Name: introducing clicker training as a cognitive enrichment for laboratory mice
Uploaded: 2017-03-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 33 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Translational Animal Research Center of the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz. The authors are most grateful to Thomas Wacker for his technical support.

Declaração de Ética: A manipulação dos ratos e os procedimentos experimentais foram realizados de acordo com o europeu, nacional e diretrizes institucionais para cuidados com os animais. NOTA: O protocolo inclui cinco dias de intervenções (de segunda a sexta-feira), com quebras nos fins de semana (sábado e domingo). O protocolo pode ser facilmente adaptado para satisfazer as necessidades específicas. 1. Determinar uma recompensa Indicado como Segunda Reinforcer Nota: Use recompensas alimentares, tais como alimentos embalados a vácuo ou animal que atenda às normas de segurança alimentar. Por exemplo, diferentes tipos de nozes, chocolate, ursinhos de goma, ou frutos secos são adequados. <ol><li> Insira uma pequena placa de Petri com diferentes recompensas alimentares (pedaços de 0,5 cm 3) para a casa de gaiola (Figura 1). </li><li> Após 10 min, verificar se há sobras. </li><li> Se todas as recompensas são consumidos após 10 min, encurtar o intervalo de tempo até uma preferência pode ser estimada. </li><li> Nos dias 4 e 5 (por exemplo, Thursday e sexta-feira), adicionar pequenas quantidades de o &quot;vencedor&quot;) recompensa preferido (para a casa de gaiola para estabelecer uma afetação de todos os ratos na gaiola para a recompensa. </li><li> Se os ratinhos não estão habituados a túneis de ratinho, adicionar um túnel para a gaiola (pelo menos 2 dias antes do início da formação, por exemplo, no fim de semana). </li><li> Repita os passos de 1,2-1,4, em 3 dias consecutivos (por exemplo, de segunda a quarta-feira). </li></ol> Formação 2. Clicker <ol><li> Preparativos para cada sessão de treinamento NOTA: Cada vez que um rato precisa ser levantado neste protocolo, levantá-lo de uma forma calma e suave. Coloque a mão sob o mouse para levantá-lo. Durante os primeiros tempos, os ratinhos podem ser agitados, mas o processo de habituação será terminado depois de vários dias. Se este passo cria dificuldades, é útil referir o protocolo de &quot;concha no lado aberto&quot; 28. <ol><li> Prepare uma gaiola com material de cama. </li><li> Transfer a gaiola do mouse sendo treinados para um lugar tranquilo. </li><li> Prepare a recompensa e têm um temporizador ea combinação vara clicker / target pronto. NOTA: Se os ratos são habituados ao manuseio e já tem uma relação de confiança com o pesquisador, os ratos podem ser alimentados à mão. Caso contrário, a recompensa para anexar um pau ou uma pinça de tal modo que os ratos podem manter uma distância do experimentador. </li><li> Remova todos os objetos da casa-gaiola, que agora serve como área de formação (por exemplo, casas de rato, material de construção do ninho, etc.). </li><li> Transfira os companheiros de gaiola a uma gaiola preparado. </li></ol></li><li> regras gerais que se aplicam para todas as sessões de treinamento NOTA: As seguintes regras gerais aplicam-se para todas as sessões e não será mencionado novamente ao longo do protocolo. <ol><li> Treinar cada rato durante 5 min. Alternar entre 30 s de treinamento e 15-s períodos de pausa. </li><li> Deixe o rato roer a recompensa não é mais de um segundo. Então, pegue a vara (com a recompensa) para fora da gaiola. </li><li> Execute o seguinte padrão de gratificante: 1 - 10 performances de comportamento: recompensa cada vez. 11-21 desempenho do comportamento: recompensar a cada segundo tempo. De 22 desempenho de comportamento por: retribuirá a cada terceira vez. </li><li> Após 4 min de formação, o próximo desempenho do comportamento desejado é reforçada por uma recompensa jackpot. Permitir que o mouse para roer a recompensa alimentar três vezes mais tempo do que antes. </li></ol></li><li> sessão de treinamento Dia 1: &quot;Vinculando o reforçador secundário com a recompensa do alimento&quot; <ol><li> Definir o temporizador para 5 min, pressione o começo, e adicione o túnel do mouse para a home-gaiola. NOTA: Aproveite os thigmotaxis inatas de camundongos e coloque o túnel próximo a uma parede (Figura 2). Para as primeiras sessões, isso irá aumentar a probabilidade de o mouse entrar no túnel. </li><li> Espere até que o rato inspeciona o túnel. Assim que o compue entra no túnel, clique e apresentar a recompensa no fim do túnel. </li><li> Deixe a alimentação do mouse sobre a recompensa ao sentar-se no túnel. </li><li> Clique continuamente por 15 s enquanto o mouse está sentado no túnel. </li><li> Assim que o mouse sai do túnel, volte para o passo 3.2. </li></ol></li><li> Dias de sessão de treinamento 2-5: &quot;Executando através de um túnel&quot; <ol><li> Definir o temporizador para 5 min, pressione o começo, e adicione o túnel do mouse para a home-gaiola. </li><li> Assim que o ratinho entra no túnel, clique e apresentar a recompensa no fim do túnel. </li><li> Contanto que o rato é no túnel, clique e apresentar imediatamente a recompensa da mesma maneira. </li><li> Repita este procedimento para os próximos 30 s, e depois fazer uma pausa durante 15 s para tomar o túnel para fora da gaiola. </li><li> Adicionar o túnel novamente e clique imediatamente quando o mouse entra novamente no túnel. </li><li> Apresentar a recompensa no fim do túnel. </li><li> Permitir que o mouse para roer para até 1 s. </li&gt; <li> Tirar a recompensa. </li><li> Assim que o rato começa re-entrar no túnel, por si só, apresenta a recompensa em frente da extremidade do túnel (Figura 3). </li></ol></li><li> sessão de treinamento semana 2: &quot;Após um pau-alvo&quot; <ol><li> Definir o temporizador para 5 min, pressione o começo, e colocar o mundo no final do pau-alvo na gaiola. </li><li> Assim que o rato mostra o interesse em globo, clique e apresentar a recompensa ao lado do globo (Figuras 4 e 5). </li><li> Recompensar o mouse somente depois que ele toca o mundo com o seu nariz. </li><li> Quando o mouse tem ligado a ação realizada para a recompensa, mude a posição do globo durante a sessão de treinamento (Figura 6). </li><li> Aguarde até que o mouse para atender a esse último desafio. </li><li> Colocar o globo na gaiola. </li><li> Pouco antes de o rato toca no globo, lentamente e cuidadosamente mudar a posição do globo por 1 cm. </li&gt; <li> Clique e recompensar se o rato cruzou a distância e toca o globo. </li><li> Repita este procedimento até que o mouse segue de forma confiável. </li><li> Lentamente estender a distância o rato tem que atravessar. </li></ol></li><li> sessão de treinamento semana 3: &quot;Na sequência da vara alvo para a mão do experimentador&quot; <ol><li> Coloque uma mão na gaiola formação, mantendo a combinação vara clicker / target ea recompensa com a outra mão. </li><li> Definir o temporizador para 5 min, pressione o começo, e colocar o mundo no final do pau-alvo ao lado da mão. </li><li> Assim que o rato mostra o interesse em globo, clique e apresentar a recompensa ao lado do globo. </li><li> Assim que o rato venceu este desafio, mover o globo vários passos mais perto da mão. </li><li> Coloque o mundo na palma da mão. Clique e recompensar enquanto o mouse está sentado na palma da mão (Figura 7). </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

A aplicação efectiva do protocolo de treinamento clicker com um grupo de 12 ratinhos BALB / c inato de cada sexo mostrou-se simples. Estudos anteriores confirmaram a eficácia da formação clicker com diversas espécies, e nós estendemos isso para ratos. Como os ratos são os mamíferos mais baixo desenvolvidas entre animais de laboratório, as suas capacidades são frequentemente subestimados. Por conseguinte, o aspecto mais surpreendente dos dados é que o sucesso da formação pôde ser alcançada com quase todos...

O desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de refinamento para ratos de laboratório é uma tarefa desafiadora que contribui para a realização dos 3R (substituição, redução e refinamento) da ciência de animais de laboratório 1. Melhorias no campo de refinamento pode ainda contribuir para o bem-estar de milhões de animais que são utilizados para fins experimentais. Portanto, a investigação intensiva é necessária no campo. Este é também um objectivo definido da Directiva 2010/63 da União Europeia. Directiva 2010/63 / UE salienta que a experiência de vida de animais de laboratório tem de ser reforçada e que &quot;os estabelecimentos devem criar programas de habituação e aprendizagem adaptados aos animais, aos procedimentos e à duração do projecto&quot; (artigo 3.7) 2. animais de laboratório pode experimentar muitas situações estressantes, enquanto eles estão sendo mantidos e criados para experimentos. Normalmente, a interacção entre o trabalhocamundongos Atory e as pessoas responsáveis ​​é bastante limitado. Portanto, uma relação de confiança não pode se desenvolver. Isto pode provocar o aumento da ansiedade e do stress, em reacção ao tratamento, o que é prejudicial para o comportamento e fisiologia, e, portanto, o bem-estar, dos animais 3, 4, 5, 6. Além disso, realizada rotineiramente procedimentos laboratoriais como o manuseio geral, contenção e sangue ou amostras de tecido pode causar respostas de estresse, que podem ser examinados medindo diferentes parâmetros, tais como os hormônios do estresse ou comportamento 7, 8. Demonstrou-se que os programas de manuseamento de forma eficiente pode diminuir a ansiedade para o investigador em roedores de laboratório 9, 10, 11. programas de manipulação pode, portanto, melhorar os animais &#39;condições e podem contribuir consideravelmente para o bem-estar dos animais 5. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar treinamento de reforço positivo para camundongos como um programa de tratamento específico. treinamento de reforço positivo é uma forma de condicionamento operante que dá ao investigador um meio para moldar o comportamento animal. Quando o animal executa um comportamento desejado, é seguido por um impulso positivo (aqui, uma recompensa alimentar). A intenção é que o animal associa a recompensa para o respectivo comportamento. O treinamento de Clicker é uma forma de treinamento de reforço positivo usando um reforçador secundário condicionado, o &quot;clique&quot; som de um clicker, e tem sido comprovada para reforçar um comportamento específico 12. Mais especificamente, o som de clique serve como uma &quot;ponte de tempo&quot; entre o comportamento eo próximo recompensa 13. O treinador clica precisamente quando o animal realiza o desejadocomportamento, sem qualquer tempo de atraso 14, e, em seguida, apresenta a recompensa alimentar. Isto reforça o comportamento recompensado, que irá ser realizada com uma frequência mais elevada. O treinamento de Clicker é amplamente utilizado com animais de companhia e tem feito o seu caminho para a ciência de animais de laboratório, onde ele foi implementado com sucesso com primatas não-humanos 13, 15, 16. Como os ratos aprendem muito rapidamente quando desafiado com paradigmas de condicionamento operante, a introdução de um segundo reforço não deve overstrain suas habilidades cognitivas 5, 17, 18, 19. Com a introdução de formação clicker à manutenção de ratos, que permitem ratos para experimentar o enriquecimento cognitivo. O projeto de enriquecimento cognitivo deve permitir que os ratos a usar suas habilidades cognitivas para Solve problemas e para ganhar o controle sobre seu ambiente de 20, 21. Vários estudos com espécies diferentes provar o impacto positivo de enriquecimento cognitivo sobre o bem-estar dos animais em cativeiro 22, 23, 24. Reforçar a capacidade dos animais para lidar com sucesso com os desafios ambientais contribui para o seu bem-estar 25, 26. Além disso, se os animais experimentam baixos níveis de estresse durante a sua vida, eles são menos propensos a desenvolver estratégias de enfrentamento prejudiciais quando confrontado com os estressores que ocorrem na pesquisa biomédica. Assim, a aplicação coerente do enriquecimento cognitivo pode contribuir para uma homogeneização dos fenótipos dos sujeitos. Isto irá contribuir para o princípio 3R de redução, uma vez que pode reduzir o número de indivíduos requeridospara atender aos requisitos estatísticos 27. Através do desenvolvimento de um protocolo confiável, que pode ser facilmente integrado na rotina diária de manter ratos de laboratório, podemos melhorar substancialmente a sua experiência de vida de bem-estar.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lid for open housing</td><td>Tecniplast</td><td>GM500LID117</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SealSAfe Plus top for open housing</td><td>Tecniplast</td><td>GM500400SU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Type II long, filter top cages</td><td>Tecniplast</td><td>GM500PFSPC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspen bedding material&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Lab &amp;amp; Vet Service GmbH</td><td>H0234-300</td><td>Environmental enrichment</td></tr><tr><td>Red polycarbonate Mouse House</td><td>Tecniplast</td><td>ACRE011</td><td>Environmental enrichment</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue papers</td><td>Tork, SCA Hygiene Products GmbH</td><td>290179</td><td>Environmental enrichment</td></tr><tr><td>Food - ssniff M-H Extrudat</td><td>ssniff</td><td>V1126-000</td><td>ad libitum</td></tr><tr><td>Target Stick with Clicker</td><td>Trixie</td><td>2282</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC Tube (Tunnels)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thyssen Krupp</td><td>RTPVCU04003005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>White Chocolate/ white chocolate cream</td><td></td><td></td><td>Company doesn&#039;t matter, preferable organic quality</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>FineScienceTools</td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; 11150-10</td><td>Or any other tool to fixate chocolate</td></tr><tr><td>Prism Version 6.0 for Windows&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GraphPad Software</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

introducing clicker training as a cognitive enrichment for laboratory mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

O primeiro e também um dos passos mais importantes foi a determinação de uma recompensa alimentar adequado. Portanto, os ratinhos foram oferecidas diferentes tipos de nozes, uma solução de açúcar, marmelada, e diferentes tipos de chocolate em uma placa de Petri (Figura 1). Em nossa experiência, os ratos mostraram uma preferência óbvia para o chocolate branco. Por isso, foi utilizado o chocolate branco para todos os processos de formação contínua. <p clas...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice at JoVE.com

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

Apresentando Clicker Formação como um enriquecimento cognitivo para Laboratório Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

introducing-clicker-training-as-cognitive-enrichment-for-laboratory

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.8K visualizações.  Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice. 

Vídeo: Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the &#34;cloud&#34; and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in&#160;cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.

Fully automated system for measuring physiologically meaningful properties of the mechanisms mediating spatial localization, temporal localization, duration, rate&#160;and probability estimation, risk assessment, impulsivity, and the accuracy and precision of memory, in order to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on foundational mechanisms of cognition in mice.

Automatizada, Quantitative Cognitiva / Screening Comportamental de Ratos: Para Genética, Farmacologia, Cognição Animal e Instrução Graduação

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

Comportamento

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

Um totalmente automatizada Roedor Condicionado Protocolo para Sensorimotor Integração e Experimentos controle cognitivo

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

A Task Attentional Set Shifting: uma certa flexibilidade cognitiva em ratos

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior. These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug addiction research due to their high construct validity. Operant studies provide researchers a tool for preclinical investigation of several aspects of the addiction process. For example, mechanisms of acute reinforcement (both drug and non-drug) can be tested using pharmacological or genetic tools to determine the ability of a molecular target to influence self-administration behavior1-6. Additionally, drug or food seeking behaviors can be studied in the absence of the primary reinforcer, and the ability of pharmacological compounds to disrupt this process is a preclinical model for discovery of molecular targets and compounds that may be useful for the treatment of addiction3,7-9. One problem with performing intravenous drug self-administration studies in the mouse is the technical difficulty of maintaining catheter patency. Attrition rates in these experiments are high and can reach 40% or higher10-15. Another general problem with drug self-administration is discerning which pharmacologically-induced effects of the reinforcer produce specific behaviors. For example, measurement of the reinforcing and neurological effects of psychostimulants can be confounded by their psychomotor effects. Operant methods using food reinforcement can avoid these pitfalls, although their utility in studying drug addiction is limited by the fact that some manipulations that alter drug self-administration have a minimal impact on food self-administration. For example, mesolimbic dopamine lesion or knockout of the D1 dopamine receptor reduce cocaine self-administration without having a significant impact on food self-administration 12,16. 
Sensory stimuli have been described for their ability to support operant responding as primary reinforcers (i.e. not conditioned reinforcers)17-22. Auditory and visual stimuli are self-administered by several species18,21,23, although surprisingly little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this reinforcement. The operant sensation seeking (OSS) model is a robust model for obtaining sensory self-administration in the mouse, allowing the study of neural mechanisms important in sensory reinforcement24. An additional advantage of OSS is the ability to screen mutant mice for differences in operant behavior that may be relevant to addiction. We have reported that dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice, previously shown to be deficient in psychostimulant self-administration, also fail to acquire OSS24. This is a unique finding in that these mice are capable of learning an operant task when food is used as a reinforcer. While operant studies using food reinforcement can be useful in the study of general motivated behavior and the mechanisms underlying food reinforcement, as mentioned above, these studies are limited in their application to studying molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Thus, there may be similar neural substrates mediating sensory and psychostimulant reinforcement that are distinct from food reinforcement, which would make OSS a particularly attractive model for the study of drug addiction processes. The degree of overlap between other molecular targets of OSS and drug reinforcers is unclear, but is a topic that we are currently pursuing. While some aspects of addiction such as resistance to extinction may be observed with OSS, we have found that escalation 25 is not observed in this model24. Interestingly, escalation of intake and some other aspects of addiction are observed with self-administration of sucrose26. Thus, when non-drug operant procedures are desired to study addiction-related processes, food or sensory reinforcers can be chosen to best fit the particular question being asked. 
In conclusion, both food self-administration and OSS in the mouse have the advantage of not requiring an intravenous catheter, which allows a higher throughput means to study the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of neural targets involved in motivation. While operant testing using food as a reinforcer is particularly useful in the study of the regulation of food intake, OSS is particularly apt for studying reinforcement mechanisms of sensory stimuli and may have broad applicability to novelty seeking and addiction.

In this protocol we describe a method of operant learning using sensory stimuli as a reinforcer in the mouse. It requires no prior training or food restriction, and it allows the study of motivated behavior without the use of a pharmacological or natural reinforcer such as food.

Sensation operante que procura no mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

Neurociência

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered shuttle boxes were equipped with two operant levers (left and right) and a food receptacle in one chamber, which was then divided from the second chamber by an automated guillotine door covered by a wire grid. Different stimulus mice, rotated across testing days, served as a social stimulus behind the wire grid, and were only visible following the opening of the guillotine door. Test mice were trained to lever press in order to open the door and gain access to the stimulus partner for 15 sec. The number of lever presses required to obtain the social reward progressively increased on a fixed schedule of 3. Testing sessions ended after test mice stopped lever pressing for 5 consecutive minutes. The last reinforced ratio or breakpoint can be used as a quantitative measure of social motivation. For the second paradigm, test mice were trained to discriminate between left and right lever presses in order to obtain either a food reward or the social reward. Mice were rewarded for every 3 presses of each respective lever. The number of food and social rewards can be compared as a measurement of the value placed upon each reward. The ratio of each reward type can also be compared between mouse strains and the change in this ratio can be monitored within testing sessions to measure satiation with a given reward type. Both of these operant conditioning paradigms are highly useful for the quantification of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

Quantificar motivação social em ratos usando Condicionamento Operante

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

Um sistema totalmente automatizado e altamente versátil para testes de várias funções cognitivas e registro das atividades neuronais em roedores

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

Usando o Clicker formação e observação Social para ensinar ratos para mudar voluntariamente gaiolas

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that permits the mouse to reach out of its cage and retrieve food pellets. Minimal food restriction is employed to encourage the mice to perform the food retrieval from the slot. As the mice begin to associate coming to the slot for food, the pellets are manually pulled away to stimulate extension and pronation of their paw to grasp and retrieve the pellet through the frontal slot. When the mice begin to reach for the pellets as they arrive at the slot, the behavioral assay can be performed by measuring the rate at which they successfully grasp and retrieve the desired pellet. They are then introduced to an auto-trainer that automates both the process of providing food pellets for the mouse to grasp, and the recording of successful and failed reaching and grasping attempts. This allows for the collection of reaching data for multiple mice with minimal effort, to be used in experimental analysis as appropriate.

Method to assess the impact of training on motor skills is a useful tool. Unfortunately, most behavioral assessments can be labor intensive and/or expensive.We describe here a robotic method of assessing prehension (reach-to-grasp) skill in mice.

Avaliando a Prehension qualificada em camundongos usando um instrutor automático

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that ...

Treinamento Baseado em Reforço Positivo para Procedimentos de Rotina de Criação de Coelhos

Training Laboratory Rabbits to Refine Routine Husbandry Procedures

Non-aversive handling and training techniques for laboratory animals are required to facilitate experimental and routine husbandry procedures, improving both animal welfare and scientific quality. Clicker training was utilized to develop training protocols for rabbits to refine stressful routine husbandry procedures usually associated with lifting (i.e., being picked up from the floor)/restraining (i.e., being held in the arms of a human) them. Thirteen female New Zealand White rabbits were trained over three weeks. All rabbits learned the predefined goal behaviors: they followed the target stick, jumped onto the weighing scale, entered a transport box, and reared while placing their front paws onto the trainer&#39;s hand. In addition, ten animals jumped from the floor onto the sitting trainer&#39;s lap and allowed the trainer to lift their paws off the surface while sitting on the trainer&#39;s lap. For some individuals, the protocols had to be adapted by additional interim steps. At the end of the training, the rabbits reliably showed the expected goal behaviors, even after short and long training breaks. With few exceptions, a familiar person other than the trainer could elicit the goal behaviors from the rabbits (generalization), though further sessions were required for generalization. In the voluntary approach test, the rabbits preferred interacting with the trainer in the 1st trial but spent as much time with an unfamiliar person as with the trainer in the 2nd trial. The behavioral observations suggested that picking the rabbits up with the transport box, as described in the protocol, instead of restraining them with the scruff of their neck and lifting them on the arm, was less aversive. All in all, the training protocols were feasible and can serve as a refinement strategy in laboratory animal facilities. In the interest of animal welfare, the training protocols should be applied wherever possible.

Autor em destaque: Treinamento de animais de laboratório para manuseio suave e sem estresse

Training protocols involving positive reinforcement for routine husbandry procedures in rabbits were developed and proved to be successful, as the rabbits reliably showed the trained behaviors at the weekly general examination. Picking the rabbits up with the transport box was less aversive than the conventional handling technique.

Treinando coelhos de laboratório para refinar os procedimentos de criação de rotina

Non-aversive handling and training techniques for laboratory animals are required to facilitate experimental and routine husbandry procedures, improving ...

Apresentando Clicker Formação como um enriquecimento cognitivo para Laboratório Mice

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