Name: enhancement of the initial growth rate of agricultural plants by using static magnetic fields
Uploaded: 2016-07-08T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields at JoVE.com

This study received supported from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2011-0012728). A poster presenting this study was awarded the Best Poster Award by the Korean Society of Applied Biological Sciences (KSABC).

1. Başlangıç ​​Ayarları <ol><li> Tarım Bitki Türleri <ol><li> Kullan Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. Japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis) ve Mescluns (Lepidium sativum) tohumları. NOT: Impatiens balsamina (Bahçe Balsam ya da Gül Balsam) Hindistan yerli bir türdür; Birkaç üyeleri aynı zamanda Myanmar bulunmaktadır. Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis ya komatsuna) ortak bir şalgam olarak aynı türün bir çeşididir. Bahçe tere (Lepidium sativum) taksonomik su teresi ve hardal ile ilgilidir ot türüdür. Onlar ticari 5,7 kullanılmaktadır olan benzer tatlar ve koku var. </li></ol></li><li> bitki Kültürleri <ol><li> Kültür Bahçe Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. Japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis) ve Mesclun100 mm çaplı (100 pi) Petri kabındaki s (Lepidium sativum) tohumları. bir tabak türlerinin tek tip içerdiğinden emin olun. </li><li> Kültür koşulları için, bir selüloz havlu üzerinde tohum yerleştirin. Üçlü distile su içinde havlu ve tohum bırakın. Tedbir ve 65-75% arasında değişen nem, kapalı laboratuvar RT 18-25 ° C olduğunu teyit (bölüm 3.1.2 kontrol edin). </li><li> tohum sayısı, kültür Bahçe Balsam 10 ± 1 tohum, Mizuna 50 ± 10 tohum, Komatsuna 330 ± 20 tohumlar ve Mescluns 380 ± 20 tohumlar. 65-75% arasında değişen nem, 18-25 ° C olarak ölçülmüştür özdeş koşullar kullanın (bölüm 2.1.1 kontrol edin). Not: Bütün deneyler laboratuvarda düzenlenmiş nem ve sıcaklık aralığı kapalı koşullar uygulandı. nem ve sıcaklık, statik değildi, ama mıknatıs tedavi edilmiş grup ve kontrol için olan koşullar ile aynıları sağladı. </li></ol></li></ol> Dört Tarımsal İşletmelerin 2. Kültür<ol><li> Deneysel prosedür <ol><li> Kontrol ve mıknatıs uygulanan grupta bitki ve kültür koşulları türleri için bölüm 1.2.3) izleyin. </li><li> Bahçe Balsam 100 pi yemekleri altındaki 1.750 ± 350 Gauss (10,000 Gauss = 1 Tesla) üç mıknatıslar uygulayın. Uygulama sırasında, üç mıknatıs tohum ile doğrudan temas halinde değildir ve petri plastik alt ayrılmış olduğundan emin olun. tohum ve mıknatıslar arasında doğrudan mesafe 2-4 mm olmalıdır. Dört tarımsal bitkiler için 168 saat (7 gün) için mıknatıslar uygulayın. </li><li> ) Aynı 2.1.2&#39;de tüm adımların ardından, Bahçe Balsam kültür plaka alt üst ve diğer mıknatıs (bakan S tarafında iki mıknatıs, yukarı bir (bakan N tarafı) yukarı doğru) uygulanır. NOT: kutuplar Bahçe Balsam farklı şekillerde uygulanır. Tüm ortamlar yönü haricinde aynıdır Ancak, kutup yönelim, büyüme değişiklikler için bu çalışmada önemli bir faktör olarak kabul edilmezmanyetik akı. Bahçe Balsam N ve S kutbu uygulamanın amacı kutup yönü yönetmek için zor olabilir alanlarda, bunu kullanarak pratik yeteneğini görmek oldu. </li></ol></li></ol> Bahçe Balsam 3. tubulin Boyama <ol><li> Ayarlı Işık Durum mıknatıs Uygulamaları <ol><li> , 48 saat boyunca 100 mm plakanın alt (N kutup yukarı bakacak şekilde) adım 1.2.2 koşulları kullanılarak iki mıknatıs yerleştirin. NOT: Işık modifikasyonu için, kültür tabaklarına inkübatör plastik bir raf üzerine yerleştirilmiştir. Inkübatörü karanlıkta 48 saat boyunca 25 ° C&#39;de ışık durdurma ve koruma sıcaklığı için kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu durum nedeniyle büyüme uzunluğunda yüksek varyasyonlar bu deneyde kullanılmadı. </li></ol></li><li> bitki Boyama <ol><li> % 4 paraformaldehid ve 0.1 M adım 3.1.2) ile aynı koşullar yetişen (kök ve kökler dahil) tüm impatiens SPP çift çiçek bitki, Fixfosfat tamponu (pH 7.4) içinde 15 dakika karıştırıldı. </li><li> impatiens örnek çıkarın ve tampon (PBS içinde% 2 at serumu /% 1 sığır serum albümini /% 0.1 Triton X-100, pH 7.5) bloke 2 saat bırakın. 15 dakika boyunca PBS ile daldırarak impatiens örnek yıkayın. </li><li> İkili immüno-lekeleme için, numune inkübe primer antikoru, anti-alfa tübülin (1: 1000), O / N 4 ° C&#39;de. </li><li> örnek çıkarın ve yıkama, 10 dakika süreyle bir kez PBS ile örnekleri bırakın. Anti-fare IgG (1: 400), FITC-konjüge, 25 ° C&#39;de 2 saat boyunca inkübe ikincil antikor gibi. </li><li> PBS içinde örnek daldırın ve 24 çukurlu bir levhanın altındaki bütün örnek kılıf. tubulin yönünü gözlemlemek için geleneksel bir floresan mikroskop kullanılarak görüntü elde (λ = 550 nm, 100X, 200X ve 400X&#39;lik büyütülmüş). NOT: Bu durumda, mıknatıs ile tedavi edilen grup (n = 10) ve kontrol (n = 11), sadece, sigara karanlık koşullarda yetiştirilen Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina) teyit edilmiştir. </li&gt; </ol></li></ol> 4. Veri Toplama Yöntemleri <ol><li> Dört Tarım Bitki Büyüme Time-lapse Oluşturma <ol><li> (Bu herhangi bir dijital kamera yapılabilir) auto çekim ayarlayarak, 10 dakika aralıklarla bitki fotoğraf. F 3.2 diyafram ve 400 ISO değerini ayarlayın. </li><li> 7-10 gün için 700-900 resim toplayın. pil bittiği olabilir çünkü elektrik telleri ile bağlayın. </li><li> tıklayıp (malzeme ve ekipman tabloya bakınız) film çekimi yazılımı ile akış sınırının altında kronolojik her resmin bırakarak resim sürükleyin. 30-40 saniyelik bir filmi toplamda içine her biri için 0,045-,05 sn eşit süreleri bir akış hattı üzerine koydu. kronolojik bir sırayla her resmin seçilmesi ile hiçbir karanlık boşluklar vardır ki kontrol edin. </li><li> Adım 4.1.3 sonra, 30-40 sn time-lapse video slayt derlenmiş-film sağlamak ve işlemek tıklayın ve .mpeg veya Avi formatında kaydetmek için yazılımdaki oynat düğmesini tıklatın. boyut ma içinrkers, fotoğrafın yanında Kanadalı Mahallesi, Amerikalı kuruş ve bir santimetre cetvel kullanın. </li><li> İstatistiksel analiz 11,12 t testi ve kutu arsa gerçekleştirin. NOT: Beş numara özetleri Grupları alt limit (L) Q1 olarak değer hesaplamak için kullanılmıştır - Q3 + olarak - [1.5 × (Q3 Q1)] ve üst limit (H) değeri [1.5 × (Q3 - Q1) ]. Bu yaklaşım uzunluğu veri toplama 11 adım 1.2.2 dahil oldu. L ve H değerleri bu aralığın dışında gözlenen veri noktaları olarak kabul edilebilir outliers anlamına T-dağılımın% 99 alanı göstermektedir. Fide 12 yükseklikleri farklılıkları analiz etmek için kullanılan -test Kutu araziler ve Student t. </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Martin, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+measurement+of+pollen+tube+growth+inhibition.">In vitro measurement of pollen tube growth inhibition.</a> Plant Physiol. 49, 924-925 (1972).</li><li>Pfahler, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+germination+characteristics+of+maize+pollen+to+detect+biological+activity+of+environmental+pollutants.">In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants.</a> Environ Health Perspect. 37, 125-132 (1981).</li><li>Yao, Z., Tan, X., Du, H., Luo, B., Liu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-current+microwave+ion+source+with+permanent+magnet+and+its+beam+emittance+measurement.">A high-current microwave ion source with permanent magnet and its beam emittance measurement.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 79, 073304 (2008).</li><li>Hendrickson, C. L., Drader, J. J., Laude, D. A., Guan, S., Marshall, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fourier+transform+ion+cyclotron+resonance+mass+spectrometry+in+a+20+T+resistive+magnet.">Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in a 20 T resistive magnet.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 10, 1829-1832 (1996).</li><li>Namba, K., Sasao, A., Shibusawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EFFECT+OF+MAGNETIC+FIELD+ON+GERMINATION+AND+PLANT+GROWTH.">EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON GERMINATION AND PLANT GROWTH.</a> Acta Hort. 399, 143-148 (1995).</li><li>Hirota, N., Nakagawa, J., Kitazawa, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+magnetic+field+on+the+germination+of+plants.">Effects of a magnetic field on the germination of plants.</a> Journals of Applied Physics. 85, 5717-5719 (1999).</li><li>Penuelas, J., Llusia, J., Martinez, B., Fontcuberta, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diamagnetic+Susceptibility+and+Root+Growth+Responses+to+Magnetic+Fields+in+Lens+culinaris,+Glycine+soja,+and+Triticum+aestivum.">Diamagnetic Susceptibility and Root Growth Responses to Magnetic Fields in Lens culinaris, Glycine soja, and Triticum aestivum.</a> Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 23, 97-112 (2004).</li><li>Carbonell, M. V., Martinez, E., Amaya, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+germination+in+rice+(Oryza+Sativa+L.)+by+a+static+magnetic+field.">Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza Sativa L.) by a static magnetic field.</a> Electro- and Magnetobiology. 19, 121-128 (2000).</li><li>Oakley, R. V., Wang, Y. S., Ramakrishna, W., Harding, S. A., Tsai, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expansion+and+expression+of+alpha-+and+beta-tubulin+gene+families+in+Populus.">Differential expansion and expression of alpha- and beta-tubulin gene families in Populus.</a> Plant Physiol. 145, 961-973 (2007).</li><li>Hoson, T., Matsumoto, S., Soga, K., Wakabayashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+microtubules+are+responsible+for+gravity+resistance+in+plants.">Cortical microtubules are responsible for gravity resistance in plants.</a> Plant Signal Behav. 5, 752-754 (2010).</li><li>Kim, S., Im, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Static+magnetic+fields+inhibit+proliferation+and+disperse+subcellular+localization+of+gamma+complex+protein3+in+cultured+C2C12+myoblast+cells.">Static magnetic fields inhibit proliferation and disperse subcellular localization of gamma complex protein3 in cultured C2C12 myoblast cells.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 57, 1-8 (2010).</li><li>Benjamini, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opening+the+Box+of+a+Boxplot.">Opening the Box of a Boxplot.</a> The American Statistician. 42, 257-262 (1988).</li></ol>

The Authors have nothing to disclose.

Her durumda, mıknatıslar bir petri altında uygulanmalıdır. Bu çalışma, tarımsal bitkilerin bir temsilcisi olarak Bahçe Balsam odaklanarak, birçok tarımsal türlerin tohumlarının büyüme oranı üzerinde manyetik alanların etkisi incelenmiştir. Örneğin, tubulin boyama kök moleküler seviyede değişikliklerinin değerlendirilmesi ve uzunluk proliferasyonunda manyetik alanın etkisi gösteren kemik mikro-yapıları kök Bahçe Balsam gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hem mıknatısın N ve S kutupları uzun vad...

Çimlenmesi tohum 1 oluşumuyla sonuçlanan bir bitki büyümesidir. Belirli koşullar altında, tohum çimlenmesi başlar ve embriyonik dokular büyüme devam. Bu çimlenme için enzimleri aktive etmek için tohuma hidrasyon ile başlar. Tohumlar 1,2 (Petri kabı veya test tüpü içinde), in vitro olarak filizlenmeye indüklenebilir. Statik manyetik alanlar Lorentz kuvveti 3,4 yoluyla iyonik ücretleri ile moleküllerin hareketlerinin neden özel kuvvetler vardır. Lorentz kuvveti meydana getirildiği zaman bir manyetik alan altında bir iyonize veya yüklü nesne hareket eder. Her malzemenin elektron ve proton oluşan atomu ile oluşturulmuştur. manyetik alanlar mevcut olduğunda, bu statik veya alternatif olup olmadığı, şarj malzemenin hareketini etkiler. Bu, aynı zamanda bitki ve hücre içi bir molekül durum etki su molekülleri için geçerlidir. Daha önceki bir çalışmada, elektromanyetik bobinler kullanıldıdarbeli manyetik alanlar oluşturmak, ve &#39;Komatsuna&#39; bitkiler konularında 5 olarak seçildi. Bu çalışmada, mıknatıs statik manyetik alan Lorentz kuvveti bir genişleme çalışma olarak benzer fakat farklı etkiler elde etmek için kullanıldı oluşturulur. Manyetik alanın frekansı, ziyade polarite, bitki çimlenme için önemli bir faktördür. manyetik alanın frekansı yaklaşık 10 Hz iken Önceki çalışmalar maksimum çimlenme oranları kontrole göre% 20 daha yüksek olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. Alan retrograd bir şekilde kaldırıldı, büyüme oranı 5 zayıflatılmıştır. Statik manyetik alanlar öncelikle çimlenme 6 ve kök büyümesi 7 ilk büyüme 6-8 üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, manyetik alanları kullanarak tarımsal bitkilerin büyümesini düzenleyen olasılığını incelemek için statik mıknatıslar kullanılır. Özellikle, D amaçlanmıştırmanyetik alan uygulamasının belirli koşullar literatürde belirtilen daha yüksek seviyelere büyüme oranlarını artırabilir olmadığını etermine. Bitkilerin ilk yeşerme başarılı bir manyetik alan kullanılarak artırılabilir Ayrıca, eğer, kimyasal gübre kullanımı önlenebilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Static magnets</td><td>JIM</td><td></td><td>2000Gauss</td></tr><tr><td>2% horse serum/1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Merged with 55514</td><td>Blocking buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Primary antibody</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>sc-8035</td><td>a-Tubulin</td></tr><tr><td>Secondary antibody</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>sc-2010</td><td>FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG</td></tr><tr><td>time lapse photographic techniques</td><td>Manually controlled</td><td></td><td>ISO value 400 &amp;amp; aperture F 3.2</td></tr><tr><td>Sony Vegas Pro 13.0</td><td>Sony</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

enhancement of the initial growth rate of agricultural plants by using static magnetic fields

Elektronik cihazlar ve yüksek gerilim telleri manyetik alanlar neden olur. 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) içinde bir manyetik alan (. Brassica rapa var perviridis) Bahçe Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. Japonica), Komatsuna tohumlarını ihtiva eden petri çanakları uygulanır ve Mescluns edildi (Lepidium sativum ). Biz kültür çanak altında mıknatıslar uyguladı. Uygulama 4 gün boyunca, biz sap ve kök uzunluğu arttığı gözlenmektedir. manyetik alan (n = 10) tabi grup 8 gün (p &lt;0.0005) bir toplam kontrol grubu (n = 11) kıyasla bir büyüme 1.4 kat daha hızlı oran gösterdi. Bu oran önceki çalışmalarda bildirilen% 20 daha yüksektir. tubulin karmaşık çizgiler noktalarını birleştiren yoktu, ama bağlantı noktaları mıknatıs başvurusu üzerine meydana gelir. Bu anormal düzenlemeler anlamına gelir kontrolü, komple farklılık göstermektedir. Ancak, kesin nedeni bilinmemektedir. bu resmıknatıslar uygulanması büyüme donanımın ka bul etmez o, büyüme oranını artırmak verimliliği artırmak, ya da statik manyetik alanlar uygulayarak bitkilerin çimlenme hızını kontrol etmek mümkün olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, manyetik alanlar bitki hücrelerinde fizyolojik değişikliklere neden olabilir ve büyümeyi teşvik edebilir. Bu nedenle, bir manyetik alan ile stimülasyon gübre kullanımı önlenebilir anlamına gelir, kimyasal gübreler, benzer olası etkileri olabilir.

Tubulin boyama dağılmış ya da kontrol (Şekil 2) göre mıknatıs mevcudiyetinde yetiştirilen bitkilerde yapı inceltilmiş gösterdi. Ayrıca, Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis) ve Mescluns (Lepidium sativum) de dahil olmak üzere tarımsal bitkiler 7 gün time-lapse çalışmaları bir mıknatıs bu bitkilerin ilk büyüme (Şekil 3) statik manyetik alanını arttırır türetilmiş belirtti. <p class="jove_content" fo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields at JoVE.com

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

Statik Manyetik Alanlar Kullanılarak Tarımsal İşletmelerin İlk Büyüme Oranı Geliştirme

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

enhancement-initial-growth-rate-agricultural-plants-using-static

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13.2K Görüntüleme.  Yonsei University. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

Video: Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Geomagnetic Field (Gmf) and Plant Evolution: Investigating the Effects of Gmf Reversal on Arabidopsis thaliana Development and Gene Expression

One of the most stimulating observations in plant evolution is a correlation between the occurrence of geomagnetic field (GMF) reversals (or excursions) and the moment of the radiation of Angiosperms. This led to the hypothesis that alterations in GMF polarity may play a role in plant evolution. Here, we describe a method to test this hypothesis by exposing Arabidopsis thaliana to artificially reversed GMF conditions. We used a three-axis magnetometer and the collected data were used to calculate the magnitude of the GMF. Three DC power supplies were connected to three Helmholtz coil pairs and were controlled by a computer to alter the GMF conditions. Plants grown in Petri plates were exposed to both normal and reversed GMF conditions. Sham exposure experiments were also performed. Exposed plants were photographed during the experiment and images were analyzed to calculate root length and leaf areas. Arabidopsis total RNA was extracted and Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qPCR) analyses were performed on gene expression of CRUCIFERIN 3 (CRU3), copper transport protein1 (COTP1), Redox Responsive Transcription Factor1 (RRTF1), Fe Superoxide Dismutase 1, (FSD1), Catalase3 (CAT3), Thylakoidal Ascorbate Peroxidase (TAPX), a cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase1 (APX1), and NADPH/respiratory burst oxidase protein D (RbohD). Four different reference genes were analysed to normalize the results of the qPCR. The best of the four genes was selected and the most stable gene for normalization was used. Our data show for the first time that reversing the GMF polarity using triaxial coils has significant effects on plant growth and gene expression. This supports the hypothesis that GMF reversal contributes to inducing changes in plant development that might justify a higher selective pressure, eventually leading to plant evolution.

Geomagnetic Field Gmf and Plant Evolution: Investigating the Effects of Gmf Reversal on Arabidopsis thaliana Development and Gene Expression

This protocol describes a method to test the hypothesis that the reversal of the effective geomagnetic field (GMF) induces differential gene expression and alters the morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana. A triaxial octagonal system of Helmholtz coil-pairs was used to artificially generate reversed GMF conditions in the plant growth chamber.

Manyetik Alan (GMF) ve Bitki Gelişimi: GMF İptalleri Etkileri üzerine Araştırılması<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Geliştirme ve Gen İfadesi

One of the most stimulating observations in plant evolution is a correlation between the occurrence of geomagnetic field (GMF) reversals (or excursions) ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Robot systems are actively researched for manipulation of natural plants, typically restricted to agricultural automation activities such as harvest, irrigation, and mechanical weed control. Extending this research, we introduce here a novel methodology to manipulate the directional growth of plants via their natural mechanisms for signaling and hormone distribution. An effective methodology of robotic stimuli provision can open up possibilities for new experimentation with later developmental phases in plants, or for new biotechnology applications such as shaping plants for green walls. Interaction with plants presents several robotic challenges, including short-range sensing of small and variable plant organs, and the controlled actuation of plant responses that are impacted by the environment in addition to the provided stimuli. In order to steer plant growth, we develop a group of immobile robots with sensors to detect the proximity of growing tips, and with diodes to provide light stimuli that actuate phototropism. The robots are tested with the climbing common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, in experiments having durations up to five weeks in a controlled environment. With robots sequentially emitting blue light-peak emission at wavelength 465 nm-plant growth is successfully steered through successive binary decisions along mechanical supports to reach target positions. Growth patterns are tested in a setup up to 180 cm in height, with plant stems grown up to roughly 250 cm in cumulative length over a period of approximately seven weeks. The robots coordinate themselves and operate fully autonomously. They detect approaching plant tips by infrared proximity sensors and communicate via radio to switch between blue light stimuli and dormant status, as required. Overall, the obtained results support the effectiveness of combining robot and plant experiment methodologies, for the study of potentially complex interactions between natural and engineered autonomous systems.

Distributed robot nodes provide sequences of blue light stimuli to steer the growth trajectories of climbing plants. By activating natural phototropism, the robots guide the plants through binary left-right decisions, growing them into predefined patterns that by contrast are not possible when the robots are dormant.

Güdümlü bitki büyümesi için robotik algılama ve stimuli hükmü

Robot systems are actively researched for manipulation of natural plants, typically restricted to agricultural automation activities such as harvest, ...

Mühendislik

Control and Disposal of Invasive Japanese Knotweed Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Using Microwave Treatment

The study aims to assess the effectiveness of microwave treatment (MWT) at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power of 800 W to control Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) using a self-propelled device that was built in the in-house facility. The MWT was applied in the field population of knotweed in July 2022. First, plants were mechanically moved from the area of 1 m2, and next, the cut shoots around 4 cm high were microwave-treated for 25 min, 20 min, and 15 min. The control treatments were: 1) only cut plants and 2) rhizomes dug out to 30 cm deep. The effectiveness of the microwave treatments was observed for the next 11 months by counting the number of newly grown shoots. The results showed that a 25 min MWT was 100% effective in Japanese knotweed loss of vitality, while a 15 min MWT microwave treatment stimulated plant growth by around 50%, compared to controls. Rhizomes were dug out in a separate in vitro experiment for laboratory testing. The rhizomes were categorized by thickness and subjected to a 60 s MWT using a commercial microwave, after which their temperature and vitality were assessed. The temperature of rhizomes following MWT depended on their thickness. Those rhizomes that warmed to temperatures above 42 &#176;C were effectively destroyed. Summing up, the time plants are exposed to microwaves plays a major role in the effectiveness of this method. The longer the exposure to MWT, the better control. The thinner the rhizomes, the more effective the in vitro MWT rhizomes disposal.

This protocol provides a method for microwave control of Japanese knotweed in the field and disposal of dug-up rhizomes in laboratory conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. Future research directions are also suggested to optimize the use of microwaves for controlling Japanese knotweed.

The study aims to assess the effectiveness of microwave treatment (MWT) at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power of 800 W to control Japanese knotweed ...

Çevre

3D Magnetic Stem Cell Aggregation and Bioreactor Maturation for Cartilage Regeneration

Cartilage engineering remains a challenge due to the difficulties in creating an in vitro functional implant similar to the native tissue. An approach recently explored for the development of autologous replacements involves the differentiation of stem cells into chondrocytes. To initiate this chondrogenesis, a degree of compaction of the stem cells is required; hence, we demonstrated the feasibility of magnetically condensing cells, both within thick scaffolds and scaffold-free, using miniaturized magnetic field sources as cell attractors. This magnetic approach was also used to guide aggregate fusion and to build scaffold-free, organized, three-dimensional (3D) tissues several millimeters in size. In addition to having an enhanced size, the tissue formed by magnetic-driven fusion presented a significant increase in the expression of collagen II, and a similar trend was observed for aggrecan expression. As the native cartilage was subjected to forces that influenced its 3D structure, dynamic maturation was also performed. A bioreactor that provides mechanical stimuli was used to culture the magnetically seeded scaffolds over a 21-day period. Bioreactor maturation largely improved chondrogenesis into the cellularized scaffolds; the extracellular matrix obtained under these conditions was rich in collagen II and aggrecan. This work outlines the innovative potential of magnetic condensation of labeled stem cells and dynamic maturation in a bioreactor for improved chondrogenic differentiation, both scaffold-free and within polysaccharide scaffolds.

Chondrogenesis from stem cells requires fine tuning the culture conditions. Here, we present a magnetic approach for condensing cells, an essential step to initiate chondrogenesis. In addition, we show that dynamic maturation in a bioreactor applies mechanical stimulation to the cellular constructs and enhances cartilaginous extracellular matrix production.

Kıkırdak Yenileme için 3D Manyetik Kök Hücre Toplama ve Biyoreaktör Olgunlaşma

Cartilage engineering remains a challenge due to the difficulties in creating an in vitro functional implant similar to the native tissue. An approach ...

Biyomühendislik

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result of chemical inputs to its synapses. However, neurons can also be excited by an imposed electric field. In particular, recent clinical applications activate neurons by creating an electric field externally. It is therefore of interest to investigate how the neuron responds to the external field and what causes the action potential. Fortunately, precise and controlled application of an external electric field is possible for embryonic neuronal cells that are excised, dissociated and grown in cultures. This allows the investigation of these questions in a highly reproducible system.
In this paper some of the techniques used for controlled application of external electric field on neuronal cultures are reviewed. The networks can be either one dimensional, i.e. patterned in linear forms or allowed to grow on the whole plane of the substrate, and thus two dimensional. Furthermore, the excitation can be created by the direct application of electric field via electrodes immersed in the fluid (bath electrodes) or by inducing the electric field using the remote creation of magnetic pulses.

Neuronal cultures are a good model for studying emerging brain stimulation techniques via their effect on single neurons or a population of neurons. Presented here are different methods for stimulation of patterned neuronal cultures by an electric field produced directly by bath electrodes or induced by a time-varying magnetic field.

Bir ve İki Boyutlu Kültürlerde Elektrik ve Manyetik Alanlar Kullanan Nöronların Harici Uyarımı

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result ...

Nörobilim

Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, morphology, and molecular synthesis. However, variables such stimuli strength and stimulation times need to be considered when stimulating either cells, tissues or scaffolds. Given that EFs and MFs vary according to cellular response, it remains unclear how to build devices that generate adequate biophysical stimuli to stimulate biological samples. In fact, there is a lack of evidence regarding the calculation and distribution when biophysical stimuli are applied. This protocol is focused on the design and manufacture of devices to generate EFs and MFs and implementation of a computational methodology to predict biophysical stimuli distribution inside and outside of biological samples. The EF device was composed of two parallel stainless-steel electrodes located at the top and bottom of biological cultures. Electrodes were connected to an oscillator to generate voltages (50, 100, 150 and 200 Vp-p) at 60 kHz. The MF device was composed of a coil, which was energized with a transformer to generate a current (1 A) and voltage (6 V) at 60 Hz. A polymethyl methacrylate support was built to locate the biological cultures in the middle of the coil. The computational simulation elucidated the homogeneous distribution of EFs and MFs inside and outside of biological tissues. This computational model is a promising tool that can modify parameters such as voltages, frequencies, tissue morphologies, well plate types, electrodes and coil size to estimate the EFs and MFs to achieve a cellular response.

This protocol describes the step-by-step process to build both electrical and magnetic stimulators used to stimulate biological tissues. The protocol includes a guideline to simulate computationally electric and magnetic fields and manufacture of stimulator devices.

Biyolojik Dokuların Uyarılması için Elektrikli ve Manyetik Alan Cihazları

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, ...

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short period of time. However, this technology is only just beginning to be applied to large-scale production as many technological obstacles to scale up are now being overcome. Here, we demonstrate a simple and reproducible method for industrial-scale transient protein production based on vacuum infiltration of Nicotiana plants with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors. Optimization of Agrobacterium cultivation in AB medium allows direct dilution of the bacterial culture in Milli-Q water, simplifying the infiltration process. Among three tested species of Nicotiana, N. excelsiana (N. benthamiana &#215; N. excelsior) was selected as the most promising host due to the ease of infiltration, high level of reporter protein production, and about two-fold higher biomass production under controlled environmental conditions. Induction of Agrobacterium harboring pBID4-GFP (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) using chemicals such as acetosyringone and monosaccharide had no effect on the protein production level. Infiltrating plant under 50 to 100 mbar for 30 or 60 sec resulted in about 95% infiltration of plant leaf tissues. Infiltration with Agrobacterium laboratory strain GV3101 showed the highest protein production compared to Agrobacteria laboratory strains LBA4404 and C58C1 and wild-type Agrobacteria strains at6, at10, at77 and A4. Co-expression of a viral RNA silencing suppressor, p23 or p19, in N. benthamiana resulted in earlier accumulation and increased production (15-25%) of target protein (influenza virus hemagglutinin).

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Transient protein production in Nicotiana plants based on vacuum infiltration with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) is a rapid and economic approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins. We simplified the procedure and improved target accumulation by optimizing conditions of bacteria cultivation, selecting host species, and co-introducing RNA silencing suppressors.

Optimizasyon ve Kullanımı<em&gt; Agrobacterium</emIn&gt; aracılı Geçici Protein Üretimi<em&gt; Nicotiana</em

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short ...

Biyoloji

Growing Magnetotactic Bacteria of the Genus Magnetospirillum: Strains MSR-1, AMB-1 and MS-1

Magnetotactic bacteria are Gram-negative, motile, mainly aquatic prokaryotes ubiquitous in freshwater and marine habitats. They are characterized by their ability to biomineralize magnetosomes, which are magnetic nanometer-sized crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, within their cytoplasm. For most known magnetotactic bacteria, magnetosomes are assembled in chains inside the cytoplasm, thereby conferring a permanent magnetic dipole moment to the cells and causing them to align passively with external magnetic fields. Because of these specific features, magnetotactic bacteria have a great potential for commercial and medical applications. However, most species are microaerophilic and have specific O2 concentration requirements, making them more difficult to grow routinely than many other bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Here we present detailed protocols for growing three of the most widely studied strains of magnetotactic bacteria, all belonging to the genus Magnetospirillum. These methods allow for precise control of the O2 concentration made available to the bacteria, in order to ensure that they grow normally and synthesize magnetosomes. Growing magnetotactic bacteria for further studies using these procedures does not require the experimentalist to be an expert in microbiology. The general methods presented in this article may also be used to isolate and culture other magnetotactic bacteria, although it is likely that growth media chemical composition will need to be modified.

Growing Magnetotactic Bacteria of the Genus Magnetospirillum: Strains MSR-1, AMB-1 and MS-1

We present a procedure for growing several strains of Magnetospirillum in two different types of growth media. Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1 is grown in both liquid and O2 concentration gradient semi-solid media while M. magneticum strain AMB-1 and M. magnetotacticum strain MS-1 are grown in liquid medium.

Cins Magnetospirillummagnetotactic bakteri büyüyen: suşları MSR-1, AMB-1 ve MS-1

Magnetotactic bacteria are Gram-negative, motile, mainly aquatic prokaryotes ubiquitous in freshwater and marine habitats. They are characterized by their ...

MRM Microcoil Performance Calibration and Usage Demonstrated on Medicago truncatula Roots at 22 T

This protocol describes a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calibration and sample preparation method for solenoidal microcoils combined with biological samples, designed for high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also referred to as MR microscopy (MRM). It may be used at pre-clinical MRI spectrometers, demonstrated on Medicago truncatula root samples. Microcoils increase sensitivity by matching the size of the RF resonator to the size of the sample of interest, thereby enabling higher image resolutions in a given data acquisition time. Due to the relatively simple design, solenoidal microcoils are straightforward and cheap to construct and can be easily adapted to the sample requirements. Systematically, we explain how to calibrate new or home-built microcoils, using a reference solution. The calibration steps include: pulse power determination using a nutation curve; estimation of RF-field homogeneity; and calculating a volume-normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using standard pulse sequences. Important steps in sample preparation for small biological samples are discussed, as well as possible mitigating factors such as magnetic susceptibility differences. The applications of an optimized solenoid coil are demonstrated by high-resolution (13 x 13 x 13 &#956;m3, 2.2 pL) 3D imaging of a root sample.

MRM Microcoil Performance Calibration and Usage Demonstrated on Medicago truncatula Roots at 22 T

A protocol to study biological tissue at high spatial resolution using ultra-high field magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) using microcoils is presented. Step-by-step instructions are provided for characterizing the microcoils. Finally, optimization of imaging is demonstrated on plant roots.

MRM Microcoil Performans Kalibrasyonu ve Kullanımı Medicago truncatula Köklerinde 22 T'de GösterilmiştiR

This protocol describes a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calibration and sample preparation method for solenoidal microcoils combined with biological ...

Stimulation of Patterned Neuronal Cultures by a Magnetic Field

Source: Stern, S., et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/54357">External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017)
This video demonstrates a method for stimulating neuronal cultures grown in a patterned circular ring on a coverslip, using a time-varying magnetic field.

Desenli Nöronal Kültürlerin Manyetik Alan ile Uyarılması

1. Preparation of coverslips for 1D cultures.

	Clean glass coverslips by immersion in a base piranha solution consisting of 75 mL DDW, 25 mL 25% ammonia ...

Statik Manyetik Alanlar Kullanılarak Tarımsal İşletmelerin İlk Büyüme Oranı Geliştirme

Özet

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Manyetik Alan (GMF) ve Bitki Gelişimi: GMF İptalleri Etkileri üzerine Araştırılması