Core - Biology

Chapter 6

Cell Signaling

6.1 : What is Cell Signaling?

6.1 : What is Cell Signaling?

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. ...

6.2 : Bacterial Signaling

6.2 : Bacterial Signaling

Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. ...

6.3 : Yeast Signaling

6.3 : Yeast Signaling

Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in ...

6.4 : Contact-dependent Signaling

6.4 : Contact-dependent Signaling

Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through ...

6.5 : Autocrine Signaling

6.5 : Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this ...

6.6 : Paracrine Signaling

6.6 : Paracrine Signaling

Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a ...

6.7 : Synaptic Signaling

6.7 : Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be ...

6.8 : G-protein Coupled Receptors

6.8 : G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that ...

6.9 : Internal Receptors

6.9 : Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross ...

6.10 : Endocrine Signaling

6.10 : Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the ...

6.11 : What are Second Messengers?

6.11 : What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on ...

6.12 : Intracellular Signaling Cascades

6.12 : Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is ...

6.13 : Ion Channels

6.13 : Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. ...

6.14 : Enzyme-linked Receptors

6.14 : Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors ...

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