Biz saha içinde yaptığı yardım için Manel Bolivar teşekkür ederiz. Biz araştırma ve örnekleme izinleri verdikleri destekten dolayı &quot;Parc Natural del Montgri les Illes Medler i el Baix Ter&quot; minnettarız. sualtı manipülatör Ayelet Dadon-Pilosof tarafından tasarlanan ve Sn Pilosof tarafından imal edilmiştir. Bu eser İspanyol Hükümeti projesi CSI-Mercan [RC ve MR hibe numarası CGL2013-43106-R] tarafından ve TM &quot;Ministerio de Educación, Kültür y Deporte (• MECD)&quot; bir FPU burs ile desteklenmiştir. Bu G. Yahel için Katalan Hükümeti [hibe sayısı 2014SGR1029] ve ISF hibe 1280-1213 ve BSF hibe 2012089 tarafından finanse edilen bir Deniz Biyojeokimya katkısı ve Küresel Değişim Araştırma grubudur.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

hazırlık adımlar DOM ve besin analizi için kolektör şişeler Toplayıcı damarlar çözünmüş mikro bileşenleri ile etkileşime girebilir ve örnekleyici duvarları büyüme 30-34, DOM ve besin koleksiyonu için farklı şişeler test edildi bakteriler için bir substrat olabilir beri. Numuneler hızla 30 donmuş değilse cam şişe kadar iki kat silika ilk konsantrasyonunu artırabilir ç?...

Bentik süspansiyon besleyiciler deniz ekosistemlerinin 1 işleyişinde temel rol oynamaktadır. Su 2,3 geniş hacimli filtreleyerek, onlar kaldırmak ve partiküler (plankton ve detritus) ve (burada ve referanslar) çözünmüş bileşikler 1 ifraz ve bentik-pelajik bağlantı 4,5 ve besin döngüsü 6,7 önemli ajan vardır. Doğru partikül ve çözünmüş bileşikler kaldırılır ve (örneğin, süngerler, Ascidians, polychaetesi, ve Bivalvlerden gibi) bentik süspansiyon besleyiciler tarafından atılır ölçme onların fizyolojisi, metabolizma ve beslenme ekoloji anlamak esastır. Birlikte hızı ölçümleri pompalama ile, aynı zamanda bu organizmalar ve su kalitesi yanı sıra ekosistem ölçekli süreçleri ekolojik etkisi aracılık ettiği besin akı bir miktarının sağlar. kaldırma ve üretim partikül oranı ve çözünmüş com ölçme uygun yöntemi seçmeSüspansiyon filtre besleyiciler tarafından lira beslenme aktivitesini 8 ile ilgili güvenilir veriler elde etmek için çok önemlidir. Riisgård ve diğerleri, uygunsuz yöntemler önyargı sonuçları işaret ettiği gibi, deneysel koşullar deforme yenmesi ve bazı maddelerin atılımı yanlış tahminler üretmek ve bu organizmalar tarafından işlenen besin akı hatalı ölçümü yol açabilir. iki en sık kullanılan yöntemler inkübasyon (dolaylı teknikler) ya da ortam eşzamanlı toplama ve üfledi su (doğrudan teknikleri) ya dahil filtre besleyiciler partikül ve çözünmüş besin akıları ölçmek için. İnkübasyon yöntemleri inkübe su içinde parçacık konsantrasyonu ve çözünmüş besin değişim oranını ölçmek ve yeterli kontrol 8 ile karşılaştırıldığında, üretim veya kaldırma hızları tahmin dayanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bir inkübasyon odası içinde bir organizma içine kendi Feedin değiştirebilirg nedeniyle ve / veya gıda konsantrasyonda nedeniyle ya da boşaltım kuluçka su 7,9 bileşiklerin (ve referanslar orada) birikimine oksijen bir düşüş nedeniyle doğal akış rejiminde değişiklikler davranışı pompalama. Kapatılma ve modifiye su etkilerine ek olarak, inkübasyon teknikleri büyük bir eğilim yeniden filtreleme etkileri (örnek 10 bakınız) kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu metodolojik sorunların bazıları inkübasyon kabına 11 sağ hacim ve şekil kullanarak veya yerinde 12 bir sirkülasyon çan kavanoz sisteminin getirilmesi ile üstesinden olmasına rağmen, bu tekniğin genellikle çıkarma ve üretim oranları göz ardı etmektedir. Bu çözünmüş organik azot (DON) ve karbon (DOC) ya da inorganik besin olarak çözünmüş bileşiklerin metabolizması miktarının, inkübasyon teknikleri 13 kaynaklanan önyargılar özellikle yatkın olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. 60&#39;ların sonlarında ve 70&#39;lerin başlarında Henry Reiswig içinde9,14,15 ayrı yerinde organizmalar tarafından inhale ve üfledi su örnekleme yoluyla, dev Karayip süngerler tarafından parçacık kaldırma ölçmek için doğrudan tekniklerin uygulanmasını öncülük etmiştir. Daha küçük süspansiyon besleyiciler ve daha zorlu sualtı koşullarda Reiswig tekniğini uygulamak için zorluk nedeniyle, bu alandaki araştırmaların toplu çoğunlukla dolaylı kuluçka teknikleri 16 kullanılarak (in vitro) laboratuvara sınırlandırılmıştır. Yahel ve arkadaşları küçük çaplı şartlarında çalışmak için in situ tekniği Reiswig doğrudan sığdırılmıştır. Bu yöntem, Inex 16 olarak adlandırılan, rahatsız organizmalar tarafından (Ex) (In) inhale ve ekshale su eşzamanlı sualtı örnekleme dayanmaktadır. Numunelerin bir çift (inex) arasında bir bir madde (örneğin, bakteri) farklı konsantrasyonlarda hayvan tarafından bu maddenin tutma (veya üretimi) bir ölçüsünü sağlar. INEX tekniği açık uçlu tüpler istihdam vepasif toplama tüpünde ortam su yerine çalışılan organizmanın pompalama faaliyeti tarafından üretilen excurrent jet dayanır. Yahel ve arkadaşları başarılı 15 farklı süspansiyon çalışmada bu tekniği uygulanmış olsa da takson besleyiciler (örneğin, 17), yöntem bazı excurrent menfezlerin ufacık büyüklüğüne göre gerekli uygulama ve deneyimi yüksek seviyede ile kısıtlı olup, tarafından deniz koşulları. Bu engelleri aşmak için, biz dakika tüpleri ile örneklenmiş suyun kontrollü emme (dış çapı &lt;1,6 mm) dayalı alternatif bir teknik geliştirdi. Amacımız bu tür bentik süspansiyon besleyiciler excurrent deliği gibi temiz ve çok özel bir noktada, in situ su örnekleme kontrol sağlayacak basit, güvenilir ve ucuz cihaz oluşturmak oldu. Etkili olabilmesi için, yöntem, ortam akış rejimini etkileyen veya b değiştirmek şekilde değil müdahaleci olmayan olmak zorundaçalışılan organizmaların ehavior. Burada yer alan cihaz, VacuSIP olarak adlandırılır. Bu Yahel ve arkadaşları tarafından geliştirilen SIP sisteminin bir basitleştirme olduğunu. Derin deniz ROV tabanlı noktası örnekleme (2007) 18. VacuSIP orijinal SIP çok daha ucuzdur ve SCUBA-bazlı çalışmalar için adapte edilmiştir. Sistem laboratuvar ortamlarında için Wright ve Stephens (1978) 19 ve Møhlenberg ve Riisgård (1978) 20 tarafından sunulan ve test edilmiş prensiplere göre dizayn edilmiştir. VacuSIP sistemi bentik süspansiyon besleyiciler metabolizmasının in situ çalışmalar için tasarlanmış olsa da, aynı zamanda, laboratuar çalışmaları için kullanılabilir ve daha kontrollü ve temiz, nokta-kaynağı, su örneği yerde gereklidir. In situ filtrasyon veya uzun süreli (en az-saat) boyunca entegre gerekmektedir sistem özellikle yararlıdır. VacuSIP 2011 yılından bu yana YAHEL laboratuarda başarılı bir şekilde kullanılmıştır ve ayrıca sahiptirKarayipler ve Akdeniz sünger türlerinin 21 aracılı besin akı iki son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda istihdam edilmiştir (Morganti ve ark. sunulmuştur). VacuSIP uygulandığı özel numune, uzun örnekleme süresi ve tarla koşullarında, kullanımı toplama filtre ve duyarlı analitler için numune depolamak için, standart protokoller Okyanusbilimsel bazı sapmalar gerektirir. VacuSIP sistemi veya toplama sonra bakteriyel aktivite ile alınan su numunelerinin modifikasyonu riski ile kontaminasyon riskini azaltmak için, biz yerinde filtrasyon ve depolama işlemlerinde çeşitli test edilmiştir. Farklı filtreleme cihazları, toplama gemiler ve depolama prosedürleri çözünmüş inorganik (PO 4 3-, NO x - NH 4 +, SiO 4) analizi için en uygun tekniği elde etmek için incelenmiş ve organik (DOC + DON) bileşikleri ve ultra plankton (&lt;1081 m) ve partiküler organik (POC + PON) örnekleme. Diğer bir özellikle alan koşulları altında, kirlenme riskini azaltmak için, işleme adımlarının sayısı minimumda edildi. yöntem sunulduğu görsel biçim tekrarlanabilirliği kolaylaştırmak ve verimli tekniği uygulamak için gereken süreyi azaltmak için aydınlatmaktadır. Sistem görünümü 2 mm kadar küçük exhalant deliklerle süspansiyon besleyiciler in situ pompalanan su içinde örnek için, her bir numunenin pompa etkinliği ilk aşağıdaki uçucu menfezi (ler) i ve excurrent açıklığı 16 akışını gözlemleyerek fluorescein boyalı deniz suyu, süzüldü salgılayarak görüntülenmiştir (18 şekil 2b de bakınız). Çalışma örneğinin (Cari Olmayan ve excurrent) tarafından inhale ve üfledi su, daha sonra eş zamanlı olarak özel olarak oluşturulmuş bir manipülatör yüklü dakika tüpler bir çift kullanımı ile ya da &quot;ar ikisine örneklenirbaş aşağı esnek taşınabilir tripod ms &quot;(Şekil 1 ve Ek Video 1). Çalışma organizma tarafından inhale su dikkatlice içinde veya çalışma organizmanın uçucu madde diyafram yakın bir tüpün proksimal ucunu yerleştirerek toplanır. Bir özdeş tüp daha sonra excurrent menfez içine yerleştirilir. Bu işlem tortu tabanda, örneğin kişi veya hayvanın bozukluğu, önlemek için iyi bir bakım gerektirir. örneklemeyi başlamak için, bir dalgıç bağlı bir şırınga iğnesi ile toplama kabında bir septumu delip örnekleme tüpü içinden kap içine alınan su numuneleri zorlamak için harici su basıncı sağlayan, her tüpün uzak ucu. emiş önce şişelere oluşturulan vakum ile ve dış su ve tahliye numune kabı arasındaki basınç farkı ile başlatılır . üfledi su temiz bir koleksiyon sağlamak ve ambi yanlışlıkla emme önlemek içinent suyu 16, su örnekleme hızı excurrent akış oranı önemli ölçüde daha düşük bir hızda (&lt;% 10) muhafaza edilmesi gerekmektedir. Emme hızı, borunun uzunluğu ve iç çapı (ID) ile kontrol edilir. küçük iç çapı da ihmal edilebilir bir ölü hacmi (&lt;boru metre başına 200 ul) sağlar. uzun süreli (saat dakika) üzerinde örnekleme mümkün ilgi çoğu maddelerin doğal patchiness entegre etmek için yapar. Numuneler yeterince laboratuara taşınması yanı sıra uzun süreli sualtı örnekleme oturumları korunur sağlamak için yerinde filtrasyon bir hassas analitler için tavsiye edilir. Örnekleme gemiler, filtrasyon montaj ve boru seçimi çalışması organizmalar ve özel araştırma sorusu tarafından dikte edilir. Aşağıda açıklanan protokol tam metabolik profili (genel bir bakış için bakınız Şekil 2) ilgi olduğunu varsayar. Ancak, protokolün modüler yapısı f veriyorveya kolay değişiklik basit, hatta çok farklı örnekleme planları karşılamak için. Tam metabolik profil için örnekleme protokolü aşağıdaki adımları içermelidir: (1) Akış görselleştirme; (2) Örnekleme ultra plankton besleme (plankton &lt;10 mikron); (3) (in-line filtreleri kullanarak) inorganik besin alımı ve atılımı Örnekleme; (4) Örnekleme organik alımı ve atılımı çözünmüş (in-line filtreleri kullanarak); (5) Partikül besleme ve atılımı (in-line filtreleri kullanarak); (6) 2. adımı tekrarlayın (kalite kontrol gibi ultra-plankton besleme); (7) görselleştirme akış. Lojistik mümkün, metabolik profil ölçümleri hızı pompalama ile birlikte kullanılması tavsiye edilir (örn, boya ön hız yöntemi, 16) yanı sıra solunum ölçümleri. Bu ölçümler en iyi örnekleme oturumun başında ve sonunda alınır. solunum ölçümü için, sualtı optodes veya mikro-elektrotlar tercih edilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>GorillaPod, Original</td><td>Joby</td><td>GP000001</td><td>flexible portable tripod&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Flangeless Ferrule</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-200X</td><td>1/16&quot; in Blue/pk</td></tr><tr><td>Male Nut</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science</td><td>P-205X&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1/16&quot; in Green/10&amp;nbsp;pk</td></tr><tr><td>Female to Female Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female-Male Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peek Tubing (254&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m ID)</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1531</td><td>1/16&quot; OD x 0.01&amp;nbsp;in ID x 5&amp;nbsp;ft length. Alternative ID can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Two component resin epoxy</td><td>IVEGOR</td><td>9257</td><td>Mix well the two component resin before use</td></tr><tr><td>(TOC) EPA Vials</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>03756-20</td><td>40 ml glass vials. Manufactured also by Thomas Scientific (ref. number 9711F09).</td></tr><tr><td>HDPE Vials</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>986701 (E78620)</td><td>20 ml high-density polyethylene vials</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuette Z no additive</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>455001</td><td>pre-vacuum by the manufacturer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Sample Bottles</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>1755C01</td><td>250 ml glass bottles&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 1</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240844SP (E7865R)</td><td>22-400 for HDPE vials&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 2</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240846 (1078-5553)</td><td>24-400 for glass vials and bottles. Also manufactured by Thermo Scientific National (ref. 03-377-42).</td></tr><tr><td>In-line stainless steel Swinney Filter holders</td><td>Pall</td><td>516-9067</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>PTFE Seal Washer</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-8064</td><td>ring for stainless steel filter holders</td></tr><tr><td>TCLP Glass Filters</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-9126</td><td>binder-free glass fiber filters, 13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.7&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate Filter Holders</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>17295</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Isopore Membrane Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>GTTP01300</td><td>13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Contrad 70 Solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Decon Labs</td><td>1002</td><td>highly soluble basic mix of anionic and non-ionic surfactant solution&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Syringe Filters</td><td>VWR International Eurolab S.L.</td><td>514-0061P</td><td>25&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter , pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescein</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>(old ref.28802) 46955-100G</td><td>100&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Holdex, disposable,sterile</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>450263</td><td>sterile, single-use tube holder with off-center luer for Vacuette</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Needles</td><td>IcoGammaPlus</td><td>5160</td><td>0.7&amp;nbsp;mm x 30&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Cryovials Nalgene</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>V5007(Cat. No.5000-0020)</td><td>2&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Cryobox carton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rubilabor</td><td>M-600</td><td>145x145x55&amp;nbsp;mm p/microtube 1.5&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Orthophosphoric Acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>79617 or Alternatively use Ultra-Pure Hydrochloric acid, final concertation 0.1%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td>500&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Glutaraldehyde</td><td>Merck</td><td>8,206,031,000</td><td>25%, 1 L</td></tr><tr><td>Hand Vacuum Pump&amp;nbsp;</td><td>B&amp;uuml;rkle&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5620-2181 or Alternatively use standard laboratory vacuum pump</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

vacusip, an improved inex method for in situ measurement of particulate and dissolved compounds processed by active suspension feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

Deniz suyu toplama yöntemleri optimizasyonu Toplayıcı şişeleri ve temizlik prosedürü seçimi VacuSIP uyumlu toplama hazneli numune bir şırınga iğnesi ile delinmesi ile başlatılabilir sağlayan bir septum olmalıdır. Onlar yüksek sualtı basıncı (derinlikleri çalışan tipik tüplü 2-3 bar) dayanıklı olm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders at JoVE.com

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, bir Geliştirilmiş INEX Yöntemi için<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Partikül Ölçümü ve Çözünmüş bileşikler Aktif Süspansiyon besleme üniteleri İşlenmiş

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

vacusip-an-improved-inex-method-for-situ-measurement-particulate

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

10.8K Görüntüleme.  Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC). We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

Video: VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment.
We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

This protocol provides instructions on how to use a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), which is designed for quantification of in situ animal-generated flows. In addition, this protocol addresses challenges posed by field conditions, and includes operator motion, predicting position of animals, and orientation of SCUVA.

Kantitatif Ölçüm In situ</emBağımsız Sualtı velosimetri Aparatı (SCUVA)> Akımlar

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as ...

Biyomühendislik

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

Temiz Örnekleme ve Eser Metal Çalışmaları Nehri ve haliç Waters Analizi

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Çevre

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Besin ve tortu tarım havza içinde sürekli Instream izleme

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

Su akışı ağırlıklı ve tarım kanallar üzerinden askıya alınan parçacıklar drenaj olaylar sırasında yakalama

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

Sürekli hidrolojik ve su kalitesi Vernal havuz izleme

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (&#62;153 &#181;m) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 &#181;m) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.

Plankton and suspended particles play a major role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Here, we provide an ultra-clean, low stress method for the collection of various sizes of particles and plankton at sea with the capability of handling large volumes of seawater.

Şeker boyutu deniz Plankton ve askıya alınan parçacıkları toplamak için Ultra temiz bir çok katmanlı aparat

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

Tasarım ve deniz kabuklu süspansiyon besleme miktarının için bir aparat kullanımı

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

In Situ Chemotaxis Assay to Examine Microbial Behavior in Aquatic Ecosystems

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread across the bacterial and archaeal domains. Chemotaxis can result in substantial resource acquisition advantages in heterogeneous environments. It also plays a crucial role in symbiotic interactions, disease, and global processes, such as biogeochemical cycling. However, current techniques restrict chemotaxis research to the laboratory and are not easily applicable in the field. Presented here is a step-by-step protocol for the deployment of the in situ chemotaxis assay (ISCA), a device that enables robust interrogation of microbial chemotaxis directly in the natural environment. The ISCA is a microfluidic device consisting of a 20 well array, in which chemicals of interest can be loaded. Once deployed in aqueous environments, chemicals diffuse out of the wells, creating concentration gradients that microbes sense and respond to by swimming into the wells via chemotaxis. The well contents can then be sampled and used to (1) quantify strength of the chemotactic responses to specific compounds through flow cytometry, (2) isolate and culture responsive microorganisms, and (3) characterize the identity and genomic potential of the responding populations through molecular techniques. The ISCA is a flexible platform that can be deployed in any system with an aqueous phase, including marine, freshwater, and soil environments.

Presented here is the protocol for an in situ chemotaxis assay, a recently developed microfluidic device that enables studies of microbial behavior directly in the environment.

Sucul Ekosistemlerde Mikrobiyal Davranışı İncelemek Için Situ Chemotaxis Tsay'da

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread ...

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) system. The simultaneous excitation of the fundamental frequency and its third harmonic, which is termed as dual-frequency excitation, to a pair of interdigital transducers (IDTs) could generate a new type of standing acoustic waves in a microfluidic channel. Varying the power and the phase in the dual-frequency excitation signals results in a reconfigurable field of the acoustic radiation force applied to the microparticles across the microchannel (e.g., the number and location of the pressure nodes and the microparticle concentrations at the corresponding pressure nodes). This article demonstrates that the motion time of the microparticle to only one pressure node can be reduced ~2-fold at the power ratio of the fundamental frequency greater than ~90%. In contrast, there are three pressure nodes in the microchannel if less than this threshold. Furthermore, adjusting the initial phase between the fundamental frequency and the third harmonic results in different motion rates of the three SSAW pressure nodes, as well as in the percentage of microparticles at each pressure node in the microchannel. There is a good agreement between the experimental observation and the numerical predictions. This novel excitation method can easily and non-invasively integrate into the LOC system, with a wide tenability and only a few changes to the experimental set-up.

A protocol for manipulating the microparticles in a microfluidic channel with a dual-frequency excitation is presented.

Çift frekanslı uyarilmalar ile yüzey akustik dalgalar ayakta tarafından Microparticle manipülasyon

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip ...

Mühendislik

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

Mikrodiyaliz profilleyicileri kullanılarak oksik-anoksik toprak-su arayüzü boyunca çözünmüş çözünmüş numune alımı

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

VacuSIP, bir Geliştirilmiş INEX Yöntemi için

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