We would like to acknowledge the technical assistance of Kristina Jurcic in the University of Western Ontario MALDI MS facility, as well as the National Sciences and Engineering Council (NSERC) for funding this work. The authors would also like to acknowledge the Caprioli group (Vanderbilt University, TN) and Chaurand group (Universit&#233; de Montreal, QC) for their advice in optimizing the sublimation technique presented in this manuscript.

All animal handling procedures described below adhere to the University of Western Ontario&#39;s animal care committee (2016-014).
1. Tissue Preparation and Sectioning
<ol>
	<li>Extract brain tissue from the rat through a process known as &#34;Fresh Frozen Extraction&#34; (FFE).
	<ol>
		<li>Euthanize the rat with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium and monitor reflexes in the limbs. Once all reflexes have ceased, sever the head of the rat using a guillotine.</li>
		<li>Carefully separate the muscles and other tissues from the skull using a scalpel. Use bone-cutting forceps to break the skull to expose the brain, starting from the base of the skull (foramen magnum) to the anterior portion.</li>
		<li>Once the brain is exposed, carefully scoop it out with a surgical spatula and immediately place on crushed dry ice for flash freezing. 
		NOTE: The brain will be very malleable. Therefore, take extreme care when placing the brain on dry ice. If the brain is crushed or pressed against a surface, it will alter its shape and freeze in that position.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Remove fresh frozen tissue (not perfused with formaldehyde or embedded in OCT) from - 80&#176; C freezer and place on dry ice.</li>
	<li>Place several drops of water on a cryostat holder and place on either dry ice or cryostat freeze bar. Press tissue lightly onto cryostat holder as it begins to freeze and hold until water freezes around the base of the tissue and anchors it in place. Add additional water to further secure the tissue on the holder if necessary. 
	NOTE: Water is used instead of OCT media for mounting tissue in order to avoid contamination of the tissue with compounds which can affect the detection of the desired signal.</li>
	<li>Position tissue in cryostat. Section tissue up to the desired anatomical location. Ensure that the cutting thickness is between 8 - 12 &#181;m. 
	NOTE: When sectioning tissue in communal cryostat devices, it is imperative that separate materials such as blades, brushes, anti-roll bars, and holders be used in order to avoid contamination with embedding compounds. The inside of the cryostat should also be cleaned thoroughly with ethanol before use.</li>
	<li>Using the cryostat anti-roll bar, slowly section flattened tissue sections. Holes or markings on the tissue can occur if the roll bar placement is incorrect or blade is dull. Move the tissue to the center of slicing platform using clean paintbrushes.</li>
	<li>Mounting
	<ol>
		<li>Freeze conductive slides or metal plates by placing them in the cryostat while slicing. When the slide is completely frozen, carefully move the sectioned tissue onto the conductive surface of the slide using clean paintbrushes. Once all tissue sections are positioned correctly on the slide, place a finger under the slide, opposite the tissue, and press until the section thaws. 
		NOTE: Sections may fold or curl during the thawing process when using this mounting method. This can be reduced by keeping the slide in the cryostat when thawing the tissue. If these issues become problematic, an alternative, warm-mount method is listed below.</li>
		<li>Alternatively, take a room temperature Indium-tin Oxide (ITO) slide (or metal plate) and lightly press down on frozen tissue section on the slicing platform surface, conductive side down. This will lead to the tissue section thawing evenly onto the surface of the slide with little curling or folding of the tissue. 
		NOTE: Condensation may appear below the section when mounting using this method which may lead to loss of certain proteins and lipids.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place slides with tissue in a desiccator for 5 - 10 min.</li>
</ol>
2. Sublimator Apparatus Set-up
NOTE: Perform these steps in a fume hood.
<ol>
	<li>Place a sand bath in an aluminum container onto a hot plate, with the hot plate on a metal scissor lift of appropriate surface area (i.e. larger than the hot plate). Turn on the hot plate and set the temperature to 140 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: The melting point for DAN matrix is between 187 - 190 &#176;C. Do not exceed this temperature on the hotplate.
	<ol>
		<li>If the hot plate is equipped with a temperature feedback probe, use it to monitor sand temperature throughout the experiment and ensure temperature consistency. This feature can assist with experiment reproducibility across various sublimation experiments. 
		NOTE: The sand bath should be contained within an aluminum container as a glass container may shatter at high temperatures.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place 300 mg of DAN matrix onto the bottom surface of sublimation apparatus. Place the matrix in the center of the apparatus and spread out in an even layer in the approximate width and length of the slide being sublimated. 
	CAUTION: DAN matrix is toxic. Therefore, it is important wear gloves, masks, and safety goggles at all times when handling the powdered matrix. DAN should be stored in the dark as it is light sensitive.</li>
	<li>Tape a metal plate onto the inner surface of the apparatus with the plate making direct contact with the bottom of the condenser in order to ensure even distribution of temperature cooling across the entire surface of the slide during sublimation. Alternatively, sand the bottom of the condenser to ensure a flat surface.
	<ol>
		<li>Place the tape along the outer edges of the plate and adhere to the sides of the inner glassware. If the tape is placed under the plate and adheres to the bottom of the inner glass surface, the temperature distribution may not be even and could result in uneven matrix distribution across the surface of the slide.</li>
		<li>Tape a blank (test) slide diagonally across the surface of the metal plate with the tape again placed on the outer edges of the slide.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Connect the top and bottom portions of the apparatus, with a rubber O-ring in the middle to ensure a complete seal.</li>
	<li>Place a metal U-joint around the center of the apparatus and tighten vices until the top and bottom half of the apparatus are sealed tightly together. Place in the metal O-ring above the sand bath.</li>
	<li>Take a handful of crushed ice and place it in the condenser. Fill condenser &#188; to &#189; full with cold water to create ice slush. The ice slush will cool the metal plate on the inside of the apparatus and subsequently the slide adhered to it. Wait at least 5 min for the temperature to reach a steady state.</li>
	<li>Pour 300 mL of ethanol in the cold trap container and place the glassware into the container. Drop 2 - 3 small pieces of dry ice into the ethanol in the bottom of the cold trap container. The cold trap input has a glass tube running to the bottom of the cylinder, while the output does not.</li>
	<li>Connect the vacuum pump to the cold trap output using rubber tubing. Use another piece of rubber tubing to connect the cold trap input to the sublimation apparatus. Ensure that the tubing is tightly secured using metal clamps if available.</li>
	<li>Use the vacuum pump to deliver a vacuum of 30 - 50 mT. Allow the pump to run for at least 5 min for pressure equilibration. Vices on U-ring of sublimation apparatus may have to be tightened again once the vacuum pump is turned on because of decreased pressure in the apparatus. 
	NOTE: It is highly recommended that a vacuum gauge be attached to the pump to monitor the pressure of vacuum during the experiment and to test for leaks in pressure in order to achieve the highest possible reproducibility between experiments. However, most pumps are designed to maintain a constant pressure, therefore the gauge may not be essential for experienced users. Additionally, vacuum seal grease can be used to help maintain vacuum pressure.</li>
</ol>
3. Sublimation
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that the sand bath temperature has stabilized at 140 &#176;C and that the apparatus is secured in the metal O-ring above the sand bath with all tubing connected and the vacuum turned on.</li>
	<li>Set timer for 7 min but do not start timer. Slowly raise the scissor lift and sand bath up to the sublimation apparatus until the U-joint of the sublimator is well above the metal O-ring. This extra space allows for adjustment of the apparatus on the sand.
	<ol>
		<li>Quickly press the sublimator gently on the sand surface to ensure that the apparatus is sitting evenly on the sand, and then immediately start the timer.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>When the timer sounds, turn off the vacuum pump and carefully lower the scissor lift until the sublimator is no longer touching the sand bath and is sitting securely in the metal O-ring.
	<ol>
		<li>Slowly loosen the micro-vent valve to release pressure in the apparatus. Loosen the metal clamp around the rubber tubing of the sublimation apparatus and slowly begin to loosen the tube. Once the rubber tube has been loosened slightly, bend the tube to one side to allow residual pressure to escape.</li>
		<li>When ambient pressure returns, carefully remove the rubber tubing from the sublimation apparatus.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Loosen the vices on the U-joint of the apparatus and remove. Carefully separate the two halves of the sublimation apparatus and pull off the slide from the top of the inner glassware. Examine slide to confirm even matrix distribution. 
	NOTE: If matrix is uneven, the powdered matrix in the bottom of the sublimator can be repositioned or the sublimator apparatus can be repositioned in the sand for the next slide. The sublimation process can be repeated several times using the same matrix, however, the matrix will eventually become darker from repeated heat exposure and the quantity of powder will decrease such that the sublimation time will have to be adjusted slightly to compensate. For this reason, it is important to monitor the amount of matrix being sublimated after each experiment to ensure consistency in matrix deposition between slides</li>
	<li>If the distribution and amount of matrix sublimated is sufficient, tape a new slide with tissue onto the inside of the sublimator and repeat Section 3. 
	NOTE: For quality control (QC) purposes, the amount of matrix sublimated can be measured after each experiment by weighing the slide before and after sublimation and dividing the weight of sublimated matrix with the surface area of the slide 2, it should be noted that due to the lack of precision of most scales beyond 4 decimal points and variability between scales, these measurements should be only be used a guide for optimal matrix deposition as opposed to a fully quantifiable means of QC unless a high precision balance is used (see Figure 3).</li>
</ol>
4. Tissue Storage/Rehydration
<ol>
	<li>After sublimation, store slides in a sealed container or small cassette in sealed plastic bag.</li>
	<li>Incubate slides in -20 &#176;C freezer for 2 h&#160;or overnight. 
	NOTE: The goal of the freezing process is to act as a rehydration step for the desorption of tissue materials into the matrix. The freezing process has also been shown to prevent degradation of lipid signals for up to 1 week when stored at -80 &#176;C 12. For this reason, the amount of time the samples are stored in the freezer can be varied to a certain degree to suit the needs of the experimenter without significantly altering signal detection (as observed in our lab). However, we have noticed some discoloration of matrix when samples are frozen for longer than 24 h at -20 &#176;C. Thus, we recommend imaging the sublimated tissue before that time or storing tissue at -80 &#176;C for longer incubation periods.</li>
	<li>Remove slides from freezer (and container) and place in a desiccator for 5 - 10 min.</li>
</ol>
5. Imaging and Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Remove slides from desiccator and apply instrument standards to ensure mass accuracy of MALDI instrument during imaging. The type of standards will vary depending on instrumentation. Standards are generally applied evenly across entire slide, surrounding tissue to be imaged (Figure 3D).</li>
	<li>Insert slide into MALDI instrument and follow manufacturer&#39;s instructions for imaging experiments (instrument methods should be optimized for a 1,000 - 2,000 mass range). Representative result (Figure 4) was acquired in reflectron negative mode with a 70 &#181;m raster and 20 shots/spectrum (acquisition time ~ 2 h).</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hankin, J. A., Barkley, R. M., Murphy, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sublimation+as+a+method+of+matrix+application+for+mass+spectrometric+imaging.">Sublimation as a method of matrix application for mass spectrometric imaging.</a> J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 18, 1646-1652 (2007).</li><li>Thomas, A., Charbonneau, J. L., Fournaise, E., Chaurand, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sublimation+of+new+matrix+candidates+for+high+spatial+resolution+imaging+mass+spectrometry+of+lipids:+enhanced+information+in+both+positive+and+negative+polarities+after+1,5-diaminonapthalene+deposition.">Sublimation of new matrix candidates for high spatial resolution imaging mass spectrometry of lipids: enhanced information in both positive and negative polarities after 1,5-diaminonapthalene deposition.</a> Anal. Chem. 84, 2048-2054 (2012).</li><li>Caughlin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+Expression+of+Simple+Ganglioside+Species+GM2+and+GM3+Detected+by+MALDI+Imaging+Mass+Spectrometry+in+a+Combined+Rat+Model+of+A&#946;+Toxicity+and+Stroke.">Increased Expression of Simple Ganglioside Species GM2 and GM3 Detected by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry in a Combined Rat Model of A&#946; Toxicity and Stroke.</a> PLoS ONE. 10, 0130364 (2015).</li><li>Weishaupt, N., Caughlin, S., Yeung, K., Whitehead, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+Anatomical+Expression+of+Ganglioside+GM1+Species+Containing+d18:1+or+d20:1+Sphingosine+Detected+by+MALDI+Imaging+Mass+Spectrometry+in+Mature+Rat+Brain.">Differential Anatomical Expression of Ganglioside GM1 Species Containing d18:1 or d20:1 Sphingosine Detected by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry in Mature Rat Brain.</a> Front Neuroanatomy. 9 (155), (2015).</li><li>Whitehead, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Mass+Spectrometry+Detection+of+Gangliosides+Species+in+the+Mouse+Brain+following+Transient+Focal+Cerebral+Ischemia+and+Long-Term+Recovery.">Imaging Mass Spectrometry Detection of Gangliosides Species in the Mouse Brain following Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Long-Term Recovery.</a> PLoS ONE. 6 (6), 20808 (2011).</li><li>Fuchs, B., S&#252;&#223;, R., Schiller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+update+of+MALDI-TOF+mass+spectrometry+in+lipid+research.">An update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research.</a> Progress in Lipid Research. 49, 450-475 (2010).</li><li>Barcel&#243;-Coblijn, G., Fern&#225;ndez, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometry+coupled+to+imaging+techniques:+the+better+the+view+the+greater+the+challenge.">Mass spectrometry coupled to imaging techniques: the better the view the greater the challenge.</a> Front Physiol. 6 (3), 1-5 (2015).</li><li>Angel, P. M., Spraggins, J. M., Baldwin, H. S., Caprioli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+sensitivity+for+high+spatial+resolution+lipid+analysis+by+negative+ion+mode+matrix+assisted+laser+desorption+ionization+imaging+mass+spectrometry.">Enhanced sensitivity for high spatial resolution lipid analysis by negative ion mode matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry.</a> Anal. Chem. 84, 1557-1564 (2012).</li><li>Murphy, R. C., Hankin, J. A., Barkley, R. M., Zemski Berry, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MALDI+imaging+of+lipids+after+matrix+sublimation/deposition.">MALDI imaging of lipids after matrix sublimation/deposition.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1811, 970-975 (2011).</li><li>Jaskolla, T. W., Karas, M., Roth, U., Steinert, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+between+vacuum+sublimed+matrices+and+conventional+dried+droplet+preparation+in+MALDI-TOF+mass+spectrometry.">Comparison between vacuum sublimed matrices and conventional dried droplet preparation in MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.</a> J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20, 1104-1115 (2009).</li><li>O'Rourke, M. B., Raymond, B. B., Djordjevic, S. P., Padula, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+versatile+cost-effective+method+for+the+analysis+of+fresh+frozen+tissue+sections+via+matrix-assisted+laser+desorption/ionisation+imaging+mass+spectrometry.">A versatile cost-effective method for the analysis of fresh frozen tissue sections via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation imaging mass spectrometry.</a> Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 29, 637-644 (2015).</li><li>Patterson, N. H., Thomas, A., Chaurand, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+time-dependent+degradation+of+phospholipids+in+sectioned+tissues+by+MALDI+imaging+mass+spectrometry.">Monitoring time-dependent degradation of phospholipids in sectioned tissues by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry.</a> J Mass Spectrom. 49, 622-627 (2014).</li><li>Cheng, H., Sun, G., Yang, K., Gross, R. W., Han, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+desorption/ionization+of+sulfatides+by+MALDI-MS+facilitated+using+9-aminoacridine+as+matrix.">Selective desorption/ionization of sulfatides by MALDI-MS facilitated using 9-aminoacridine as matrix.</a> J. Lipid Res. 51, 1599-1609 (2010).</li><li>Puolitaival, S. M., Burnum, K. E., Cornett, D. S., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent-free+matrix+dry-coating+for+MALDI+imaging+of+phospholipids.">Solvent-free matrix dry-coating for MALDI imaging of phospholipids.</a> J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19, 882-886 (2008).</li><li>Chaurand, P., Cornett, D., Angel, P., Caprioli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Whole-body+Sections+Down+to+Cellular+Level,+Multiscale+Imaging+of+Phospholipids+by+MALDI+Mass+Spectrometry.">From Whole-body Sections Down to Cellular Level, Multiscale Imaging of Phospholipids by MALDI Mass Spectrometry.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 10, (2011).</li><li>Grove, K. J., Frappier, S. L., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+pre-coated+MALDI+MS+targets+for+small+molecule+imaging+in+tissues.">Matrix pre-coated MALDI MS targets for small molecule imaging in tissues.</a> J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 22, 192-195 (2011).</li><li>Yang, J., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+precoated+targets+for+direct+lipid+analysis+and+imaging+of+tissue.">Matrix precoated targets for direct lipid analysis and imaging of tissue.</a> Anal. Chem. 85, 2907-2912 (2013).</li><li>Gemperline, E., Rawson, S., Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+and+comparison+of+multiple+MALDI+matrix+application+methods+for+small+molecule+mass+spectrometric+imaging.">Optimization and comparison of multiple MALDI matrix application methods for small molecule mass spectrometric imaging.</a> Anal. Chem. 86, 10030-10035 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

This work details a standardized protocol of matrix sublimation on tissue for the detection of negatively charged lipids, such as gangliosides, in MALDI IMS experiments. Sample preparation for MALDI IMS is highly variable and must be customized to suit the unique properties of the analyte of interest. The application of matrix onto the tissue sample surface is a crucial aspect of the sample preparation process with regards to the quality of results in IMS. Particular care should be taken when selecting matrices, ensuring that the matrix is compatible with the analyte of interest and is free of matrix-derived artifacts in the spectrum. Sublimation is a dry matrix deposition technique which provides a high degree of matrix crystal homogeneity with little delocalization of lipids on tissue. DAN matrix in particular shows a high degree of sensitivity for the desorption of a group of negatively charged membrane lipids called gangliosides, as demonstrated in rat brain sections, and is stable under vacuum for extended periods of time, allowing for compatibility with the majority of imaging applications. DAN matrix has the additional benefit of also having a high affinity for positively charged lipid species, thus increasing the versatility of this matrix for MALDI IMS applications 2. It should also be noted that multiple lipid species, including phospholipids, can be detected simultaneously when using this IMS protocol.
A thorough examination of the properties of DAN matrix as compared to 9 other commonly used matrices has been previously published 2. In this article, the authors highlight the increased sensitivity of DAN matrix in negative ion mode as compared to the other matrices examined as well as the capability for high resolution imaging using DAN. DAN matrix was found to have the highest overall performance for negative polarity ions. Interestingly, it performed equally well for positive polarity ions. Other common matrices which have demonstrated high affinity for negative polarity ions include DHA, DHB, and 9-AA. The efficiency of DHA as a matrix is limited by its low stability under vacuum which makes it impractical for most imaging applications 2. 9-AA has the benefit of producing low background noise and demonstrated enrichment of sulfatide signals in the 750 - 950 mass range in negative mode compared to DHB matrix 13. Although DHB has been shown to be very effective in positive mode, it yields lower negative polarity ion signal as compared to DAN matrix 2. DAN matrix also demonstrated increased sensitivity in negative ion mode in the lower mass range (650 - 950) compared to DHB 2. Additionally, it has been reported that DHB can form significant matrix clusters in negative ion mode up to 750 Da 2.
Another method of dry matrix deposition has been described by Puolitaival et al., in which ground matrix is passed through a fine sieve and deposited onto the sample surface. The authors compared this dry method of matrix deposition to a wet matrix manual spray technique and found that they gave comparable signal for phospholipids in the 450 - 1,200 mass range 14. One study used both sublimation and dry-coating with a sieve to examine phospholipid expression, however, the authors did not comment on how the two techniques compared in terms of image resolution or ion signal yield 15.
In order to ensure the widest possible range of applicability, the protocol presented was a basic workflow that will allow both new and more specialized users of MALDI IMS to achieve highly reproducible results for a wide variety of lipid imaging applications. However, sublimation protocols can be modified to meet the unique circumstances of the experiment. For example, the fine matrix crystal deposition provided by sublimation allows for the option to reverse the order of sample preparation by pre-coating slides/plates with matrix prior to mounting the tissue. The matrix can be sublimated onto the conductive surface in advance and stored in a dark environment for later use thus reducing sample preparation time post-sectioning while still maintaining high sensitivity for lipid detection 16,17. Another modification that can be made to this protocol to enhance signal for the detection of lipids is a 2 min wash with ammonium formate 8.
Although sublimation can circumvent many of the drawbacks of most wet deposition techniques, such as smaller, more homogenous matrix crystal deposition 1, decreased delocalization of analytes, and low cost as compared to automated sprayers, some variability in the sample preparation process is unavoidable. In the case of sublimation, there are several factors which may cause minute differences from one experiment to another and can include the following which have been observed in our lab. There can be differences in the position of the sublimation apparatus on the sand. When running several sublimation experiments back-to-back, the sand in the sand bath may begin to shift its position which can affect the dispersion of heat throughout the sand bath. Flattening the sand before each round of sublimation can also change the dispersion of heat as sand that has been displaced may take time to return to a uniform temperature. Sublimation time may have to be adjusted slightly between each round to compensate for shifting sand in the sand bath. Alternatively, use of an oil bath may lead to more homogenous heat dispersion.
Secondly, the amount of matrix at the bottom of the sublimator can vary. DAN matrix has a clumpy grey appearance and has a tendency to form large clusters. These clusters can be manually broken up and arranged in the bottom of the sublimator but cannot be completely eliminated. Large clusters of matrix will take longer to heat and sublimate than smaller pieces which can affect the end product of the sublimation.
The vacuum output on the sublimation apparatus is another critical factor. Most sublimators are made with a single vacuum output onto which tubing is attached to connect it to the vacuum pump during sublimation. Because the pressure is being regulated on that side of the apparatus, there may be a slight unevenness of the matrix deposition, with more being deposited on the side with the vacuum output. This can be somewhat compensated for by shifting either the position of the apparatus in the sand, the position of the matrix in the bottom of the sublimator, or by changing the position of the slide/plate on the condenser. These factors are the main drawbacks of the sublimation technique and for this reason it is crucial to run a test slide through the sublimation process before running experimental sample so that time can be adjusted to compensate for these variables.
Another reported drawback of sublimation is that the detection of higher mass analytes is limited by insufficient analyte extraction and/or mixing with matrix. A rehydration step after sublimation can help pull out these higher mass analytes to circumvent this issue. This is typically achieved using a humidity chamber 18. However, in this protocol, a freezing step is added after sublimation which achieves the same purpose. The freezing and subsequent thawing (in a desiccator) of the samples before insertion in the MALDI instrument causes condensation to form on the surface of the sample which temporarily rehydrates the sample to allow for the extraction of higher mass lipids while preserving the tissue for analysis 12,17.
Overall, sublimation is a highly sensitive and cost effective method of matrix application for the detection of lipids in MALDI IMS experiments. Indeed, our group has noticed significant improvements to IMS results when we shifted from using an air-spray method 3 to a sublimation method 4 for matrix deposition. The present protocol is appropriate for a number of lipid imaging applications but can be modified to suit the needs of the experimenter.

Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) is becoming a highly sought after technique for visualization of the spatial distribution of lipids, peptides and proteins across intact sample surfaces. MALDI IMS was previously known as an analytical technique for pre-purified analytes, but in recent years, it has been drawing attention in many other disciplines because of the ability to combine the accuracy of mass spectrometry with high resolution visual/anatomical reference points without the need for any external labelling. As the scientific pool of researchers utilizing this technique continues to grow, there is increased need for standardized, easy-to-follow protocols to assist in the development and optimization of IMS experiments. Gangliosides, a group of membrane lipids highly abundant in the central nervous system, are ideal for MALDI IMS experiments as their location, embedded within the membrane, makes certain species impossible to detect using conventional Immuno-labelling. Additionally, we have shown, using MALDI IMS, that these lipids, which function as modulators of cell signaling, among other things, have unique anatomical distribution patterns in the healthy rodent brain that are altered after brain injury 3,4,5. Gangliosides are located at a higher mass range compared to most lipid species, and are thus most suited to the MALDI imaging platform.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55254/55254fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Workflow of MALDI IMS Experiment. Diagram of the general workflow of a MALDI IMS experiment using sublimation. Tissue frozen at -80 &#176;C is sectioned in a cryostat and 10 &#181;m sections are thaw mounted onto conductive ITO slides. The slide is then placed in a desiccator until sublimation. Slides are inserted into the sublimation apparatus and an even layer of matrix is applied to the tissue sample surface. Samples are frozen overnight in a -20 &#176;C freezer then placed in a desiccator for 10 min. Once standards have been applied, the samples are inserted into the MALDI instrument where a laser is directed across the tissue causing desorbed molecules in the matrix to ionize. The ions travel down a flight tube and separate based on their mass (time-of-flight/TOF) until they reach the detector. The information on the ionic abundance of analytes within a predetermined mass-to-charge (m/z) range is displayed as both a molecular image and mass spectrum. This data can be used to both visualize and quantify the ionic abundance of the analyte of interest within the imaged tissue. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55254/55254fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Sample preparation for MALDI IMS is highly variable as each step of the process must be customized to the analytes of interest. The defining feature of MALDI-based experiments is the use of a matrix coating deposited onto the sample surface prior to analysis. In addition to the role of absorbing and transferring radiation energy from the laser during the ablation process, the matrix also serves to isolate various analytes from the sample, thereby facilitating the analysis of compounds of interest 6,7. Homogenous application of the matrix to the sample surface is the most crucial step in the sample preparation process. Improper matrix deposition can lead to large heterogeneous matrix crystal formations and the development of artifacts, low ion-signal, and poor reproducibility 7.
Due to the affinity of certain matrices to isolate specific analytes, the type of matrix selected for an experiment can significantly alter the outcome. The matrices used for imaging of proteins and peptides often differ from those used for imaging lipids and the process is further complicated by the need for additional procedures such as washing and rehydration steps in order to successfully detect signals from tissue. Although washing steps exist for the enhancement of lipid signals 8, they are not a prerequisite for the detection of most lipid species. When selecting a matrix for a lipid imaging experiment, it is important to consider the polarity of the lipid of interest as this will narrow the range of suitable matrices. For example, gangliosides contain sialic acid residues which give them an overall negative polarity. There are a number of matrices that can effectively desorb and ionize gangliosides from tissue; however, factors such as matrix-derived peaks in the spectrum and stability of the matrix under vacuum must be taken under consideration. 1,5-diaminonapthalene (DAN) matrix is sufficiently stable under instrument vacuum conditions for the majority of imaging applications and has demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity for lipid desorption and can be used for the analysis of lipids in both positive and negative ion modes 2. DAN matrix, when compared to other negative lipid affinity matrices such as dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), and 5-chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole (CMBT), was able to most efficiently desorb gangliosides from rat brain tissue in negative ion mode (manuscript in preparation).
Selecting the appropriate method of matrix deposition is of equal importance to selecting the matrix itself. Wet matrix deposition methods wherein the solid matrix is dissolved in an organic solvent, and deposited by pneumatic or automated sprayers or spotters, are particularly effective for the desorption of proteins and peptides as the liquid permeates the sample to allow for extraction of compounds and co-crystallization with the matrix. Although these techniques can also be used for lipid applications, analyte delocalization and uneven matrix crystal formations are common occurrences due to the high abundance and solubility of lipids in solvents, particularly in tissue 2,9. Because lipids are readily ionized from tissue, dry matrix deposition techniques, such as sublimation, offer a simple, cost effective alternative to sprayers while circumventing many of the drawback of these techniques. The success of sublimation in MALDI IMS experiments is attributed to features such as microcrystalline matrix morphology which increases the surface area for matrix-analyte binding, increased matrix purity, and homogenous matrix deposition leading to increased reproducibility compared to wet matrix techniques 1,10.
Sublimation involves heating a powdered matrix under vacuum immediately below a cooled sample surface resulting in solid to gas-phase transition of the powdered matrix followed by deposition onto the tissue sample surface. During sublimation, matrix deposition can be controlled by varying factors such as time, temperature and pressure to provide highly reproducible results. A single sublimation experiment can take anywhere from 5 to 20 min depending on the type of matrix selected, which can be re-used several times before disposal. The apparatus can be purchased commercially at a fraction of the price of automated sprayers and is easily taken apart for cleaning and maintenance. The low cost and relative simplicity of this matrix deposition technique make it ideal for researchers beginning or expanding upon lipid imaging applications in MALDI IMS. Although information detailing protocols for sublimation of tissues for IMS have been reported 11, few standardized protocols exist which focus on the basic workflow involved with carrying out a sublimation experiment for imaging high mass lipids in negative ion mode, making it difficult to establish the technique without extensive trial and error. The following is an experimental protocol aiming to fill that gap for the sublimation of DAN matrix onto rat brain sections for high resolution imaging and detection of gangliosides.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55254/55254fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Sublimation Apparatus. Photograph (A) and schematic diagram (B) of the sublimation apparatus. The vacuum pump is connected by rubber tubing to a cold trap filled with 300 mL of ethanol. The cold trap is then connected by rubber tubing to the sublimation apparatus. The apparatus is made up of two separate pieces of glassware that are sealed together with a metal U-joint. The top half of the sublimator contains the condenser which is filled with ice slush. The sample plate is taped onto the bottom of the condenser, inside the sealed glass apparatus. The bottom half of the sublimation apparatus contains the DAN matrix, spread out evenly facing the sample plate. During sublimation, the glass apparatus is placed on a sand bath heated to 140 &#176;C by a hot plate directly below it. The temperature probe helps maintain a stable temperature throughout the sublimation experiment through feedback of the sand bath temperature compared to the preset temperature for the experiment. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55254/55254fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sublimator</td><td>Chemglass Life Sciences</td><td>CG3038-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1,5-Diaminonapthalene (DAN) matrix</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D21200&amp;nbsp;</td><td>100 G</td></tr><tr><td>Cryostat</td><td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td><td></td><td>CryoStar NX50</td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate with temperature feedback</td><td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td><td>HP88857290</td><td>Isotemp ADVD 7x7 HP 100 - 120 V</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless Steel Jack</td><td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td><td>2216479</td><td>10x10</td></tr><tr><td>Cold Trap</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom built on site</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum Pump</td><td>Franklin Electric</td><td>1102180403</td><td>Savant VP100 Two Stage</td></tr><tr><td>Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) Slides</td><td>Hudson Surface Technology</td><td>PSI 1111000</td><td>type II, 1.1 mm/25 each</td></tr><tr><td>MALDI TOF/TOF 5800 Instrument</td><td>AB Sciex</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Desiccator</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D2797</td><td>tabletop desiccator</td></tr></tbody></table>

sublimation of dan matrix for the detection and visualization of gangliosides in rat brain tissue for maldi imaging mass spectrometry

Sample preparation is key for optimal detection and visualization of analytes in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) experiments. Determining the appropriate protocol to follow throughout the sample preparation process can be difficult as each step must be optimized to comply with the unique characteristics of the analytes of interest. This process involves not only finding a compatible matrix that can desorb and ionize the molecules of interest efficiently, but also selecting the appropriate matrix deposition technique. For example, a wet matrix deposition technique, which entails dissolving a matrix in solvent, is superior for desorption of most proteins and peptides, whereas dry matrix deposition techniques are particularly effective for ionization of lipids. Sublimation has been reported as a highly efficient method of dry matrix deposition for the detection of lipids in tissue by MALDI IMS due to the homogeneity of matrix crystal deposition and minimal analyte delocalization as compared to many wet deposition methods 1,2. Broadly, it involves placing a sample and powdered matrix in a vacuum-sealed chamber with the samples pressed against a cold surface. The apparatus is then lowered into a heated bath (sand or oil), resulting in sublimation of the powdered matrix onto the cooled tissue sample surface. Here we describe a sublimation protocol using 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) matrix for the detection and visualization of gangliosides in the rat brain using MALDI IMS.

Upon completion of the sublimation experiment, the two halves of the glass apparatus are separated in the fume hood and the slide, taped to the condenser, can be removed (Figure 3A). At this point, the slide should be examined for uneven matrix distribution and the time, temperature, or placement of the apparatus in the sand bath may have to be adjusted for the next slide. A successful DAN sublimation experiment will result in an even coating of grey/brown matrix along the surface of the slide where the anatomical features of the tissue can be clearly visualized and the amount of matrix on the glass slide is similar to the amount on the tissue (Figure 3B). For example, if too much matrix has been sublimated on the tissue, the thickness of the matrix will cover the features of the tissue and only the general shape will be discernable. However, if too little matrix is sublimated, the tissue will have a darker appearance than the rest of the slide (Figure 3C). Both too much and too little matrix will result in poor signal in the MALDI instrument. For quality control purposes, Thomas et al. weighed the amount of matrix deposited on the slide and divided the weight by the surface area of the slide. They reported an optimal amount of matrix deposition for several matrices including DAN (110 &#181;g/cm&#178;) 2. Although most balances lack the precision needed to replicate such results, we have attempted this method of QC; however, due to a high degree of variability, we can only advise a suitable range of matrix deposition found to be associated successful versus unsuccessful sublimation experiments with DAN matrix as determined through signal detection in the instrument. A matrix measurement of below 100 &#181;g/cm&#178; was associated with &#34;too little&#34; matrix conditions while a measurement of above 140 &#181;g/cm&#178; was associated with &#34;too much&#34;. Matrix deposition between 100 and 140 &#181;g/cm&#178; was found to be an optimal quantity for imaging with DAN matrix. Calibrating standards should be applied on the glass slide around the tissue samples to ensure the mass accuracy of the detected IMS signals (Figure 3D)
In a MALDI IMS experiment, the molecular image allows for the visualization of the spatial distribution of the analyte of interest along with any unknown species that may be present in a given mass range. The molecular images of gangliosides in this experiment were overlaid using ImageJ software to show the anatomical distribution of several ganglioside species across the cortical and subcortical regions of the rat brain (Figure 4A). The most abundant gangliosides in the brain are the A-series species GD1a and GM1 but also contain gangliosides GM2 and GM3 which can all be found between the 1,000-2,000 m/z mass range, a higher mass range than most common brain lipids, making these gangliosides easy to identify along the spectrum (Figure 4B). The ionic abundance of each ganglioside species can be used to semi-quantify differences or changes in ganglioside species within the same image. Because a certain amount of variability in sample prep cannot be avoided in IMS, between scan comparisons are considered to be semi-quantitative.
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55254/55254fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. DAN Sublimation. Representative results of sublimation of DAN matrix on rat brain tissue. (A) Upon completion of sublimation, the two halves of the apparatus are separated and the slide is removed from the condenser. (B) DAN matrix spreads evenly across multiple rat brain tissue sections on the surface of the slide to allow for highly reproducible results (between 100 - 150 &#181;g/cm&#178;). (C) Examples of failed sublimation experiments where too little matrix (left - &#60;90 &#181;g/cm&#178;) or too much matrix (right - &#62;150 &#181;g/cm&#178;) was deposited. Too little matrix will result in insufficient desorption of analytes, while too much matrix will not allow the laser to penetrate to the tissue during acquisition, resulting in low ion detection. (D) Slide containing rat brain tissue sections sublimated with DAN matrix and calibration standards applied is ready for insertion into MALDI instrument for imaging. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55254/55254fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55254/55254fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4. MALDI IMS of Gangliosides in the Rat Brain. Representative MALDI IMS molecular image and mass spectrum of gangliosides in the rat brain after sublimation with DAN matrix. The molecular image is a composite of multiple ganglioside species in the spectrum overlaid and pseudocolored using Image J software to show the unique anatomical distribution of ganglioside species throughout the brain. Species GM1d18:1 (red, mass ~1,547 Da), GM1d20:1 (green, mass ~1,573 Da), GM3d18:1 (blue, mass ~1,178 Da), and GM3d20:1 (teal, mass ~1,207 Da) are represented. The mass spectrum displays ionic abundance of analytes within a 1,000 - 2,000 mass range. The major A-series gangliosides are labelled along the spectrum. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55254/55254fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sublimation of DAN Matrix for the Detection and Visualization of Gangliosides in Rat Brain Tissue for MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

Sublimation of DAN Matrix for the Detection and Visualization of Gangliosides in Rat Brain Tissue for MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry

A protocol for the sublimation of DAN matrix onto rat brain tissue for the detection of gangliosides using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry is presented.

Sample preparation is key for optimal detection and visualization of analytes in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass ...

sublimation-dan-matrix-for-detection-visualization-gangliosides-rat

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.7K Views.  The University of Western Ontario. A protocol for the sublimation of DAN matrix onto rat brain tissue for the detection of gangliosides using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry is presented.

Video: Sublimation of DAN Matrix for the Detection and Visualization of Gangliosides in Rat Brain Tissue for MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring 

Nanomedications can be carried by blood borne monocyte-macrophages into the reticuloendothelial system (RES; spleen, liver, lymph nodes) and to end organs. The latter include the lung, RES, and brain and are operative during human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. Macrophage entry into tissues is notable in areas of active HIV-1 replication and sites of inflammation. In order to assess the potential of macrophages as nanocarriers, superparamagnetic iron-oxide and/or drug laden particles coated with surfactants were parenterally injected into HIV-1 encephalitic mice. This was done to quantitatively assess particle and drug biodistribution. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test results were validated by histological coregistration and enhanced image processing. End organ disease as typified by altered brain histology were assessed by MRI. The demonstration of robust migration of nanoformulations into areas of focal encephalitis provides '"proof of concept" for the use of advanced bioimaging techniques to monitor macrophage migration. Importantly, histopathological aberrations in brain correlate with bioimaging parameters making the general utility of MRI in studies of cell distribution in disease feasible. We posit that using such methods can provide a real time index of disease burden and therapeutic efficacy with translational potential to humans.

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Bioimaging methods used to assess cell biodistribution of nanoparticles are applicable for therapeutic and diagnostic monitoring of nanoformulated compounds. The methods described herein are sensitive and specific when assessed by histological coregistration. The methodologies provide a translational pathway from rodent to human applications.

Nanomedications can be carried by blood borne monocyte-macrophages into the reticuloendothelial system (RES; spleen, liver, lymph nodes) and to end ...

Bioengineering

Optimal Preparation of Formalin Fixed Samples for Peptide Based Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Workflows

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) has rapidly expanded, since this technique analyzes a host of biomolecules from drugs and lipids to N-glycans. Although various sample preparation techniques exist, detecting peptides from formaldehyde preserved tissues remains one of the most difficult challenges for this type of mass spectrometric analysis. For this reason, we have created and optimized a robust methodology that preserves the spatial information contained within the sample, while eliciting the greatest number of ionizable peptides. We have also aimed to achieve this in a cost effective and simple way, thereby eliminating potential bias or preparation error, which can occur when using automated instrumentation. The end result is a reproducible and inexpensive protocol.

This protocol describes a reproducible and reliable method for the sublimation-based preparation of formalin fixed tissue destined for imaging mass spectrometry.

The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) has rapidly expanded, since this technique analyzes a host ...

Biochemistry

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful approach that facilitates the spatial analysis of molecular species in biological tissue samples2 (Fig.1). A 12 &mu;m thin tissue section is covered with a MALDI matrix, which facilitates desorption and ionization of intact peptides and proteins that can be detected with a mass analyzer, typically using a MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometer. Generally hundreds of peaks can be assessed in a single rat brain tissue section. In contrast to commonly used imaging techniques, this approach does not require prior knowledge of the molecules of interest and allows for unsupervised and comprehensive analysis of multiple molecular species while maintaining high molecular specificity and sensitivity2. Here we describe a MALDI IMS based approach for elucidating region-specific distribution profiles of neuropeptides in the rat brain of an animal model Parkinson's disease (PD). 
PD is a common neurodegenerative disease with a prevalence of 1% for people over 65 of age3,4. The most common symptomatic treatment is based on dopamine replacement using L-DOPA5. However this is accompanied by severe side effects including involuntary abnormal movements, termed L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LID)1,3,6. One of the most prominent molecular change in LID is an upregulation of the opioid precursor prodynorphin mRNA7. The dynorphin peptides modulate neurotransmission in brain areas that are essentially involved in movement control7,8. However, to date the exact opioid peptides that originate from processing of the neuropeptide precursor have not been characterized. Therefore, we utilized MALDI IMS in an animal model of experimental Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. 
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry proved to be particularly advantageous with respect to neuropeptide characterization, since commonly used antibody based approaches targets known peptide sequences and previously observed post-translational modifications. By contrast MALDI IMS can unravel novel peptide processing products and thus reveal new molecular mechanisms of neuropeptide modulation of neuronal transmission. While the absolute amount of neuropeptides cannot be determined by MALDI IMS, the relative abundance of peptide ions can be delineated from the mass spectra, giving insights about changing levels in health and disease. In the examples presented here, the peak intensities of dynorphin B, alpha-neoendorphin and substance P were found to be significantly increased in the dorsolateral, but not the dorsomedial, striatum of animals with severe dyskinesia involving facial, trunk and orolingual muscles (Fig. 5). Furthermore, MALDI IMS revealed a correlation between dyskinesia severity and levels of des-tyrosine alpha-neoendorphin, representing a previously unknown mechanism of functional inactivation of dynorphins in the striatum as the removal of N-terminal tyrosine reduces the dynorphin's opioid-receptor binding capacity9. This is the first study on neuropeptide characterization in LID using MALDI IMS and the results highlight the potential of the technique for application in all fields of biomedical research.

Dopamine replacement pharmacotherapy using L-DOPA is the most commonly used symptomatic treatment of Parkinson&#x2019;s disease, but is accompanied by side effects including involuntary abnormal movements, termed dyskinesia 1. Here, a protocol for MALDI imaging mass spectrometry is presented that detects changes in rat brain neuropeptide levels related to dyskinesia.

MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful approach that facilitates the spatial analysis of molecular species in biological tissue samples2 ...

Medicine

Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Glycosphingolipid Antigens

Glycosphingolipids (GSL's) belong to the glycoconjugate class of biomacromolecules, which bear structural information for significant biological processes such as embryonic development, signal transduction, and immune receptor recognition1-2. They contain complex sugar moieties in the form of isomers, and lipid moieties with variations including fatty acyl chain length, unsaturation, and hydroxylation. Both carbohydrate and ceramide portions may be basis of biological significance. For example, tri-hexosylceramides include globotriaosylceramide (Gal&alpha;4Gal&beta;4Glc&beta;1Cer) and isoglobotriaosylceramide (Gal&alpha;3Gal&beta;4Glc&beta;1Cer), which have identical molecular masses but distinct sugar linkages of carbohydrate moiety, responsible for completely different biological functions3-4. In another example, it has been demonstrated that modification of the ceramide part of alpha-galactosylceramide, a potent agonist ligand for invariant NKT cells, changes their cytokine secretion profiles and function in animal models of cancer and auto-immune diseases5. The difficulty in performing a structural analysis of isomers in immune organs and cells serve as a barrier for determining many biological functions6.
Here, we present a visualized version of a method for relatively simple, rapid, and sensitive analysis of glycosphingolipid profiles in immune cells7-9. This method is based on extraction and chemical modification (permethylation, see below Figure 5A, all OH groups of hexose were replaced by MeO after permethylation reaction) of glycosphingolipids10-15, followed by subsequent analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) and ion trap mass spectrometry. This method requires 50 million immune cells for a complete analysis. The experiments can be completed within a week. The relative abundance of the various glycosphingolipids can be delineated by comparison to synthetic standards. This method has a sensitivity of measuring 1% iGb3 among Gb3 isomers, when 2 fmol of total iGb3/Gb3 mixture is present9.
Ion trap mass spectrometry can be used to analyze isomers. For example, to analyze the presence of globotriaosylceramide and isoglobtriaosylceramide in the same sample, one can use the fragmentation of glycosphingolipid molecules to structurally discriminate between the two (see below Figure 5). Furthermore, chemical modification of the sugar moieties (through a permethylation reaction) improves the ionization and fragmentation efficiencies for higher sensitivity and specificity, and increases the stability of sialic acid residues. The extraction and chemical modification of glycosphingolipids can be performed in a classic certified chemical hood, and the mass spectrometry can be performed by core facilities with ion trap MS instruments.

A specific and sensitive method to gain insight into the expression profile of glycosphingolipid antigens in immune organs and cells is described. The method takes advantage of the ion trap mass spectrometry allowing step-wise fragmentation of glycosphingolipid molecules for structural analysis in comparison to chemically synthesized standards.

Glycosphingolipids (GSL's) belong to the glycoconjugate class of biomacromolecules, which bear structural information for significant biological processes ...

Immunology and Infection

Ganglioside Extraction, Purification and Profiling

Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that contain one or more sialic acid residues. They are found on all vertebrate cells and tissues but are especially abundant in the brain. Expressed primarily on the outer leaflet of the plasma membranes of cells, they modulate the activities of cell surface proteins via lateral association, act as receptors in cell-cell interactions and are targets for pathogens and toxins. Genetic dysregulation of ganglioside biosynthesis in humans results in severe congenital nervous system disorders. Because of their amphipathic nature, extraction, purification, and analysis of gangliosides require techniques that have been optimized by many investigators in the 80 years since their discovery. Here, we describe bench-level methods for the extraction, purification, and preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of major gangliosides from tissues and cells that can be completed in a few hours. We also describe methods for larger scale isolation and purification of major ganglioside species from brain. Together, these methods provide analytical and preparative scale access to this class of bioactive molecules.

Gangliosides are sialic acid-bearing glycosphingolipids that are particularly abundant in the brain. Their amphipathic nature requires organic/aqueous extraction and purification techniques to ensure optimal recovery and accurate analyses. This article provides overviews of analytic and preparative scale ganglioside extraction, purification, and thin layer chromatography analysis.

Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that contain one or more sialic acid residues. They are found on all vertebrate cells and tissues but are especially ...

Whole-body Mass Spectrometry Imaging by Infrared Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization (IR-MALDESI)

Ambient ionization sources for mass spectrometry (MS) have been the subject of much interest in the past decade. Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) is an example of such methods, where features of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (e.g., pulsed nature of desorption) and electrospray ionization (ESI) (e.g., soft-ionization) are combined. One of the major advantages of MALDESI is its inherent versatility. In MALDESI experiments, an ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) laser can be used to resonantly excite an endogenous or exogenous matrix. The choice of matrix is not analyte dependent, and depends solely on the laser wavelength used for excitation. In IR-MALDESI experiments, a thin layer of ice is deposited on the sample surface as an energy-absorbing matrix. The IR-MALDESI source geometry has been optimized using statistical design of experiments (DOE) for analysis of liquid samples as well as biological tissue specimens. Furthermore, a robust IR-MALDESI imaging source has been developed, where a tunable mid-IR laser is synchronized with a computer controlled XY translational stage and a high resolving power mass spectrometer. A custom graphical user interface (GUI) allows user selection of the repetition rate of the laser, number of shots per voxel, step-size of the sample stage, and the delay between the desorption and scan events for the source. IR-MALDESI has been used in variety of applications such as forensic analysis of fibers and dyes and MSI of biological tissue sections. Distribution of different analytes ranging from endogenous metabolites to exogenous xenobiotics within tissue sections can be measured and quantified using this technique. The protocol presented in this manuscript describes major steps necessary for IR-MALDESI MSI of whole-body tissue sections.

Whole-body Mass Spectrometry Imaging by Infrared Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization IR-MALDESI

A mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) source operated at atmospheric pressure was developed by coupling mid-infrared laser desorption and electrospray post-ionization. Exogenous ice matrix was used as the energy-absorbing matrix to facilitate resonant desorption of tissue-related material. This manuscript provides a step-by-step protocol for performing IR-MALDESI MSI of whole-body neonatal mouse.

Ambient ionization sources for mass spectrometry (MS) have been the subject of much interest in the past decade. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ...

Visualization of Amyloid &#946; Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry

The neuropathology of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid &#946; (A&#946;) peptides into extracellular plaques of the brain. The A&#946; peptides, composed of 40 amino acids, are generated from amyloid precursor proteins (APP) by &#946;- and &#947;-secretases. A&#946; is deposited not only in cerebral parenchyma but also in leptomeningeal and cerebral vessel walls, known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). While a variety of A&#946; peptides were identified, the detailed production and distribution of individual A&#946; peptides in pathological tissues of AD and CAA have not been fully addressed. Here, we develop a protocol of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-based imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) on human autopsy brain tissues to obtain comprehensive protein mapping. For this purpose, human cortical specimens were obtained from the Brain Bank at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology. Frozen cryosections are cut and transferred to indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated glass slides. Spectra are acquired using the MALDI system with a spatial resolution up to 20 &#181;m. Sinapinic acid (SA) is uniformly deposited on the slide using either an automatic or a manual sprayer. With the current technical advantages of MALDI-IMS, a typical data set of various A&#946; species within the same sections of human autopsied brains can be obtained without specific probes. Furthermore, high-resolution (20 &#181;m) imaging of an AD brain and severe CAA sample clearly shows that A&#946;1-36 to A&#946;1-41 were deposited into leptomeningeal vessels, while A&#946;1-42 and A&#946;1-43 were deposited in cerebral parenchyma as senile plaque (SP). It is feasible to adopt MALDI-IMS as a standard approach in combination with clinical, genetic, and pathological observations in understanding the pathology of AD, CAA, and other neurological diseases based on the current strategy.

Molecular imaging with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-based imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) allows the simultaneous mapping of multiple analytes in biological samples. Here, we present a protocol for the detection and visualization of amyloid &#946; protein on brain tissues of Alzheimer&#39;s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy samples using MALDI-IMS.

The neuropathology of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid &#946; (A&#946;) peptides into ...

Dithranol as a Matrix for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging on a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) determines the spatial localization and distribution patterns of compounds on the surface of a tissue section, mainly using MALDI (matrix&#160;assisted laser desorption/ionization)-based analytical techniques. New matrices for small-molecule MSI, which can improve the analysis of low-molecular weight (MW) compounds, are needed. These matrices should provide increased analyte signals while decreasing MALDI background signals. In addition, the use of ultrahigh-resolution instruments, such as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometers, has&#160;the ability to resolve analyte signals from matrix signals, and this can partially overcome many problems associated with the background originating from the MALDI matrix. The reduction in the intensities of the metastable matrix clusters by FTICR MS can also help to overcome some of the interferences associated with matrix peaks on other instruments. High-resolution instruments such as the FTICR mass spectrometers are advantageous as they can produce distribution patterns of many compounds simultaneously while still providing confidence in chemical identifications. Dithranol (DT; 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-one) has previously been reported as a MALDI matrix for tissue imaging. In this work, a protocol for the use of DT for MALDI imaging of endogenous lipids from the surfaces of mammalian tissue sections, by positive-ion MALDI-MS, on an ultrahigh-resolution hybrid quadrupole FTICR instrument has been provided.

Dithranol (DT; 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-one) has previously been reported as a MALDI matrix for tissue imaging of small molecules; protocols for the use of DT for the MALDI imaging of endogenous lipids on the surface of tissue sections&#160;by positive-ion MALDI-MS on an ultrahigh-resolution quadrupole-FTICR instrument are provided here.

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) determines the spatial localization and distribution patterns of compounds on the surface of a tissue section, mainly ...

Biology

MALDI-Mass Spectrometric Imaging for the Investigation of Metabolites in Medicago truncatula Root Nodules

Most techniques used to study small molecules, such as pharmaceutical drugs or endogenous metabolites, employ tissue extracts which require the homogenization of the tissue of interest that could potentially cause changes in the metabolic pathways being studied1. Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful analytical tool that can provide spatial information of analytes within intact slices of biological tissue samples1-5. This technique has been used extensively to study various types of compounds including proteins, peptides, lipids, and small molecules such as endogenous metabolites. With matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI, spatial distributions of multiple metabolites can be simultaneously detected. Herein, a method developed specifically for conducting untargeted metabolomics MSI experiments on legume roots and root nodules is presented which could reveal insights into the biological processes taking place. The method presented here shows a typical MSI workflow, from sample preparation to image acquisition, and focuses on the matrix application step, demonstrating several matrix application techniques that are useful for detecting small molecules. Once the MS images are generated, the analysis and identification of metabolites of interest is discussed and demonstrated. The standard workflow presented here can be easily modified for different tissue types, molecular species, and instrumentation.

MALDI-Mass Spectrometric Imaging for the Investigation of Metabolites in Medicago truncatula Root Nodules

Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool that can be used to discover and identify various chemical species in intact tissues, preserving the compounds in their native environments, which can provide new insights into biological processes. Herein a MSI method developed for the analysis of small molecules is described.&#160;

Most techniques used to study small molecules, such as pharmaceutical drugs or endogenous metabolites, employ tissue extracts which require the ...

 Advanced MALDI-MSI Mapping of Metabolites in Brain Organoids

Molecular Imaging of Human Brain Organoids Using Mass Spectrometry 

Brain organoid models serve as a powerful tool for studying human brain development and function. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), a cutting-edge technology, allows us to map the spatial distribution of diverse molecules such as lipids, sugars, amino acids, drugs, and their metabolites within these organoids, all without the need for specific molecular probes. High-quality MSI data hinge on meticulous sample preparation. Fixatives play a pivotal role, but conventional options such as glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, and cryopreserving such as sucrose may inadvertently impact tissue metabolites. Optimal fixation entails flash freezing in liquid nitrogen. However, for small organoids, a more suitable approach involves transitioning the organoids directly from the incubator into a warmed embedding solution, followed by freezing in dry ice-cooled ethanol. Another critical step is the embedding prior to cryosectioning, which also requires materials compatible with MSI, as traditional options can interfere with matrix deposition and ionization. Here, an optimized protocol for high resolution-MALDI-MSI of human brain organoids is presented, encompassing sample preparation, sectioning, and imaging using mass spectrometry. This method showcases the molecular distribution of small metabolites, such as amino acids, with high mass accuracy and sensitivity. As such, coupled with complementary studies of brain organoids, it can assist in illuminating complex processes governing early brain development, metabolic cell fate trajectories, and distinctive metabolite signatures. Furthermore, it provides insights into the precise locations of molecules within the organoid, enriching our understanding of the spatial organization of 3D brain organoid models. As the field continues to advance, a growing number of studies leveraging MSI to delve into brain organoids and complex biological systems is anticipated, thereby deepening the understanding of the metabolic aspects of human brain function and development.

Molecular Imaging of Human Brain Organoids Using Mass Spectrometry

An advanced method was developed for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of brain organoids that allows mapping metabolite distributions within these models. This technology offers insights into brain metabolic pathways and metabolite signatures during early development and in disease, promising a deeper understanding of the human brain function.

Sublimation of DAN Matrix for the Detection and Visualization of Gangliosides in Rat Brain Tissue for MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Optimal Preparation of Formalin Fixed Samples for Peptide Based Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Workflows

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Glycosphingolipid Antigens

Ganglioside Extraction, Purification and Profiling

Whole-body Mass Spectrometry Imaging by Infrared Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization (IR-MALDESI)

Visualization of Amyloid β Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Dithranol as a Matrix for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging on a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer

MALDI-Mass Spectrometric Imaging for the Investigation of Metabolites in Medicago truncatula Root Nodules

Molecular Imaging of Human Brain Organoids Using Mass Spectrometry