Name: testing of nanoparticle release from a composite containing nanomaterial using a chamber system
Uploaded: 2016-11-22T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the "Development of technologies for safety evaluation and standardization of nanomaterials and nanoproducts" (10059135)" through the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology by the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy.

Araçların ve Örneklerinin 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Abrasor <ol><li> 80 rpm - bir sürtünmeyle aşınma test göre, bir numune dönme platformu (140 mm çapında), iki aşınma tekerleği tutucular ve 30 bir dönme hızı ile, bir abrasor kullanın. </li><li> Ayrıca deney numunesine yük uygular aşınma tekerlek tutucu, karşı aşınma tekerleği sabitlemek için bir ağırlık kullanın. </li><li> Şekil 3&#39;te gösterildiği gibi, abrased partiküller için daha iyi bir süspansiyon sağlamak için ilave bir hava girişi takın. 1/8 &quot;kullanma -diameter borusu bulunan 15 mm uzakta test örneğinin merkezi 40 mm. </li></ol></li><li> aşınma tekerlek <ol><li> zımpara kağıdı (100 kum ve yepyeni) ile aşınma çarkını (55 mm çapında, 13 mm kalınlığında) sarın. </li></ol></li><li> Örnek <ol><li> Örnek aşınma testi için nano-malzeme içeren bir kompozit malzemedir. abrasor monte etmek için, numune hazırlanmış zekâ olmalıdırH 140 mm çapında. </li></ol></li><li> Bölme <ol><li> elektrostatik kuvvet nedeniyle partikül birikimini önlemek için hazne duvarları için paslanmaz çelik kullanın. Bölme (hacim 1 m 3) (Tablo 1) içindeki abrasor yerleştirin ve sırasıyla haznesinin üst ve alt kısmında, hava giriş ve çıkış bulun. Bir homojen olarak karıştırılıp partikül akışını sağlamak için, hava çıkışında, üç delikli bir plakadan oluşan bir karıştırıcı kullanarak. </li></ol></li><li> neutralizer <ol><li> elektrostatik olarak yüklü parçacıklar odacık duvarlarda parçacık birikme geliştirmek üzere, parçacıkların yüklü durumunu en aza indirmek için bir nötrleştirici (yumuşak X-ışını iyonlaştırıcı) kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> Çevrimiçi ölçme aletleri 12, 13 <ol><li> üreticinin talimatlarına göre partikül sayısı konsantrasyon ve parçacık büyüklüğü dağılımını ölçmek için bir TBM ve OPC kullanın. </li><li> Outle de TBM ve OPC yükleyinodasının t partikül sayısı konsantrasyonu ve parçacık büyüklüğü dağılımını ölçmek için. </li></ol></li><li> Parçacık numune alma cihazları <ol><li> parçacık morfolojisi ve bileşenlerini analiz etmek için bir partikül örnekleyici içeren filtre ortamı veya TEM ızgara kullanarak serbest parçacıklar Örnek. </li><li> salma partikülleri morfolojisi analiz odasının çıkışında partikül örnekleyici içeren filtre ortamı veya TEM ızgara yükleyin. </li></ol></li></ol> Nanoparçacık Release 2. Aşınma Testi Odası Sisteminin Kullanılması Not: aşınma testi koşulları Tablo 2&#39;de verilmiştir. <ol><li> odasının merkezinde abrasor bulun. </li><li> abrasor bir örnek rotasyon sahnede test örneğini yükleyin. </li><li> Test numunesine yük uygulamak için 1000 gr ağırlığı ile aşınma tekerlek sahipleri aşınma tekerlekleri sabitleyin. </li><li> Nötralize edici (yumuşak X-ışını iyonlaştırıcı) bulunUzaklıkta 45 ° &#39;lik açıyla test numunesinin merkezinden 28 cm, oda duvarlarında elektro statik partikül birikmesini azaltmak için, Şekil 2&#39;de görüldüğü gibi. NOT: NeutralizeR ışınına maruz kalma ile elektrostatik kuvvet ortadan kaldırır. Hava giriş ve aşınma tekerlekleri numune rotasyon aşamasında yukarıda bulunan Bununla birlikte, bu test örneğinin yüzeyine NeutralizeR ışınının erişimi kısıtlar. Bu nedenle, nötrleştirici ışın mümkün olduğunca örnek yüzeyinin kadar ulaşmasını sağlamak için çapraz yer almaktadır. </li><li> 50 L / dk bir akış oranında odasının çıkışına monte üfleyici çalıştırın. </li><li> Tedarik 25 L / dk ilave hava girişine içinden bir hava kompresörü kullanarak ek partikül içermeyen süspansiyon hava. Not: aşınma ile oluşturulan partiküller, güçlü bir numune ve aşınma tekerlek yüzeyi üzerine biriktirilmiştir. Nedenle, abrased parçacıkları ölçmek zordur. ek hava girişi hel olabilirp partikül süspansiyonuna, bu sorunu çözmek için. </li><li> Şekil 4 de tarif edildiği gibi, CPC ile / 1. Aşağıdaki cc 1 saat boyunca bir ortalama parçacık sayısı konsantrasyonuna ulaşmak için hazne içerisindeki arka partikül sayısı konsantrasyonunu kontrol edin. </li><li> 1000 rotasyonlar ile 72 rpm&#39;de örnek rotasyon sahne dönen bir adım motoru kullanarak abrasor bir örnek rotasyon sahne çalıştırın. </li><li> Tedbir ve TBM ve OPC ile serbest parçacık sayısı konsantrasyonu ve parçacık büyüklüğü dağılımını kaydedin. NOT: Nanokompozitlerin salınan parçacıklar askıya ve pompalanan havanın tarafından taşınır. Bu parçacıklar sonunda airstream aşağıdaki çıkışına taşınır. serbest partiküller daha sonra bölme çıkışındaki TBM ve OPC ile tespit edilir. bir OPC, aynı zamanda parçacık boyutu dağılımını ölçmek olurken bir TBM OPC en sık, partikül sayısı konsantrasyonunun ölçülmesi için kullanılır. </li><li> Sample filtre ortamı veya TEM ızgara içeren bir parçacık örnekleyici kullanılarak serbest parçacıklar. NOT: airstream aşağıdaki odasının çıkışına aşınma hareket ile nanokompozit salınan parçacıklar. odasının çıkışında, serbest partiküllerin partikül örnekleyici kullanılarak örnek olabilir. Filtre medya veya bir TEM ızgara üzerinde toplanan yayımlanan parçacıklar sonra TEM veya SEM (taramalı elektron mikroskobu) kullanılarak analiz edilebilir. </li><li> parçacık sayısı konsantrasyonu aşağıda tepe partikül sayısı konsantrasyonu% 0.1 ulaştığında ölçüm ve örnekleme durdurun. </li><li> tüm verileri (TBM, OPC) kaydetmek ve tüm örnekleri (test örnekleri) çıkarın. </li><li> Her bir test için, yeni bir numune ve yeni aşındırma tekerleğini kullanarak ve oda içinde yıkama ve tekrarlanabilirliği teyit etmek için her bir aşınma deneyinden sonra Kimwipes ve IPA (izo-propil alkol) ile abrasor. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

bir sürtünmeyle aşınma testi kullanılarak nanokompozit materyaller ile ilgili nanorelease testi yöneten en kritik adım vardı: 1) aşınma ile oluşturulan elektrostatik yük kaldırma ve oda duvarları parçacıkların birikmesini azaltmak için nötralizatör paslanmaz çelikten bir bölme sistemi ile; 2) daha iyi tanecik süspansiyon sağlamak için ek hava sağlamak; ve 3) üç delikli plakadan oluşan bir karıştırıcı bulunan çıkış bir TBM ve OPC kullanılarak serbest parçacıklar ve çevrimiçi izl...

Tüketici maruziyeti yoğun çalışma yapılmamıştır ise nano malzeme maruz çoğunlukla, taşıma imalatı ve nanomalzemeleri ambalaj, imalat işyerlerinde işçilere ilişkin olarak incelenmiştir. Nanoteknoloji Uluslararası Konseyi (ICON) tarafından oluşturulan çevre ve sağlık edebiyat veritabanı güncel bir analizi de çoğu nano malzeme güvenlik araştırması temsil nanokompozit gelen serbest bırakılması ile, tehlikeler (% 83) ve potansiyel maruz kalma (% 16) odaklanmıştır belirtti sadece 0,8,% 1 temsil tüketici maruziyetini. Böylece, çok az Nanomalzemelerin tüketici maruz kalma hakkında bilinmektedir. Nanoparçacık bırakma aşınmaya dahil ve nanokompozitler, yıkama tekstil, ya da dönen tambur yöntemi olarak dustiness test yöntemleri, girdap sallayarak yöntemi ve diğer çalkalama yöntemleri 2-3 ayrışma simülasyon çalışmaları, tüketici maruziyetini tahmin etmek için kullanılır olmuştur. Ayrıca, çeşitli uluslararasıBöyle ILSI (Uluslararası Yaşam Bilimleri Enstitüsü) nanorelease ve AB NanoReg olarak girişimleri, tüketici ürünlerinde kullanılan nanomaddelerin serbest bırakılmasını anlamak için teknoloji geliştirmek için yapılmıştır. 2011 yılında başlatılan ILSI nanorelease tüketici ürünü faz 1 nano malzeme seçimi içeren tüketici ürünleri, gelen nano malzeme açıklamasına bir yaşam döngüsü yaklaşımı temsil, faz 2 değerlendirme yöntemleri kapsar ve faz 3 laboratuvarlar arası çalışmalar uygular. Tüketici ürünlerinde nanomateryallerin güvenliğine ilişkin çeşitli monografi ve yayınlar da 4-6 yayınlandı. Bu arada, NanoReg imal Nanomalzemelerin düzenleyici test için ortak bir Avrupa yaklaşımı temsil ve simülasyon kullanılmak üzere yöntemlerin bir program 2. ISO TC 229, aynı zamanda tüketici güvenliği ile ilgili standartlarını geliştirmek için çalışıyor tüketici ürünleri nanorelease ve yeni bir göndermek için yaklaşımlar sağlar tüketici güvenliği için çalışma madde önerisi. OECD WPMN (workiNanomalzemelerin üzerinde parti), maruziyet değerlendirmesi ve maruziyet azaltım özellikle SG8 (yönlendirme grubu) ng, son zamanlarda gelecekteki çalışmaları, özellikle tüketici ve çevre maruziyet değerlendirme yönünde bir anket düzenledi. Bu nedenle, bu uluslararası faaliyetleri ışığında, Ticaret, Sanayi ve Enerji Kore Bakanlıklar 2013 yılında katmanlı bir proje &quot;Nanomalzemelerin ve nanoproducts güvenlik değerlendirme ve standardizasyon teknolojileri Geliştirilmesi&quot; üzerinde duruldu başlattı. Ayrıca, çeşitli tüketici güvenlikle ilgili çalışmalar tüketici ürünleri nano malzeme sürüm ayrıca 7-8 yayınlanmıştır standardize etmek. Bir aşınma testi farklı ticari kompozit ürünlerin nanopartiküllerin potansiyel emisyon seviyesini belirlemek için ILSI nanorelease ve NanoReg 2-3 dahil simülasyon yaklaşımlardan biridir. kütle ağırlık kaybı önce ve Abras sonra numune ağırlığı arasındaki farka göre çıkarılıriyonu abrasor kullanılmıştır. Nano bileşiği Örnek sabit bir hızda aşındırılır, bir örnekleme aerosol emer ve tanecikler daha sonra bu tür bir yoğunlaştırma Parçacık Sayacı (TBM) veya optik partikül sayacı (OPC) partikül sayım cihazlarını, kullanılarak analiz ve TEM ile toplanır ek görüntü analiz için (transmisyon elektron mikroskopisi) ızgara ya da zar. Ancak, nanokompozit malzemeler için bir aşınma testi yapılması parçacık bir aşınma sonucu gibi şarj nedeniyle zor tutarlı bir nanoparçacık açıklaması gerektirir parçacık numune alma emisyon noktası 2-3, 9-11 yakın yapılır zaman. Bu duruma göre, bu çalışma nanokompozit materyallerin aşınma durumunda nano malzeme serbest değerlendirmek için yeni bir yöntem olarak bir bölme sistemi sunulur. diğer aşınma ve simülasyon testleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, önerilen kamara sistemi aşınma durumunda tutarlı nanoparçacık bırakma verileri sağlar. Ayrıca, bu yeni test yöntemitoplam partikül sayısı sayma yöntemi olarak iç hava kalitesi ve yarı davranış sanayi alanında yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır 12, 13. nedenle, önerilen yöntem içeren tüketici ürünleri test nanoparçacık serbest bırakılması için bir standart yöntem haline edilebileceğini tahmin edilmektedir nanomalzemeler.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Foamex</td><td>Taeyoung, R. of Korea</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MWCNT (multiwalled carbon nanotube) composite</td><td>Hanwha, Incheon, R. of Korea</td><td></td><td>2% MWCNTs in low density polyethylene</td></tr><tr><td>Abrasion Paper</td><td>Derfos, R. of Korea</td><td>#100</td><td>100 grit sand paper</td></tr><tr><td>Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)</td><td>TSI Inc, Shoreview, MN</td><td>UCPC 3775</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical Paritcle Counter (OPC)</td><td>Grimm, Ainring, Germany</td><td>1.109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini Particle Sampler</td><td>Ecomesure, Saclay, France</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Quantifoil Holey Carbon Film</td><td>TED PELLA Inc. USA</td><td>1.2/1.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter Holder</td><td></td><td></td><td>custom made</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate Filter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore, USA</td><td>CAT No. GTTP02500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soft X-ray Ionizer (Neutralizer)</td><td>SUNJE, R. of Korea</td><td>SXN-05U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM)</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>S-4300</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

testing of nanoparticle release from a composite containing nanomaterial using a chamber system

21. yüzyılda en önemli teknolojilerden biri olarak nanoteknolojinin hızlı gelişimi ile, nanomalzemeleri içeren tüketici ürünlerinin güvenliği ilgi de artmaktadır. nanomalzemeleri içeren ürünlerden nano malzeme salınımını Değerlendirilmesi bu ürünlerin güvenliğini değerlendirmek çok önemli bir adım olduğunu ve nano malzeme salınımı değerlendirilmesi standartlaştırılması için tutarlı ve güvenilir teknolojileri geliştirmek için çeşitli uluslararası çabalara yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada, nanomalzemeleri içeren ürünlerden nanomateryallerin bırakma elektron mikroskobu analizi için filtre örnekleri toplamak için bağlantı noktalarını bir yoğunlaşma partikül sayacı, optik parçacık sayacı içeren bir odacık sistemi kullanılarak, ve örnekleme değerlendirilir. Önerilen haznesi sistemi nano malzeme salma kabul edilebilir bir aralıkta tekrarlanabilir ve tutarlı olup olmadığını belirlemek için bir abrasor ve disk tipi, nanokompozit materyal, örnekler kullanılarak test edilir.Test sonuçları, her test parçacıkların sayısı birkaç denemeden sonra ortalama% 20 olduğunu gösteriyor. bırakma eğilimleri benzer ve çok iyi tekrarlanabilirlik göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, önerilen haznesi sisteminin etkin nanomalzemeleri içeren ürünlerin nano malzeme salım testleri için de kullanılabilir.

Aşınma Testi Tekrarlanabilirlik Odası Sisteminin Kullanılması OPC 1.98 x 10 9 parçacıklar (&gt; 0.3 um) arasında bir ortalama sayılan ise tablo 3&#39;te gösterildiği gibi, toplam parçacık numaraları 8 sürtünmeyle aşınma testleri için tutarlıydı. TBM, 3.67 x 10 9 parçacıkların ortalama ölçüldü. sapmalar aşınma sırasında parçacıkların tutarlı serbest temsil%...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System at JoVE.com

Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System

Nanoparticle release is tested using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, an optical particle counter and sampling ports to collect filter samples for microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing with a repeatable and consistent data range.

Bir Chamber Sistemi Kullanarak nanomaterial İçeren Bir Kompozit gelen Nanopartikül Release Test

With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products ...

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6.7K Görüntüleme.  Hanyang University. Nanoparticle release is tested using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, an optical particle counter and sampling ports to collect filter samples for microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing with a repeatable and consistent data range.

Video: Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

Nanopartiküllerin Optik Yakalama

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Mühendislik

Combinatorial Synthesis of and High-throughput Protein Release from Polymer Film and Nanoparticle Libraries

Polyanhydrides are a class of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. While they have been studied extensively with conventional one-sample-at-a-time synthesis techniques, a more recent high-throughput approach has been developed enabling the synthesis and testing of large libraries of polyanhydrides1. This will facilitate more efficient optimization and design process of these biomaterials for drug and vaccine delivery applications. The method in this work describes the combinatorial synthesis of biodegradable polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries and the high-throughput detection of protein release from these libraries. In this robotically operated method (Figure 1), linear actuators and syringe pumps are controlled by LabVIEW, which enables a hands-free automated protocol, eliminating user error. Furthermore, this method enables the rapid fabrication of micro-scale polymer libraries, reducing the batch size while resulting in the creation of multivariant polymer systems. This combinatorial approach to polymer synthesis facilitates the synthesis of up to 15 different polymers in an equivalent amount of time it would take to synthesize one polymer conventionally. In addition, the combinatorial polymer library can be fabricated into blank or protein-loaded geometries including films or nanoparticles upon dissolution of the polymer library in a solvent and precipitation into a non-solvent (for nanoparticles) or by vacuum drying (for films). Upon loading a fluorochrome-conjugated protein into the polymer libraries, protein release kinetics can be assessed at high-throughput using a fluorescence-based detection method (Figures 2 and 3) as described previously1. This combinatorial platform has been validated with conventional methods2 and the polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries have been characterized with 1H NMR and FTIR. The libraries have been screened for protein release kinetics, stability and antigenicity; in vitro cellular toxicity, cytokine production, surface marker expression, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation; and in vivo biodistribution and mucoadhesion1-11. The combinatorial method developed herein enables high-throughput polymer synthesis and fabrication of protein-loaded nanoparticle and film libraries, which can, in turn, be screened in vitro and in vivo for optimization of biomaterial performance.

This method describes the combinatorial synthesis of biodegradable polyanhydride film and nanoparticle libraries and the high-throughput detection of protein release from these libraries.

Kombinatorik Sentezi ve Polimer Film ve Nanoparçacık Kütüphaneler gelen Yüksek throughput Protein Yayın

Polyanhydrides are a class of biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. While they have been studied extensively with ...

Biyomühendislik

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering, which is a fundamental element to the approach of nanosafety-by-design of nanostructured products for their durable development. This approach is basically a preemptive one in which the focus is put on minimizing the emission of engineered nanomaterials' aerosols during the usage phase of the product's life cycle. This can be attained by altering its material properties during its design phase without compromising with any of its added benefits. In this article, an experimental protocol is presented to investigate the nanosafety-by-design of three commercial nanostructured products with respect to their mechanical solicitation and environmental weathering. The means chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation is an abrasion process and for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure in the presence of humidity and heat. The eventual emission of engineered nanomaterials is studied in terms of their number concentration, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. The purpose of the protocol is to study the emission for test samples and experimental conditions which are corresponding to real life situations. It was found that the application of the mechanical stresses alone emits the engineered nanomaterials' aerosols in which the engineered nanomaterial is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, the experimental protocol reveals then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free engineered nanomaterial aerosols too.

In this article, an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental weathering is presented. Results on the emission of engineered nanomaterials, in the form of aerosols are presented. The specific experimental set-up is described in detail.

Deneysel Protokol Aşınma altında ve Çevre Ayrışma altında Ürünün Parçacık aerosol haline Araştırma

The present article presents an experimental protocol to investigate particle aerosolization of a product under abrasion and under environmental ...

Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a technology for regenerative medicine2. Unlike viruses, which have significant safety issues, polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be non-toxic, non-immunogenic, non-mutagenic, easier to synthesize, chemically versatile, capable of carrying larger nucleic acid cargo and biodegradable and/or environmentally responsive. Cationic polymers self-assemble with negatively charged DNA via electrostatic interaction to form complexes on the order of 100 nm that are commonly termed polymeric nanoparticles. Examples of biomaterials used to form nanoscale polycationic gene delivery nanoparticles include polylysine, polyphosphoesters, poly(amidoamines)s and polyethylenimine (PEI), which is a non-degradable off-the-shelf cationic polymer commonly used for nucleic acid delivery1,3 . Poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are a newer class of cationic polymers4 that are hydrolytically degradable5,6 and have been shown to be effective at gene delivery to hard-to-transfect cell types such as human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs)7, mouse mammary epithelial cells8, human brain cancer cells9 and macrovascular (human umbilical vein, HUVECs) endothelial cells10.
A new protocol to characterize polymeric nanoparticles utilizing nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is described. In this approach, both the particle size distribution and the distribution of the number of plasmids per particle are obtained11. In addition, a high-throughput 96-well plate transfection assay for rapid screening of the transfection efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles is presented. In this protocol, poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are used as model polymers and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) are used as model human cells. This protocol can be easily adapted to evaluate any polymeric nanoparticle and any cell type of interest in a multi-well plate format.

A protocol for nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and high-throughput flow cytometry to evaluate polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles is described. NTA is utilized to characterize the nanoparticle particle size distribution and the plasmid per particle distribution. High-throughput flow cytometry enables quantitative transfection efficacy evaluation for a library of gene delivery biomaterials.

Polimerik Gen Taşıyıcı Değerlendirilmesi Nanoparçacık İzleme Analizi ve Yüksek throughput Flow Sitometri tarafından Nanopartiküller

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a ...

Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise composition of these materials is essential, especially in the design of surface catalysts, where the surface concentration of the active component determines the activity of the material. Antimicrobial materials which utilize nanoparticles are a particular focus of this technology. Recently swell encapsulation has emerged as a technique for inserting antimicrobial nanoparticles into a host polymer matrix. Swell encapsulation provides the advantage of localizing the incorporation to the external surfaces of materials, which act as the active sites of these materials. However, quantification of this nanoparticle uptake is challenging. Previous studies explore the link between antimicrobial activity and surface concentration of the active component, but this is not directly visualized. Here we show a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging. Using this method, we can quantify the uptake of nanoparticles via swell encapsulation and measure the surface concentration of encapsulated particles, which is key in optimizing the activity of functional materials.

Here we present a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of cadmium selenide quantum dots can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging.

Doğrudan Floresan Görüntüleme kullanma Nanoparçacık-polimer kompozitler Gelişmiş Bileşim Analizi

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise ...

A System to Create Stable Nanoparticle Aerosols from Nanopowders

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring minimal amounts of test materials (min. 200 mg), for studying powder aerosolization behavior and aerosol properties. The aerosolization procedure follows the concept of the fluidized-bed process, but occurs in the modified volume of a V-shaped aerosol generator. The airborne particle number concentration is adjustable by controlling the air flow rate. The system supplied stable aerosol generation rates and particle size distributions over long periods (0.5-2 hr and possibly longer), which are important, for example, to study aerosol behavior, but also for toxicological studies. Strict adherence to the operating procedures during the aerosolization experiments ensures the generation of reproducible test results. The critical steps in the standard protocol are the preparation of the material and setup, and the aerosolization operations themselves. The system can be used for experiments requiring stable aerosol concentrations and may also be an alternative method for testing dustiness. The controlled aerosolization made possible with this setup occurs using energy inputs (may be characterized by aerosolization air velocity) that are within the ranges commonly found in occupational environments where nanomaterial powders are handled. This setup and its operating protocol are thus helpful for human exposure and risk assessment.

We designed and developed an effective nanopowder aerosolization setup and operating protocol. The system generated nanoparticle aerosols with stable number concentrations and size distributions for long durations, requiring only small quantities of test material (min. 200 mg).

Bir Sistem Nano tozlar gelen Kararlı Nanoparçacık Aerosoller oluşturma

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring ...

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic nanoparticles is developed. Guidelines for the replication of the reactor and its operation are provided in detail. Three different composite systems (Pt/graphene, Pt/TiO2, and Au/TiO2) with monodisperse and uniformly distributed particles are produced by this reactor, and the photodeposition mechanism, as well as the synthesis optimization strategy, are discussed. The synthesis methods and their technical aspects are described comprehensively. The role of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (in each excitation pulse) on the photodeposition process is investigated and the optimum values for each composite system are provided.

For a continuous and scalable synthesis of noble-metal-based nanocomposites, a novel photocatalytic reactor is developed and its structure, operation principles, and product quality optimization strategies are described.

Metalik nano tanecikleri tam kontrollü birikimi için sürekli akış Fotokatalitik reaktör

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic ...

Kimya

Development of a Nose-only Inhalation Toxicity Test Chamber That Provides Four Exposure Concentrations of Nano-sized Particles

Using a numerical analysis based on computerized fluid dynamics, a nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber with four different exposure concentrations is designed and validated for flow field uniformity and cross-contamination among the exposure ports for each concentration. The designed flow field values are compared with the measured values from exposure ports located horizontally and vertically. For this purpose, nanoscale sodium chloride particles are generated as test particles and introduced to the inhalation chamber to evaluate the cross-contamination and concentration maintenance among the chambers, for each concentration group. The results indicate that the designed multiconcentration inhalation chamber can be used in animal inhalation toxicity testing without cross-contamination among concentration groups. Moreover, the designed multiconcentration inhalation toxicity chamber can also be converted to a single-concentration inhalation chamber. Further testing with gas, organic vapor, or non-nanoscale particles will ensure the use of the chamber in the inhalation testing of other test articles.

A nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber capable of testing inhalation toxicity at four different exposure concentrations was designed and validated for flow field uniformity and cross-contamination between the exposure ports for each concentration. Here, we present a protocol to confirm that the designed chamber is effective for inhalation toxicity testing.

Dört pozlama konsantrasyonları parçacıkların Nano ölçekli sağlar bir salt burun Soluma Toksisitesi Test odası gelişimi

Using a numerical analysis based on computerized fluid dynamics, a nose-only inhalation toxicity chamber with four different exposure concentrations is ...

Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures

Inhalation is the most likely exposure route for individuals working with aerosolizable engineered nano-materials (ENM). To properly perform nanoparticle inhalation toxicology studies, the aerosols in a chamber housing the experimental animals must have: 1) a steady concentration maintained at a desired level for the entire exposure period; 2) a homogenous composition free of contaminants; and 3) a stable size distribution with a geometric mean diameter &lt; 200 nm and a geometric standard deviation &sigma;g &lt; 2.5 5. The generation of aerosols containing nanoparticles is quite challenging because nanoparticles easily agglomerate. This is largely due to very strong inter-particle forces and the formation of large fractal structures in tens or hundreds of microns in size 6, which are difficult to be broken up. Several common aerosol generators, including nebulizers, fluidized beds, Venturi aspirators and the Wright dust feed, were tested; however, none were able to produce nanoparticle aerosols which satisfy all criteria 5.
A whole-body nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposure system was fabricated, validated and utilized for nano-TiO2 inhalation toxicology studies. Critical components: 1) novel nano-TiO2 aerosol generator; 2) 0.5 m3 whole-body inhalation exposure chamber; and 3) monitor and control system. Nano-TiO2 aerosols generated from bulk dry nano-TiO2 powders (primary diameter of 21 nm, bulk density of 3.8 g/cm3) were delivered into the exposure chamber at a flow rate of 90 LPM (10.8 air changes/hr). Particle size distribution and mass concentration profiles were measured continuously with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and an electric low pressure impactor (ELPI). The aerosol mass concentration (C) was verified gravimetrically (mg/m3). The mass (M) of the collected particles was determined as M = (Mpost-Mpre), where Mpre and Mpost are masses of the filter before and after sampling (mg). The mass concentration was calculated as C = M/(Q*t), where Q is sampling flowrate (m3/min), and t is the sampling time (minute). The chamber pressure, temperature, relative humidity (RH), O2 and CO2 concentrations were monitored and controlled continuously. Nano-TiO2 aerosols collected on Nuclepore filters were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.
In summary, we report that the nano-particle aerosols generated and delivered to our exposure chamber have: 1) steady mass concentration; 2) homogenous composition free of contaminants; 3) stable particle size distributions with a count-median aerodynamic diameter of 157 nm during aerosol generation. This system reliably and repeatedly creates test atmospheres that simulate occupational, environmental or domestic ENM aerosol exposures.

A whole-body nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposure facility was constructed for nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) inhalation toxicology studies. This system provides nano-TiO2 aerosol test atmospheres that have: 1) a steady mass concentration; 2) a homogenous composition free of contaminants; and 3) a stable particle size distribution during aerosol generation.

Tüm-Vücut Nanopartikül Aerosol Solunum Etkilenmeler

Inhalation is the most likely exposure route for individuals working with aerosolizable engineered nano-materials (ENM). To properly perform nanoparticle ...

Biyoloji

An Air-liquid Interface Bronchial Epithelial Model for Realistic, Repeated Inhalation Exposure to Airborne Particles for Toxicity Testing

For toxicity testing of airborne particles, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure systems have been developed for in vitro tests in order to mimic realistic exposure conditions. This puts specific demands on the cell culture models. Many cell types are negatively affected by exposure to air (e.g., drying out) and only remain viable for a few days. This limits the exposure conditions that can be used in these models: usually relatively high concentrations are applied as a cloud (i.e., droplets containing particles, which settle down rapidly) within a short period of time. Such experimental conditions do not reflect realistic long-term exposure to low concentrations of particles. To overcome these limitations the use of a human bronchial epithelial cell line, Calu-3 was investigated. These cells can be cultured at ALI conditions for several weeks while retaining a healthy morphology and a stable monolayer with tight junctions. In addition, this bronchial model is suitable for testing the effects of repeated exposures to low, realistic concentrations of airborne particles using an ALI exposure system. This system uses a continuous airflow in contrast to other ALI exposure systems that use a single nebulization producing a cloud. Therefore, the continuous flow system is suitable for repeated and prolonged exposure to airborne particles while continuously monitoring the particle characteristics, exposure concentration, and delivered dose. Taken together, this bronchial model, in combination with the continuous flow exposure system, is able to mimic realistic, repeated inhalation exposure conditions that can be used for toxicity testing.

Described is the cell culture and exposure method of an in vitro bronchial model for realistic, repeated inhalation exposure to particles for toxicity testing.

Toksisite Testi için Havadaki Parçacıklara Gerçekçi, Tekrarlanan Soluma Maruziyeti için Hava Sıvısı Arayüzü Bronşiyal Epitel Modeli

For toxicity testing of airborne particles, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure systems have been developed for in vitro tests in order to mimic realistic ...