Name: measuring the switch cost of smartphone use while walking
Uploaded: 2020-04-30T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking at JoVE.com

저자는 캐나다 사회 과학 및 인문학 연구위원회 (SSHERC)의 재정 지원을 인정합니다.

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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

프로토콜을 사용할 때 중요한 선택은 신경 생리 학적 데이터의 품질을 보장하는 것입니다. 과도한 움직임은 데이터에 많은 노이즈를 생성할 수 있기 때문에 이동 중에 EEG와 같은 도구를 사용하는 것은 본질적으로 복잡합니다. 따라서 데이터를 수집하기 전에 실제 신호를 수정하지 않고 가능한 한 많은 인공물을 제거하기 위해 데이터를 준비하는 방법을 고려하는 것이 중요합니다. 그럼에도 불구?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/t/60555/measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking">Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking</a>. An&#160;author&#39;s name&#160;was&#160;updated.
The name was corrected from:
Gabrielle-Na&#239;m&#233; Mourra
to:
Gabrielle Na&#239;m&#233; Mourra

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/t/60555/measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking">Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking</a>. An&#160;author&#39;s name&#160;was&#160;updated.

Erratum: Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

스마트폰 보급률과 멀티태스킹 경향이 모두 증가하고 있기 때문에 걷는 동안 스마트폰 사용이 주의력에 미치는 영향을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 문헌은 작업 전환에는 걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용을 포함하여 비용1이 따른다는 것을 반복적으로 보여주었습니다. 연구에 따르면 걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용하면 산만하고 위험 할 수 있습니다 2,3,4. 이러한 위험은 그러한 작업을 수행하는 주의력 장애와 관련이 있습니다 3,4,5,6,7. 보행자 환경의 복잡한 특성으로 인해 생태 학적으로 유효한 실험적 맥락에서 연구하는 것은 문제가 될 수 있습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 실제 보행자 환경에서 이러한 연구를 수행하는 것은 많은 외부 변수가 작용할 수 있고 산만 함으로 인해 참가자에게 해를 끼칠 위험이 있기 때문에 자체적으로 합병증을 겪을 수 있습니다. 가능한 한 현실적으로 유지되는 비교적 안전한 환경에서 이러한 현상을 연구 할 수 있어야합니다. 이 기사에서는 걷는 동안 문자 메시지의 작업 전환 비용을 연구하는 동시에 작업의 유효성을 높이고 관련된 잠재적 위험을 완화하는 연구 방법론을 설명합니다.
걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용할 때 개인은 스마트 폰 작업에서 걷기 및 환경 관련 작업으로 전환해야합니다. 따라서 이러한 현상을 연구하기 위해 우리는 특히 작업 전환 패러다임에 초점을 맞춘 멀티태스킹에 관한 문헌 내에서 이 방법을 구성하는 것이 적절하다는 것을 발견했습니다. 이를 위해 작업 전환 패러다임1을 사용하여 참가자가 사전 자극 작업과 사후 자극 작업 사이를 전환하도록 했습니다. 두 가지 사전 자극 작업 중 하나는 멀티 태스킹과 관련이 있지만 다른 하나는 그렇지 않았습니다. 자극 후 작업에서 참가자는 인식이 분할 주의의 영향을받는 자극에 반응해야했습니다8. 또한 가능한 한 생태 학적으로 유효하려고 노력하는 실험적 실험실 연구는 종종 가상 보행자 환경을 사용하여 걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용의주의 영향을 이해했습니다 4,9. 그럼에도 불구하고 근본적인 신경 생리 학적 메커니즘을 포착하기 위해 우리는 참가자가 반응해야하는 자극의 수를 최소화하기 위해 하나의 자극에 대한 특정 작업 전환 반응에 초점을 맞추기로 결정했습니다. 이런 식으로 우리는 순전히 스마트폰에서 자극으로 주의를 전환하는 데서 오는 작업 전환 비용을 보다 정확하게 찾아낼 수 있습니다. 우리의 연구 설계에서는 행동 측정 (즉, 작업 전환 비용)과 신경 생리 학적 데이터를 사용하여 보행자 스마트 폰 사용 중에 발견 된 주의력 장애를 더 잘 이해합니다.
작업 전환 실험 중에 참가자는 일반적으로 일련의 자극과 관련된 최소 두 가지 간단한 작업을 수행했으며, 각 작업에는 "작업 세트"라고하는 다른인지 리소스 세트가 필요합니다 1. 개인이 작업 사이를 전환해야 할 때 정신 자원이 적응해야합니다 (즉, 이전 작업 세트의 억제 및 현재 작업 세트의 활성화). 이 "작업 세트 재구성" 프로세스는 작업전환 비용1의 원인으로 여겨집니다. 작업 전환 비용은 일반적으로 참가자가 작업 간에 전환하는 시행과 그렇지 않은 시도 간의 응답 시간 및/또는 오류율의 차이를 관찰하여 결정됩니다10. 우리의 실험에서, 우리는 세 가지 작업 세트를 가졌습니다 : 1) 포인트 라이트 워커 자극에 반응; 2) 걷는 동안 스마트 폰으로 문자 메시지; 3) 단순히 걷기. 우리는 두 가지 다른 조건 사이의 전환 비용을 비교했습니다 : 1) 자극에 반응하기 전에 단순히 걷기, 2) 응답하기 전에 문자 메시지를하면서 걷기. 이러한 방식으로 작업을 전환하기 전에 스마트 폰에서 멀티 태스킹 비용을 캡처하여 시각적 자극이 나타나기 전에 단순히 걷는 비 멀티 태스킹 스위치 비용과 직접 비교할 수있었습니다. 이 연구에 사용 된 스마트 폰은 특정 브랜드 였기 때문에 모든 참가자는 실험 전에 장치를 올바르게 사용하는 방법을 알고 있는지 확인하기 위해 선별되었습니다.
보행자 상황을 대표하는 사실적인 경험을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 포인트 라이트 워커 피규어를 시각적 자극으로 사용하여 참가자의 왼쪽 또는 오른쪽으로 3.5° 편차 각도로 걷는 인간의 형태를 나타내기로 결정했습니다. 이 그림은 흰색 배경에 15개의 검은색 점으로 구성되어 있으며 점은 사람의 머리, 어깨, 엉덩이, 팔꿈치, 손목, 무릎 및 발목을 나타냅니다(그림 1). 이 자극은 생물학적 운동을 기반으로하며, 이는 인간과 동물의 전형적인 움직임 패턴을 따른다는 것을 의미합니다11. 또한이 자극은 생태 학적으로 유효한 것 이상입니다. 성공적으로 분석되기 위해서는 복잡한 시각적 처리와주의가 필요합니다12,13. 흥미롭게도 Thornton et al.8은 점과 같은 보행기의 방향을 적절하게 식별하는 것이 분할 주의에 의해 크게 영향을 받아 멀티태스킹시 작업 전환 비용을 연구할 때 성능 측정으로 적합하다는 것을 발견했습니다. 참가자들은 그림이 걷고있는 방향을 구두로 진술하도록 요청 받았다. 보행기의 출현은 항상 화면에 나타나는 청각 신호에 선행되었습니다.
포인트 라이트 워커 작업과 신경 생리 학적 데이터에 대한 성능을 통해 우리는 두 조건의 주의력 영향을 결정하고 원인을 파악하는 데 도움을주었습니다. 성능은 포인트 라이트 워커 그림의 방향을 결정할 때 오류율과 응답 시간을 확인하여 측정되었습니다. 성능 측정에서 발견 한 주의력 장애와 관련된 기본적인인지 및 주의력 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해 32 개의 전극이있는 EEG actiCAP을 사용하여 참가자의 신경 생리 학적 데이터를 평가했습니다. EEG는 일시적인 정밀도 측면에서 적절한 도구이며, 움직임으로 인해 인공물이 데이터에 존재할 수 있지만 특정 순간(예: 포인트 라이트 워커 그림의 모양)에서 성능 저하의 원인을 확인하려고 할 때 중요합니다. EEG 데이터를 분석 할 때 두 가지 지수가 특히 관련이 있습니다 : 1) 알파 진동; 2)인지 적 참여. 연구에 따르면 알파 진동은 작업 기억 제어뿐만 아니라 작업과 관련이없는 뇌 회로14,15,16,17의 능동적 억제를 나타낼 수 있습니다. 기준선 수준의 알파 진동을 자극 발표18,19에서 발생하는 진동과 비교하여 알파 비율을 얻었습니다. 이 비율로 우리는 걷는 동안 문자 메시지를 보낼 때 관찰되는 주의력 장애의 근저가 될 수있는 이벤트 관련 변화를 결정했습니다. 인지 참여와 관련하여 Pope et al.20은 베타 활동이 각성과 주의력 증가를 나타내고 알파 및 세타 활동이 각성과 주의력 감소를 반영하는 지수를 개발했습니다21,22. 이 분석은 자극이 나타나기 전에 증가된 참여가 보행자 수치에 응답하기 위해 필요한 작업 세트 재구성을 복잡하게 하는지 여부를 결정하기 위해 수행되었습니다.
이 백서에 설명된 방법론을 통해 우리는 멀티태스킹 에피소드에 참여하는 참가자의 작업 전환 성능에 영향을 미치는 기본 메커니즘을 파악하려고 합니다. 보행 조건은 멀티태스킹 작업 전환 성능(즉, 걷는 동안 문자 메시지)과 비교되는 비멀티태스킹 작업 전환 성능을 나타냅니다. 작업 세트 억제 및 작업 세트 활성화의 역할을 측정함으로써 우리는 걷는 동안 문자 메시지를 보낼 때 발생하는 스위치 비용을 더 잘 이해하고자했습니다. 원래의 연구는 몰입형 가상 환경(23 )에서 수행되었지만 나중에 참가자 앞의 스크린에 보행기 그림을 표시하는 프로젝터를 사용하여 실험실( 그림 2 참조)에서 복제되었다는 점에 유의하는 것이 적절합니다. 이 가상 환경은 더 이상 사용할 수 없기 때문에 프로토콜은 현재 실험실 설계에 맞게 조정되었습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>The Observer XT</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Integration and synchronization software: The Noldus Observer XT (Noldus Information Technology) is used to synchronize all behavioral, emotional and cognitive engagement data.</td></tr><tr><td>MediaRecorder</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Audio and video recording software</td></tr><tr><td>FaceReader</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Software for automatic analysis of the 6 basic facial expressions</td></tr><tr><td>E-Prime</td><td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Software for computerized experiment design, data collection, and analysis</td></tr><tr><td>BrainVision Recorder</td><td>Brain Vision</td><td></td><td>Software used for recording neuro-/electrophysiological signals (EEG in this case)</td></tr><tr><td>Analyzer</td><td></td><td></td><td>EEG signal processing software</td></tr><tr><td>Qualtrics</td><td>Qualtrics</td><td></td><td>Online survey environment</td></tr><tr><td>Tapis Roulant</td><td>ThermoTread GT Office Treadmill</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syncbox</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Syncbox start the co-registration of EEG and gaze data by sending a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) signal to the EGI amplifier and a keystroke signal to the Tobii Studio v 3.2.</td></tr><tr><td>Move2actiCAP</td><td>Brain Vision</td><td></td><td>Add-on for a digital wireless system for EEG</td></tr><tr><td>iPhone 6s</td><td>Apple</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iMessage</td><td>Apple</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iPad</td><td>Apple</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring the switch cost of smartphone use while walking

이 논문은 걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용하는 작업 전환 비용을 측정하는 연구 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 이 방법은 참가자가 제어 조건 (즉, 단순히 걷기)과 멀티 태스킹 조건 (즉, 걷는 동안 문자 메시지)의 두 가지 실험 조건에서 러닝 머신을 걷게하는 것을 포함합니다. 이러한 조건에서 참가자는 실험 조건과 관련된 작업과 방향 결정 작업 사이를 전환해야합니다. 이 방향 작업은 참가자의 왼쪽 또는 오른쪽으로 걷는 것처럼 보이는 포인트 라이트 워커 그림으로 수행됩니다. 방향 작업의 성능은 참가자의 작업 전환 비용을 나타냅니다. 1) 방향의 정확한 식별과 2) 응답 시간의 두 가지 성능 측정이있었습니다. EEG 데이터는 작업 전환 중에 발생하는 알파 진동 및인지 참여를 측정하기 위해 기록됩니다. 이 방법은 생태 학적 타당성이 제한적입니다 : 보행자 환경에는 동시에 발생하고주의를 끌기 위해 경쟁하는 많은 자극이 있습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이 방법은 작업 전환 비용을 정확히 찾아내는 데 적합합니다. EEG 데이터를 통해 다양한 작업 전환 비용과 관련된 뇌의 기본 메커니즘을 연구 할 수 있습니다. 이 디자인을 사용하면 자극 프레젠테이션 전에 멀티태스킹할 때 작업 전환과 비교하여 한 번에 하나의 작업을 수행할 때 작업 전환을 비교할 수 있습니다. 이를 통해 이 두 가지 다른 작업 전환 조건의 행동 및 신경생리학적 영향을 이해하고 정확히 지적할 수 있습니다. 또한 작업 전환 비용을 뇌 활동과 연관시킴으로써 이러한 행동 효과의 원인에 대해 더 많이 알 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 다양한 스마트폰 사용의 전환 비용을 연구하기 위한 적절한 기반입니다. 걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용의 작업 전환 비용과 관련된 다양한 요소를 이해하기 위해 다양한 작업, 설문지 및 기타 조치를 추가 할 수 있습니다.

이 연구 프로토콜은 원래 54 명의 참가자로 수행되었으며 각 참가자는 88 개의 방향 시험에 응답했습니다. 이러한 시험의 절반은 참가자가 자극 발표 전에 단순히 걷고있을 때 발생했습니다. 나머지 절반은 참가자들이 자극 발표 전에 걷는 동안 문자 메시지를 보낼 때 발생했습니다.
행동 결과 포인트 라이트 워커 방향의 성능은 작업 전환 비용을 나타내며 성능?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking at JoVE.com

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

이 연구 설계는 걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용하는 작업 전환 비용을 측정합니다. 참가자는 제어 조건 (걷기)과 멀티 태스킹 조건 (걷는 동안 문자 메시지)의 두 가지 실험 조건을 거칩니다. 참가자는 이러한 작업과 방향 결정 작업 사이를 전환합니다. EEG 데이터와 행동 측정이 기록됩니다.

걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용의 스위치 비용 측정

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk ...

measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

1.8K 조회수.  HEC Montréal. 이 연구 설계는 걷는 동안 스마트 폰을 사용하는 작업 전환 비용을 측정합니다. 참가자는 제어 조건 (걷기)과 멀티 태스킹 조건 (걷는 동안 문자 메시지)의 두 가지 실험 조건을 거칩니다. 참가자는 이러한 작업과 방향 결정 작업 사이를 전환합니다. EEG 데이터와 행동 측정이 기록됩니다.

비디오: Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that attempt to recognize user activities. Participants performed a pre-determined set of daily living actions within a continuous test circuit that included mobility activities (walking, standing, sitting, lying, ascending/descending stairs), daily living tasks (combing hair, brushing teeth, preparing food, eating, washing dishes), and subtle environment changes (opening doors, using an elevator, walking on inclines, traversing staircase landings, walking outdoors). 
To evaluate WMMS performance on this circuit, fifteen able-bodied participants completed the tasks while wearing a smartphone at their right front pelvis. The WMMS application used smartphone accelerometer and gyroscope signals to classify activity states. A gold standard comparison data set was created by video-recording each trial and manually logging activity onset times. Gold standard and WMMS data were analyzed offline. Three classification sets were calculated for each circuit: (i) mobility or immobility, ii) sit, stand, lie, or walking, and (iii) sit, stand, lie, walking, climbing stairs, or small standing movement. Sensitivities, specificities, and F-Scores for activity categorization and changes-of-state were calculated.
The mobile versus immobile classification set had a sensitivity of 86.30% &#177; 7.2% and specificity of 98.96% &#177; 0.6%, while the second prediction set had a sensitivity of 88.35% &#177; 7.80% and specificity of 98.51% &#177; 0.62%. For the third classification set, sensitivity was 84.92% &#177; 6.38% and specificity was 98.17 &#177; 0.62. F1 scores for the first, second and third classification sets were 86.17 &#177; 6.3, 80.19 &#177; 6.36, and 78.42 &#177; 5.96, respectively. This demonstrates that WMMS performance depends on the evaluation protocol in addition to the algorithms. The demonstrated protocol can be used and tailored for evaluating human activity recognition systems in rehabilitation medicine where mobility monitoring may be beneficial in clinical decision-making.

A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

일상 생활 환경에서 스마트 폰 기반의 인간 활동 인식 시스템의 평가

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

연구

행동분석학

An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status

The current protocol aims to showcase the technology integration, providing a detailed description of adopting the HealthCloud app, developed by the Healthy Landscape and Healthy People Lab, National Taiwan University (HLHP-NTU), on smartphones and smartwatches to collect data on users' real-time psychological and physiological responses and environmental information. A flexible and integrated research method was proposed because it can be difficult to measure multi-dimensional aspects of personal data in on-site studies in landscape and outdoor recreation research. An on-site study conducted in 2020 at the National Taiwan University campus was used as an application example. A dataset of 385 participants was used after excluding invalid samples. During the experiment, participants were asked to walk around campus for 30 min when their heart rate and psychological-scale items were measured, together with several environmental metrics. This work aimed to provide a possible solution to help on-site studies track real-time human responses that match ambient factors. Due to the app's flexibility, its use on wearable devices shows excellent potential for multidisciplinary research studies.

The present protocol introduces a non-commercial self-developed application for collecting real-time on-site data, including psychological scales, GPS location, heart rate, and blood-oxygen saturation level, as well as the application's operating procedures. An empirical study conducted in Taiwan in 2020 was used as an application example.

개인 건강 상태를 모니터링하기 위해 웨어러블 장치와 페어링하는 응용 프로그램

The current protocol aims to showcase the technology integration, providing a detailed description of adopting the HealthCloud app, developed by the ...

환경과학

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

Keyboard input has played an essential role in human-computer interaction with a vast user base, and the keyboard design has always been one of the fundamental objects of studies on smart devices. With the development of screen technology, more precise data and indicators could be collected by smartphones to in-depth evaluate the keyboard design. The enlargement of the phone screen has led to unsatisfactory input experience and finger pain, especially for one-handed input. The input efficiency and comfort have attracted the attention of researchers and designers, and the curved keyboard with size-adjustable buttons, which roughly accorded with the physiological structure of thumbs, was proposed to optimize the one-handed usage on large-screen smartphones. However, its real effects remained ambiguous. Therefore, this protocol demonstrated a general and summarized method to evaluate the effect of curved QWERTY keyboard design on a 5-inch smartphone through a self-developed software with detailed variables, including objective behavioral data, subjective feedback, and the coordinate data of each touchpoint. There is sufficient existing literature on evaluating virtual keyboards; however, only a few of them systematically summarized and took reflection on the evaluation methods and processes. Therefore, this protocol fills in the gap and presents a process and method of the systematic evaluation of keyboard design with available codes for analysis and visualization.&#160;It needs no additional or expensive equipment&#160;and is easy to conduct and operate. In addition, the protocol also helps to get potential reasons for the disadvantages of the design and enlightens the optimization of designs. In conclusion, this protocol with the open-source resources could not only be an in-class demonstrative experiment to inspire the novice to start their studies but also contributes to improving the user experience and the revenue of input method editor companies.

The presented protocol integrates various evaluation methods and demonstrates a method to evaluate the keyboard design on smartphones. Pairs matched by English characters are proposed as the input material, and the transition time between two keys is used as the dependent variable.

스마트폰에서 키보드 디자인을 평가하는 평가 방법 및 툴킷

Keyboard input has played an essential role in human-computer interaction with a vast user base, and the keyboard design has always been one of the ...

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease

This study presents a protocol for virtual and in-person walking groups for older adults with neurodegenerative diseases and addresses the decline in physical activity and social connectivity during the pandemic. Physical activity, specifically moderate-intensity walking, has been shown to have multiple health benefits for older adults. This methodology was created during the COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to lower physical activity levels and social isolation in older adults. Both the in-person and virtual classes utilize technology such as fitness tracking apps and video platforms. Data are presented from two groups of older adults with neurodegenerative disease: people with prodromal Alzheimer's disease and people with Parkinson's disease. Participants in the virtual classes were screened for balance impairments before the walk, and any person deemed at risk for falls was not eligible to participate virtually. As COVID vaccines became available and restrictions were lifted, in-person walking groups became feasible. Staff and caregivers were trained in balance management, roles/responsibilities, and delivering walking cues. Both walks, virtual and in-person, consisted of a warm up, a walk, and a cool down, and posture, gait, and safety cues were given throughout. Measures of the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were taken pre-warm up, post-warm up, and at 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min time points. Participants also used a walking application (app) on their phones to record the distance walked and the number of steps taken. The study showed a positive correlation between HR and RPE in both groups. The participants in the virtual group rated the walking group favorably in terms of improving their quality of life during a period of social isolation and contributing to physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The methodology shows a safe and feasible way to implement virtual and in-person walking groups for older adults with neurological diseases.

The present protocol aims to inform rehabilitation specialists and fitness instructors in safe, feasible, and evidence-based methods of delivering virtual and in-person walking classes to older adults with neurodegenerative diseases.

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease(신경퇴행성 질환이 있는 노인을 위한 하이브리드 가상/대면 걷기)

This study presents a protocol for virtual and in-person walking groups for older adults with neurodegenerative diseases and addresses the decline in ...

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to assess human gait. The primary aim of this manuscript is to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by a smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. The secondary aim was to develop a protocol for clinicians on the set up of the smartphone camera for video movement analysis.
The sagittal plane knee angle was measured during heel strike and toe off events using the smart phone app and a 3D motion-capture system in 32 healthy subjects. Three trials were performed at near (2-m) and far (4-m) smartphone camera distances. The order of the distances was randomized. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the height of the camera based on either the subject&#39;s height or leg length.
Absolute measurement errors were least during toe off (3.12 &#177; 5.44 degrees) compared to heel strike (5.81 &#177; 5.26 degrees). There were significant (p &#60; 0.05) but moderate agreements between the application and 3D motion capture measures of knee angles. There were also no significant (p &#62; 0.05) differences between the absolute measurement errors between the two camera positions. The measurement errors averaged between 3 - 5 degrees during toe off and heel strike events of the gait cycle.
The use of smartphone apps can be a useful tool in the clinic for performing gait or human movement analysis. Further studies are needed to establish the accuracy in measuring movements of the upper extremity and trunk.

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study

This manuscript describes the method to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by the smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. This protocol will enable clinicians to set up smartphones for video capture of human movement.

비디오 운동 분석을 사용하여 스마트 폰 (ViMAS) : 파일럿 연구

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to ...

의학

Setup of Consumer Wearable Devices for Exposure and Health Monitoring in Population Studies

Wearable sensors, which are often embedded in commercial smartwatches, allow for continuous and non-invasive health measurements and exposure assessments in clinical studies. Nevertheless, the real-life application of these technologies in studies involving a large number of participants for a significant observation period may be hindered by several practical challenges. 
In this study, we present a modified protocol from a previous intervention study for the mitigation of health effects from desert dust storms. The study involved two distinct population groups: asthmatic children aged 6-11 years and elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Both groups were equipped with a smartwatch for the assessment of physical activity (using a heart rate monitor, pedometer, and accelerometer) and location (using GPS signals to locate individuals in indoor "at home" or outdoor microenvironments). The participants were required to wear the smartwatch equipped with a data collection application on a daily basis, and data were transmitted via a wireless network to a centrally administered data collection platform for the near real-time assessment of compliance. 
Over a period of 26 months, more than 250 children and 50 patients with AF participated in the aforementioned study. The main technical challenges identified included restricting access to standard smartwatch features, such as gaming, internet browser, camera, and audio recording applications, technical issues, such as loss of GPS signal, especially in indoor environments, and the internal smartwatch settings interfering with the data collection application.
The aim of this protocol is to demonstrate how the use of publicly available application lockers and device automation applications made it possible to address most of these challenges in a simple and cost-effective way. In addition, the inclusion of a Wi-Fi received signal strength indicator significantly improved indoor localization and largely minimized GPS signal misclassification. The implementation of these protocols during the roll-out of this intervention study in the spring of 2020 led to significantly improved results in terms of data completeness and data quality.

Commercial smartwatches equipped with wearable sensors are increasingly being used in population studies. However, their utility is often constrained by their limited battery duration, memory capacity, and data quality. This report provides examples of cost-effective solutions to real-life technical challenges encountered during studies involving asthmatic children and elderly cardiac patients.

인구 연구에서 노출 및 건강 모니터링을 위한 소비자 웨어러블 장치 설정

Wearable sensors, which are often embedded in commercial smartwatches, allow for continuous and non-invasive health measurements and exposure assessments ...

생체공학

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>굴절 이상과 동공 간 거리를 측정하기 위한 스마트폰 앱

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

To improve access to vision care and to enable mass vision screening, a smartphone app has been developed to measure refractive errors. Without needing any external attachment, the app running on a standalone phone can be used by lay personnel to measure subjective refraction. Its validity has been pilot-tested in clinical settings and underserved communities. The app estimates the refractive error by measuring the distances of far points for discerning visual stimuli. Spherical equivalent refraction and astigmatism can be measured using Tumbling E letters and grating patterns, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to describe the measurement protocols for performing subjective refraction using the app. Experimental results with 34 subjects (30 eyes for spherical equivalent and 38 eyes for astigmatism assessment) are presented. Measurement with the app was compared with standard clinical methods. The average absolute error of spherical equivalent refraction was 0.63D, and the average absolute error of astigmatism measurement was 0.28D. In addition, 22 subjects were enrolled to evaluate inter-pupillary distance (IPD) measurement with the app. The average absolute error in IPD measurement with the app was 1.2 mm. The protocol for measuring IPD with the app is also described.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>시력 검사를 위해 스마트폰을 사용한 자각적 굴절 검사

This paper presents the protocols and clinical validation data for using a smartphone app to subjectively measure refractive error.

시력 검사를 위해 스마트폰을 사용한 자각적 굴절 검사

To improve access to vision care and to enable mass vision screening, a smartphone app has been developed to measure refractive errors. Without needing ...

Supply

Supply is a fundamental concept in economics that refers to the quantity of goods and services that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices within a given period.
It represents the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity supplied. Generally as prices rise, producers are typically motivated to supply more goods or services to the market, increasing the quantity supplied. Conversely, when prices fall, producers may reduce the quantity supplied as it becomes less profitable.
Several factors affect supply, including input costs, technology, government policies, the number of suppliers, and future price expectations. Input costs, like raw materials and labor, significantly impact production expenses. Higher input costs tend to decrease supply, while lower input costs can increase it. Technological advancements can enhance production efficiency, leading to an increase in supply. Government policies, such as subsidies, taxes or regulations, shape supply dynamics. The number of suppliers in the market increases or decreases overall supply levels. Additionally, producers&#39; expectations about future prices can influence current supply decisions. If higher price anticipated, producers might reduce current supply to sell more later, and vice versa. All these factors interact to determine how much producers are willing and able to supply at different price levels.
Understanding supply is essential as it helps individuals comprehend how businesses make production decisions and how changes in supply affect market equilibrium.

공급

Supply is the amount of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at a particular price during a specific period.
It depends on ...

걷는 동안 스마트 폰 사용의 스위치 비용 측정

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

일상 생활 환경에서 스마트 폰 기반의 인간 활동 인식 시스템의 평가

개인 건강 상태를 모니터링하기 위해 웨어러블 장치와 페어링하는 응용 프로그램

스마트폰에서 키보드 디자인을 평가하는 평가 방법 및 툴킷

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease(신경퇴행성 질환이 있는 노인을 위한 하이브리드 가상/대면 걷기)

비디오 운동 분석을 사용하여 스마트 폰 (ViMAS) : 파일럿 연구

인구 연구에서 노출 및 건강 모니터링을 위한 소비자 웨어러블 장치 설정

시력 검사를 위해 스마트폰을 사용한 자각적 굴절 검사

시력 검사를 위해 스마트폰을 사용한 자각적 굴절 검사

시력 검사를 위해 스마트폰을 사용한 자각적 굴절 검사

공급