them in tanks to grow. After 4-9 weeks, anesthetize the fish and assess them for overall tumor burden using a standard fluorescence stereomicroscope, as described17.</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

This protocol details a simple and efficient transplantation assay that involves the injection of zebrafish tumor cells into the ventricle of a 2-dpf embryo that will develop a fully competent immune system. So far, zebrafish CNS-PNET17 and melanoma (data not shown) have been successfully transplanted for long-term studies of tumor cell behavior and invasion. The critical steps of this protocol include ensuring the appropriate needle bore size and the proper tumor cell suspension and adequately anesthetizing host embryos. For each individual researcher, further optimization of this technique may include the adjustment of tumor cell concentration, injection pressure, and embryo orientation. In addition, there can be heterogeneity in the viscosity of suspensions originating from different tumors, so different tumor types may be more or less difficult to re-suspend and transplant. However, by adjusting the needle bore size and by using different dilutions of the tumor suspension, it is possible to overcome difficulties associated with tumor viscosities.
In our experience, the most common reasons for sparse cells/inconsistent cell masses in the ventricle are as follows: 1) the tumor cell suspension is too dilute; 2) the needle bore size is too small; 3) the injection time and pressure are too low; and/or 4) remaining tissue were not filtered from the tumor and are lodged in the needle. When the tumor cell suspension flows out of the ventricle after injection, it is likely due to: 1) the placement of the needle against the floor of the ventricle; 2) a high injection pressure and time; and/or 3) a needle bore size that is too large. Low survival of transplanted embryos may be caused by: 1) anesthetizing embryos for an extended period of time; 2) leaving embryos on the injection plate to dry; 3) the injection of air bubbles into the ventricle; and/or 4) piercing vital organs, such as the brain and heart, because the needle went through the ventricle.
Previous methods of tumor transplantation in the adult or embryonic zebrafish brain rely upon immunosuppression in adults (genetically, pharmacologically, or via radiation) or are limited to short-term studies of human or mouse cells in embryos38,43,52,53,54. For example, mouse brain tumors can be injected intranasally into dexamethasone-immunosuppressed, 30-dpf, juvenile zebrafish for use in short term (~ 2 days) pre-clinical drug assays54. However, the site of injection in these experiments is obscured by the skull and brain tissue and likely results in damage to normal brain tissue, which reduces host viability and engraftment efficiency. Another recently described method involves the injection of human glioblastoma cell lines into the midbrain region of zebrafish embryos, which enabled the short-term analysis of growth, invasion, and drug response43. Again, the precise location of the injection site is variable and likely damages normal tissue. Thus, previous methods of embryonic brain transplantations often compromise the viability of the hosts, limiting these studies to short-term analysis (i.e., 2 to 14 days), causing increased variability between individual injections due to obscured injection sites, and preventing the long-term analysis of cell behaviors and drug responses or of re-transplantation across multiple generations.
The method described here addresses current limitations in zebrafish embryonic and immune-compromised transplantation techniques by allowing researchers to: 1) reproducibly inject into the same location, with minimal damage to surrounding tissue; 2) directly visualize the site of injection to maximize engraftment efficiency; 3) transplant hundreds of embryos per day; 4) allow tumors to grow in immune-competent animals; 5) allow for the monitoring of tumor cell behavior and durable drug responses over the life of the zebrafish; and 6) allow for the re-transplantation of tumors over many generations for potential studies on tumor evolution or drug relapse mechanisms. Furthermore, this protocol enables researchers to utilize any zebrafish genotype for the assessment of host response, including different immune populations. These attributes make this method easily adaptable by any lab that already performs standard microinjections in zebrafish. Finally, while this method is ideal for orthotopic injections of zebrafish brain tumors, when transplanting other tumor types, such as liver or pancreatic, the orthotopic site may be more important than immune competence (e.g., if a researcher is studying the effects of the stromal microenvironment on tumor growth). In this scenario, the newly developed, immune-deficient zebrafish models may be more appropriate for performing orthotopic tumor transplantations11.
This protocol has been used to perform tumor cell competition assays and to inject dual-labeled tumors. A potential treatment strategy for the assessment of the effectiveness of chemical compounds on tumorigenesis, which involves the treatment of embryos post-transplant via the addition of the drug to water, was also discussed. A method for the ex vivo treatment of tumor cells prior to transplantation was also previously reported17. Additionally, transplanted tumors have been pooled for multiple rounds of re-transplantation, which will be beneficial to studies of tumor evolution and chemoresistance17. Currently, pre-clinical studies are dependent on mouse xenografts to assess the efficacy of potential compounds. However, these studies are time-consuming and costly. Considering the high degree of conservation of oncogenic signaling pathways between zebrafish and humans28, it is to be expected that this method will complement conventional mouse and human cell studies to allow for the more rapid identification of effective compounds entering pre-clinical and clinical trials. Ultimately, this method could prove to be useful for the rapid chemical screening of primary patient tumors, which could further propel the personalized medicine initiative. However, conditions for the long-term growth of human cells in zebrafish (adult or embryo) still need to be identified.

The transplantation of tumor cells into immune-compromised animals, particularly mouse xenografts, is a widely-used technique used to study mechanisms controlling cancer cell proliferation1,2, survival, invasion, and metastasis3,4, as well as to provide a platform for screening drugs5,6,7. More recently, the transplantation of primary tumor samples into immune-compromised mice has been used to generate patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models for diagnostic and preclinical drug screening purposes and is the backbone of the personalized medicine initiative8,9,10,11. However, significant evidence shows that modulating the immune system can have a dramatic impact on tumor behavior and patient outcome12,13. This has driven the redesign of xenograft-based techniques to include &#34;humanized&#34; mice, in which the immune system of the mouse is reconstituted by co-transplanting human immune cells with tumor cells. However, this approach is still technically challenging, with variable reproducibility and toxicities associated with the technique, in addition to the significant cost14,15. Thus, new transplantation techniques in immune-competent animals are needed to accelerate the discovery of immune- and tumor-specific mechanisms of cancer progression and drug response.
Zebrafish are an alternative animal model for the study of human cancer, with over 20 cancer models now established16, including highly malignant brain17, melanoma18,19,20, and pancreatic cancers21,22, as well as many leukemias23,24,25,26,27. Two attributes of the zebrafish system make it particularly amenable for cancer research: 1) the optical clarity of translucent animals allows for the direct visualization of cancer cell behaviors (i.e., proliferation, survival, invasion, and dissemination) using simple microscopy techniques and 2) female zebrafish can produce up to 200 embryos per day, allowing for the rapid scaling of animal numbers for genetic or drug screening at a low cost. In addition, the cancer genomes of zebrafish and humans are highly conserved (including oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes)28, allowing mechanistic and drug discoveries to be rapidly translated to mammalian systems. These attributes also make the zebrafish an ideal animal model for transplantation techniques, which take advantage of the imaging, scalability, and low cost of the system.
Previous tumor transplantation studies in immune-compromised zebrafish have facilitated the identification of self-renewal capabilities, tumor malignancy, and invasion/dissemination11,29. Short-term studies of tumor cell behavior can be conducted following transplantation into &#947;-irradiated adults, whose immune systems are effectively suppressed for ~20 days11,30. The treatment of adult zebrafish with dexamethasone suppresses B- and T-cells for up to 30 days before rejection occurs31. Another less common strategy employs clonal zebrafish strains that enable long-term investigations in an immune-competent host32. However, only a limited number of clonal strains have been generated and are difficult to maintain due to low fecundity. In addition, most of the established zebrafish tumor models are generated in other genetic backgrounds, so these tumors cannot be transplanted into the clonal strains without suppressing the immune system11,33,34. More recent approaches to improve long-term transplantation studies include the development of the rag2E450fs mutant line, with compromised B- and T-cell functions, which has been used to successfully transplant multiple cancers35,36. To circumvent the requirement for clonal zebrafish lines or an immune-compromised host, a number of groups have used early-stage embryos (i.e., &#62;72 h post-fertilization (hpf)) for human tumor cell transplantation, as these embryos have not yet fully developed an adaptive immune system37,38,39,40,41,42,43. However, these methods are limited to the short-term analysis of tumor cell behavior or drug response (usually less than 2 weeks) because the human cancer cells or the transplantation technique itself kills the host, preventing long-term studies and re-transplantation.
This protocol details a modified embryonic transplantation method into the lumen of the fourth ventricle of a 2-day-post-fertilization (dpf) embryo brain. It minimizes toxicity to the host and can be combined with zebrafish brain tumor models for the long-term engraftment of tumor cells. Thus, this technique allows for the re-transplantation of tumor cells into new hosts over many generations, facilitating future studies on tumor heterogeneity, host/immune responses, drug responses, or metastatic potential. This method is also simple, efficient, and scalable, as up to 300 transplantations can be performed by a single user per day, with up to 90% engraftment. This allows for the rapid propagation of single primary tumors into hundreds of embryos at 2 dpf for genetic or drug screening projects or to directly visualize brain tumor cell behavior in different host backgrounds over many months.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Egg water</td><td>in house</td><td></td><td>maintaining embryos, making injection plate&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Methylene Blue&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M9140</td><td>add to egg water to prevent fungal growth</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>FB0875711Z&amp;nbsp;</td><td>housing embryos, making injection plate</td></tr><tr><td>50 mL&amp;nbsp; beaker (2 inch diameter)</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>making injection plate</td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Denville</td><td>CA3510-8</td><td>making injection plate</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Container</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>making injection plate</td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11295-10</td><td>tumor dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Razor Blade</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>12640</td><td>needle preparation, tumor dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Glass slide wrapped in parafilm</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>needle preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline 1x, pH 7.4</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10010023</td><td>tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>Cell strainer, 40 &amp;micro;m</td><td>Corning Falcon</td><td>352340</td><td>tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>1,000 &amp;micro;L filter tips</td><td>any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;micro;L filter tips</td><td>any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>50 mL conical tubes</td><td>Genesee Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>21-108</td><td>tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>15 mL conical tubes</td><td>Genesee Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>21-103&amp;nbsp;</td><td>tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>1.7 mL microtubes</td><td>Genesee Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>24-281</td><td>tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipettes</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>tumor resuspension and transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Glass capillary (no filament)</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>&amp;nbsp;TW120-4</td><td>tumor transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Needle puller</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>P-97</td><td>tumor transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Microloader tips</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>930001007</td><td>tumor transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Microinjector</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>PLI-90</td><td>tumor transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Tricaine-S (MS-222)</td><td>Western Chemical</td><td>TRS1</td><td>tumor transplantation, anesthetic</td></tr><tr><td>Angled Probe</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10140-02</td><td>embryo manipulation</td></tr><tr><td>Transfer Pipette</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>embryo manipulation</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5810R</td><td>required during tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5424</td><td>required during tumor resuspension</td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZ61</td><td>tumor transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent Stereomicroscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX16</td><td>imaging tumor transplants</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope Camera</td><td>Olympus</td><td>DP-72</td><td>imaging tumor transplants</td></tr><tr><td>Methylcellulose&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M7140</td><td>imaging tumor transplants</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>maintaining embryos, warming up injection plate</td></tr><tr><td>Microwave</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>making injection plate</td></tr><tr><td>Scale</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>making injection plate</td></tr><tr><td>Gloves</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>all aspects of the protocol</td></tr><tr><td>Low Melt Agarose</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>confocal imaging of embryos</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Bottom Dish</td><td>Mattek Corporation</td><td>P35G-1.0-20-C</td><td>confocal imaging of embryos</td></tr><tr><td>Laser-scanning confocal microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>FLUOVIEW FV1200</td><td>confocal imaging of embryos</td></tr><tr><td>Pronase</td><td>Roche Diagnostics</td><td>11459643001</td><td>dechorionate embryos</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>resuspend tumor/tumor cells</td></tr><tr><td>12-well plate</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>drug treatment of embryos</td></tr><tr><td>Thin-bore transfer pipette</td><td>Any commercial brand</td><td></td><td>drug treatment of embryos</td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td>Any commericial brand</td><td></td><td>For counting tumor cells in suspension</td></tr><tr><td>N2</td><td>Any commericial brand</td><td></td><td>For microinjector set up</td></tr></tbody></table>

transplantation of zebrafish pediatric brain tumors into immune-competent hosts for long-term study of tumor cell behavior and drug response

Tumor cell transplantation is an important technique to define the mechanisms controlling cancer cell growth, migration, and host response, as well as to assess potential patient response to therapy. Current methods largely depend on using syngeneic or immune-compromised animals to avoid rejection of the tumor graft. Such methods require the use of specific genetic strains that often prevent the analysis of immune-tumor cell interactions and/or are limited to specific genetic backgrounds. An alternative method in zebrafish takes advantage of an incompletely developed immune system in the embryonic brain before 3 days, where tumor cells are transplanted for use in short-term assays (i.e., 3 to 10 days). However, these methods cause host lethality, which prevents the long-term study of tumor cell behavior and drug response. This protocol describes a simple and efficient method for the long-term orthotopic transplantation of zebrafish brain tumor tissue into the fourth ventricle of a 2-day-old immune-competent zebrafish. This method allows: 1) long-term study of tumor cell behaviors, such as invasion and dissemination; 2) durable tumor response to drugs; and 3) re-transplantation of tumors for the study of tumor evolution and/or the impact of different host genetic backgrounds. In summary, this technique allows cancer researchers to assess engraftment, invasion, and growth at distant sites, as well as to perform chemical screens and cell competition assays over many months. This protocol can be extended to studies of other tumor types and can be used to elucidate mechanisms of chemoresistance and metastasis.

Tumor transplantation and engraftment
A schematized outline of the procedure is represented in Figure 1. Fluorescently labeled tumor cells are extracted from the primary organ site, and a single-cell suspension is generated for transplantation into the fourth ventricle of 2-dpf mitfa w2 zebrafish embryos44. Figure 2 shows the representative results for this method using a zebrafish model of central nervous system primitive neural ectodermal tumor (CNS-PNET), in which the sox10 promoter drives expression of wildtype NRAS or activated NRAS fused to mCherry in p53-deficient oligoneural precursor cells17. The mitfa w2 zebrafish44 mutant, which lacks melanophores, were used to more readily visualize the tumor cells after transplantation and/or into adulthood. Other pigment mutants could also be used to provide additional imaging clarity, such as Casper50. As early as 24 h post-transplantation, tumor cells can be seen invading into surrounding brain tissue (Figure 2A, 3 dpf, arrows). Tumor grafts continue to grow in the ventricle and surrounding brain tissue over the next week (Figure 2A, 8 dpf). At this time, fluorescence can also be observed in the region of the kidneys (Figure 2A, asterisks). This may be due to the kidneys filtering the cellular debris from the transplantation, which is consistent with prior studies that use fluorescent dyes as an assay to evaluate kidney function51. Tumor cells continue to proliferate and invade, so by 28 dpf, a tumor mass can be seen throughout the zebrafish brain (Figure 2A, 28 dpf).
This technique allows for the rapid transplantation of tumor cells into hundreds of embryos with reproducible consistency, as the injection site can be targeted accurately with minimal damage to the host. A representative group of embryos transplanted with mCherry-labeled brain tumor cells is shown in the top panel of Figure 2B. Tumor engraftment is typically achieved in 80-90% of embryos, and tumor transplants persist into adulthood; three representative examples are shown in the bottom panels of Figure 2B. This allows for the tumor transplants to be harvested and frozen or re-transplanted over several generations.
Tumor invasion and drug responses
Figure 3A shows a co-transplantation scheme in which two different tumors labeled with either GFP (Tumor A) or mCherry (Tumor B) are harvested by whole-tumor dissociation (note that FACS is not used here, but FACS-sorted tumor cells could be used if needed). Tumor A and B can be from different locations, induced with different oncogenes, or induced in different genetic backgrounds. Each tumor is processed into a single-cell suspension, and tumor cells are then mixed together at a 1:1 ratio and transplanted into the 2-dpf embryo. Tumor properties, such as engraftment, growth, invasion, and dissemination of Tumor A versus Tumor B can then be observed in the same host that allows internal controls for the technique and genetic background.
In Figure 3B, an NRAS-driven, mCherry-labeled zebrafish CNS-PNET from the optic tectum and an GFP-labeled CNS-PNET from the cerebellum were harvested and processed into single-cell suspensions. Cells were counted, and an equal number of cells from each tumor were mixed together and transplanted into 2-dpf embryos. Four days after transplantation, the embryos were imaged with confocal microscopy. Shown is a representative embryo demonstrating that the tectum tumor cells (red) migrate more extensively into the host brain (arrows) than the cerebellar tumor.
Embryos transplanted with fluorescently labeled tumor cells can be used in drug treatment regimens to identify compounds that inhibit tumor growth. Figure 3C is a typical timeline for treating and imaging tumor transplants. 24 h post-transplantation, embryos are accessed for consistent engraftment size and split into treatment groups. In the provided example, embryos transplanted with NRAS-driven, mCherry-labeled zebrafish CNS-PNETs are treated with 50 &#181;M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or MEK inhibitor (AZD6244). Embryos are treated for 5 days and imaged at 8 dpf, as outlined in Figure 3C. Figure 3D (left panels) shows representative animals from the two treatment groups. MEK inhibitor-treated embryos have a significantly lower amount of fluorescence than those treated with DMSO, as described17. After the animals are imaged, they are transferred to tanks without drugs and monitored for tumor growth for two months. In the provided example, the MEK inhibitor treatment results in a durable response in the adult fish (Figure 3D, right panels). For further details on the drug treatment, imaging, and quantification, see reference17.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55712/55712fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Protocol Schematic of Tumor Cell Transplantation into the Fourth Ventricle of 2-dpf Zebrafish Embryos. General schematic of sections 3 through 4 of the protocol including alternative endpoint analyses (sections 4.9-6). <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55712/55712fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55712/55712fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Tumor Engraftment and Progression. (A) Zebrafish primary CNS-PNET17 tumor cells labeled with mCherry were transplanted into the fourth ventricle of 2-dpf embryos. At 3 dpf, tumor cells are seen invading into surrounding brain tissue (arrows). At 8 dpf, tumor cells are growing in the ventricle; red tumor cells are also present in the surrounding brain tissue and kidneys (asterisks). At 28 dpf, tumors cells have invaded and grow throughout the host brain. (B) Top panel. Seven 3-dpf embryos transplanted with mCherry-labeled zebrafish brain tumor cells. Tumor cells can be transplanted consistently into hundreds of embryos, with high engraftment rates (i.e., typically 85/100 embryos). Middle and bottom panels. Three representative adult fish with transplanted tumors 4-8 weeks post-fertilization (wpf). Tumors can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55712/55712fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55712/55712fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Comparing Tumor Invasion and Drug Response. (A) CNS-PNETs17 from the optic tectum or cerebellum are labeled with mCherry or GFP, respectively, processed into a single-cell suspension, mixed together at a 1:1 ratio, and co-transplanted into 2-dpf embryos. (B) A 6-dpf embryo co-transplanted with a mixed suspension of GFP-labeled cerebellar tumor cells and mCherry-labeled tumor cells from the optic tectum. Differences in the invasive properties of each tumor in the same recipient can be observed using fluorescence microscopy. In this example, mCherry-labeled tumor cells migrate more extensively than those labeled with GFP (arrows). (C) Timeline for drug treatment on embryos transplanted with tumor cells. (D) Images of representative animals at the end of the treatment regimen (8 dpf) and at 8 weeks post-treatment (8 wpf), with either a DMSO control or a 50 &#181;M MEK inhibitor. Tumor burden can be measured by quantifying fluorescence, as described17. In this experiment, the growth of mCherry-labeled tumor cells is reduced in MEK inhibitor-treated embryos and translates into a durable response in the adult. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55712/55712fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response at JoVE.com

Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response

The transplantation of cancer cells is an important tool for the identification of cancer mechanisms and therapeutic responses. Current techniques depend on immune-incompetent animals. Here, we describe a method to transplant zebrafish tumor cells into immune-competent embryos for the long-term analysis of tumor cell behavior and in vivo drug responses.

Tumor cell transplantation is an important technique to define the mechanisms controlling cancer cell growth, migration, and host response, as well as to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

11.4K Views.  University of Utah School of Medicine. The transplantation of cancer cells is an important tool for the identification of cancer mechanisms and therapeutic responses. Current techniques depend on immune-incompetent animals. Here, we describe a method to transplant zebrafish tumor cells into immune-competent embryos for the long-term analysis of tumor cell behavior and in vivo drug responses.

Video: Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response

Invasive Behavior of Human Breast Cancer Cells in Embryonic Zebrafish

In many cases, cancer patients do not die of a primary tumor, but rather because of metastasis. Although numerous rodent models are available for studying cancer metastasis in vivo, other efficient, reliable, low-cost models are needed to quickly access the potential effects of (epi)genetic changes or pharmacological compounds. As such, we illustrate and explain the feasibility of xenograft models using human breast cancer cells injected into zebrafish embryos to support this goal. Under the microscope, fluorescent proteins or chemically labeled human breast cancer cells are transplanted into transgenic zebrafish embryos, Tg (fli:EGFP), at the perivitelline space or duct of Cuvier (Doc) 48 h after fertilization. Shortly afterwards, the temporal-spatial process of cancer cell invasion, dissemination, and metastasis in the living fish body is visualized under a fluorescent microscope. The models using different injection sites, i.e., perivitelline space or Doc are complementary to one another, reflecting the early stage (intravasation step) and late stage (extravasation step) of the multistep metastatic cascade of events. Moreover, peritumoral and intratumoral angiogenesis can be observed with the injection into the perivitelline space. The entire experimental period is no more than 8 days. These two models combine cell labeling, micro-transplantation, and fluorescence imaging techniques, enabling the rapid evaluation of cancer metastasis in response to genetic and pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we describe xenograft zebrafish models using two different injection sites, i.e., perivitelline space and duct of Cuvier, to investigate the invasive behavior and to assess the intravasation and extravasation potential of human breast cancer cells, respectively.

In many cases, cancer patients do not die of a primary tumor, but rather because of metastasis. Although numerous rodent models are available for studying ...

In Vivo Imaging and Quantitation of the Host Angiogenic Response in Zebrafish Tumor Xenografts

Tumor angiogenesis is a key target of anti-cancer therapy and this method has been developed to provide a new model to study this process in vivo. A zebrafish xenograft is created by implanting mammalian tumor cells into the perivitelline space of two days-post-fertilization zebrafish embryos, followed by measuring the extent of the angiogenic response observed at an experimental endpoint up to two days post-implantation. The key advantage to this method is the ability to accurately quantitate the zebrafish host angiogenic response to the graft. This enables detailed examination of the molecular mechanisms as well as the host vs tumor contribution to the angiogenic response. The xenografted embryos can be subjected to a variety of treatments, such as incubation with potential anti-angiogenesis drugs, in order to investigate strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. The angiogenic response can also be live-imaged in order to examine more dynamic cellular processes. The relatively undemanding experimental technique, cheap maintenance costs of zebrafish and short experimental timeline make this model especially useful for the development of strategies to manipulate tumor angiogenesis.

The aim of this method is to generate an in vivo model of tumor angiogenesis by xenografting mammalian tumor cells into a zebrafish embryo that has fluorescently-labelled blood vessels. By imaging the xenograft and associated vessels, a quantitative measurement of the angiogenic response can be obtained.

Tumor angiogenesis is a key target of anti-cancer therapy and this method has been developed to provide a new model to study this process in vivo. A ...

Drug Screening of Primary Patient Derived Tumor Xenografts in Zebrafish

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the standard in the field, but zebrafish have emerged as an alternative model with several advantages, including the ability for high-throughput and low-cost drug screening. Zebrafish also allow for in vivo drug screening with large replicate numbers that were previously only obtainable with in vitro systems. The ability to rapidly perform large scale drug screens may open up the possibility for personalized medicine with rapid translation of results back to clinic. Zebrafish xenograft models could also be used to rapidly screen for actionable mutations based on tumor response to targeted therapies or to identify new anti-cancer compounds from large libraries. The current major limitation in the field has been quantifying and automating the process so that drug screens can be done on a larger scale and be less labor-intensive. We have developed a workflow for xenografting primary patient samples into zebrafish larvae and performing large scale drug screens using a fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit and automated sampler unit. This method allows for standardization and quantification of engrafted tumor area and response to drug treatment across large numbers of zebrafish larvae. Overall, this method is advantageous over traditional cell culture drug screening as it allows for growth of tumor cells in an in vivo environment throughout drug treatment, and is more practical and cost-effective than mice for large scale in vivo drug screens.

Zebrafish xenograft models allow for high-throughput drug screening and fluorescent imaging of human cancer cells in an in vivo microenvironment. We developed a workflow for large scale, automated drug screening on patient-derived leukemia samples in zebrafish using an automated fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit.

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the ...

Generation of Zebrafish Larval Xenografts and Tumor Behavior Analysis

Zebrafish larval xenografts are being widely used for cancer research to perform in vivo and real-time studies of human cancer. The possibility of rapidly visualizing the response to anti-cancer therapies (chemo, radiotherapy, and biologicals), angiogenesis and metastasis with single cell resolution, places the zebrafish xenograft model as a top choice to develop preclinical studies.

The zebrafish larval xenograft assay presents several experimental advantages compared to other models, but probably the most striking is the reduction of size scale and consequently time. This reduction of scale allows single cell imaging, the use of a relatively low number of human cells (compatible with biopsies), medium-high-throughput drug screenings, but most importantly enables a significant reduction of the time of the assay. All these advantages make the zebrafish xenograft assay extremely attractive for future personalized medicine applications.

Many zebrafish xenograft protocols have been developed with a wide diversity of human tumors; however, a general and standardized protocol to efficiently generate zebrafish larval xenografts is still lacking. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol, with tips to generate xenografts and guidelines for tumor behavior analysis, whole-mount immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging quantification.

Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol, with tips to generate xenografts and guidelines for tumor behavior analysis, whole-mount immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging quantification.

Zebrafish larval xenografts are being widely used for cancer research to perform in vivo and real-time studies of human cancer. The possibility of rapidly ...

Zebrafish Model of Neuroblastoma Metastasis

Zebrafish has emerged as an important animal model to study human diseases, especially cancer. Along with the robust transgenic and genome editing technologies applied in zebrafish modeling, the ease of maintenance, high-yield productivity, and powerful live imaging altogether make the zebrafish a valuable model system to study metastasis and cellular and molecular bases underlying this process in vivo. The first zebrafish neuroblastoma (NB) model of metastasis was developed by overexpressing two oncogenes, MYCN and LMO1, under control of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (d&#946;h) promoter. Co-overexpressed MYCN and LMO1 led to the reduced latency and increased penetrance of neuroblastomagenesis, as well as accelerated distant metastasis of tumor cells. This new model reliably reiterates many key features of human metastatic NB, including involvement of clinically relevant and metastasis-associated genetic alterations; natural and spontaneous development of metastasis in vivo; and conserved sites of metastases. Therefore, the zebrafish model possesses unique advantages to dissect the complex process of tumor metastasis in vivo.

This paper introduces the method of developing, characterizing, and tracking in real-time the tumor metastasis in zebrafish model of neuroblastoma, specifically in the transgenic zebrafish line with overexpression of MYCN and LMO1, which develops metastasis spontaneously.

Zebrafish has emerged as an important animal model to study human diseases, especially cancer. Along with the robust transgenic and genome editing ...

Normal and Malignant Muscle Cell Transplantation into Immune Compromised Adult Zebrafish

Zebrafish have become a powerful tool for assessing development, regeneration, and cancer. More recently, allograft cell transplantation protocols have been developed that permit engraftment of normal and malignant cells into irradiated, syngeneic, and immune compromised adult zebrafish. These models when coupled with optimized cell transplantation protocols allow for the rapid assessment of stem cell function, regeneration following injury, and cancer. Here, we present a method for cell transplantation of zebrafish adult skeletal muscle and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), a pediatric sarcoma that shares features with embryonic muscle, into immune compromised adult rag2E450fs homozygous mutant zebrafish. Importantly, these animals lack T cells and have reduced B cell function, facilitating engraftment of a wide range of tissues from unrelated donor animals. Our optimized protocols show that fluorescently labeled muscle cell preparations from &#945;-actin-RFP transgenic zebrafish engraft robustly when implanted into the dorsal musculature of rag2 homozygous mutant fish. We also demonstrate engraftment of fluorescent-transgenic ERMS where fluorescence is confined to cells based on differentiation status. Specifically, ERMS were created in AB-strain myf5-GFP; mylpfa-mCherry double transgenic animals and tumors injected into the peritoneum of adult immune compromised fish. The utility of these protocols extends to engraftment of a wide range of normal and malignant donor cells that can be implanted into dorsal musculature or peritoneum of adult zebrafish.

Here, we present a protocol for cell transplantation of zebrafish skeletal muscle and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) into adult immune compromised rag2E450fs homozygous mutant zebrafish. This protocol allows for the efficient analysis of regeneration and malignant transformation of muscle cells.

Zebrafish have become a powerful tool for assessing development, regeneration, and cancer. More recently, allograft cell transplantation protocols have ...

Immunology and Infection

Utilizing Larval Zebrafish for Efficient In Vivo Tumor Studies

A Simple, Rapid, and Effective Method for Tumor Xenotransplantation Analysis in Transparent Zebrafish Embryos

In vivo studies of tumor behavior are a staple of cancer research; however, the use of mice presents significant challenges in cost and time. Here, we present larval zebrafish as a transplant model that has numerous advantages over murine models, including ease of handling, low expense, and short experimental duration. Moreover, the absence of an adaptive immune system during larval stages obviates the need to generate and use immunodeficient strains. While established protocols for xenotransplantation in zebrafish embryos exist, we present here an improved method involving embryo staging for faster transfer, survival analysis, and the use of flow cytometry to assess disease burden. Embryos are staged to facilitate rapid cell injection into the yolk of the larvae and cell marking to monitor the consistency of the injected cell bolus. After injection, embryo survival analysis is assessed up to 7 days post injection (dpi). Finally, disease burden is also assessed by marking transferred cells with a fluorescent protein and analysis by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry is enabled by a standardized method of preparing cell suspensions from zebrafish embryos, which could also be used in establishing the primary culture of zebrafish cells. In summary, the procedure described here allows a more rapid assessment of the behavior of tumor cells in vivo with larger numbers of animals per study arm and in a more cost-effective manner.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cancer Therapeutics Using Tumor Xenotransplantation in Zebrafish

We describe a protocol for xenotransplantation into the yolk of transparent zebrafish embryos that is optimized by a simple, rapid staging method. Post-injection analyses include survival and assessing the disease burden of xenotransplanted cells by flow cytometry.

In vivo studies of tumor behavior are a staple of cancer research; however, the use of mice presents significant challenges in cost and time. Here, we ...

Optimized Intravenous Injection in Adult Zebrafish

Intravenous (IV) injection is widely recognized as the most effective and commonly utilized method for achieving systemic delivery of substances in mammalian research models. However, its application in adult zebrafish for drug delivery, stem cell transplantation, and regenerative and cancer studies has been limited due to the challenges posed by their small body size and intricate blood vessels. To overcome these limitations, alternative injection techniques such as intracardiac and retro-orbital (RO) injection have been explored in the past for stem cell transplantation in adult zebrafish. However, these techniques have their drawbacks, including the need for meticulous injection techniques or increased risk of mortality.
In this study, we have developed a refined and optimized IV injection procedure specifically tailored to adult zebrafish, addressing the challenges associated with their unique anatomy. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique, we performed successful IV injections of whole kidney marrow cells from Tg(mpo: EGFP) fish and FITC-dextran dye into adult Casper fish. The subsequent visualization of injected cells and dyes using a fluorescence microscope confirmed their successful delivery and engraftment within the zebrafish. Furthermore, we demonstrated that compared with the intracardiac and RO injections, the IV injection resulted in improved survival rates and engraftment efficiency in treated zebrafish. This approach enables precise delivery and localization of substances and holds great potential for large-scale drug and chemical screening using adult zebrafish. Additionally, the ability to visually track the injected cells and dyes provides invaluable insights into their engraftment, migration, and interactions with host tissues, enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of therapeutic effects and biological processes in zebrafish models.

Here, we present an optimized and effective protocol for the intravenous injection of cells or pharmacological agents into adult zebrafish, resulting in enhanced cell engraftment and increased survival rates of the treated zebrafish.

Intravenous (IV) injection is widely recognized as the most effective and commonly utilized method for achieving systemic delivery of substances in ...

Robust Zebrafish Cell Transplantation for Regeneration and Development Research

High-resolution Cell Transplantation in Embryonic and Larval Zebrafish

Development and regeneration occur by a process of genetically encoded spatiotemporally dynamic cellular interactions. The use of cell transplantation between animals to track cell fate and to induce mismatches in the genetic, spatial, or temporal properties of donor and host cells is a powerful means of examining the nature of these interactions. Organisms such as chick and amphibians have made crucial contributions to our understanding of development and regeneration, respectively, in large part because of their amenability to transplantation. The power of these models, however, has been limited by low genetic tractability. Likewise, the major genetic model organisms have lower amenability to transplantation. 
The zebrafish is a major genetic model for development and regeneration, and while cell transplantation is common in zebrafish, it is generally limited to the transfer of undifferentiated cells at the early blastula and gastrula stages of development. In this article, we present a simple and robust method that extends the zebrafish transplantation window to any embryonic or larval stage between at least 1 and 7 days post fertilization. The precision of this approach allows for the transplantation of as little as one cell with near-perfect spatial and temporal resolution in both donor and host animals. While we highlight here the transplantation of embryonic and larval neurons for the study of nerve development and regeneration, respectively, this approach is applicable to a wide range of progenitor and differentiated cell types and research questions.

Author Spotlight: Mapping Cellular Connectivity in the Zebrafish Nervous System During Development and Regeneration

Here we present a protocol to transplant cells with high spatial and temporal resolution in zebrafish embryos and larvae at any stage between at least 1 and 7 days post fertilization.

Development and regeneration occur by a process of genetically encoded spatiotemporally dynamic cellular interactions. The use of cell transplantation ...

Developmental Biology

Subcutaneous Transplantation Assay: A Method to Transplant Melanoma Cells from a Donor to a Recipient Zebrafish Model

Source: Iyengar, S. et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/50086"> Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model</a>. J. Vis. Exp.(2012)
This video describes the method for transplantation of tumor cells from the melanoma-bearing donor zebrafish model to an immunocompromised recipient Casper zebrafish. It helps to visualize tumor engraftment and proliferation in the recipient fish.

Source: Iyengar, S. et al.  Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model. J. Vis. Exp.(2012)
This video describes the ...