Name: an experimental protocol for studying mineral effects on organic hydrothermal transformations
Uploaded: 2018-08-08T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 50 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations at JoVE.com

우리이 열 수 실험의 초기 방법론 개발을 위한 애리조나 주립 대학에서 돼지 그룹을 감사 하 고 특히, 우리 감사 I. 굴드, E. 충격, L. 윌리엄스, C. Glein, H. 하트, K. Fecteau, K. 로빈슨, 및 C. Bockisch 그들의 지침 및 유용한 지원입니다. Z. 양 및 X. Fu Z. 양 오클랜드 대학에서 시작 기금에 의해 투자 되었다.

1. 열 수 실험에 대 한 샘플 준비
<ol><li>석 영 또는 실리 카 유리 튜브, 예를 들어, 2 m m 내경 (ID) x 6 m m 외부 직경 (OD) 또는 ID x 12 mm OD, 6 m m의 크기를 선택 하 고 유기 화합물 및 사용 하는 미네랄의 양을 결정 합니다. 이 작품에서 니트로 벤젠과 자 철 광 (철3O4) 실리 카 튜브 (예를 들어, 2 m m ID x 6 m m OD)에 로드의 금액은 3.0 µ L 및 13.9 mg, 각각. 참고: 큰 직경 튜브 쉽게 자료 수 있도록 하지만 튜브 씰링의 더 많은 노력을 필요로.</li>
	<li>튜브 커터를 사용 하 여 길이에 ~ 30 cm로 작은 조각으로 깨끗 한 실리 카 유리 튜브를 잘라. 폐쇄는 적절 한 불꽃 머리 oxyhydrogen 토치를 사용 하 여 튜브의 한쪽 끝을 봉인. 주의: oxyhydrogen 토치를 사용 하 여에 대 한 안전 절차를 따르십시오.</li>
	<li>무게는 0.1 mg 단위 (해당 되는 경우 그것은 고체) 균형과 무게 종이 사용 하 여 실리 카 유리 튜브에 전송에 시작 유기 화합물의 미리 결정 된 금액. 경우에 화합물은 액체 (예를 들어,이 경우에 니트로 벤젠), microliter 주사기 (예를 들어, 10 µ L)를 사용 하 여 작은 실리 카 튜브로 전송할 수. 파스퇴르 피 펫을 통해 실리 카 튜브에 무게 미네랄을 추가 하 고 이온 고 deoxygenated 물 (예를 들어, 0.3 mL)를 추가 합니다. 사용 18.2 ㏁ 저온 고 쥡니다 여 deoxygenate.</li>
	<li>닫힌 밸브 진공 라인 (~ 1 cm ID)를 실리 카 튜브를 연결 합니다. 유기 물과 물을 완전히 고정 될 때까지 3 분 액체 질소로 채워진 Dewar 플라스 크에 튜브를 담가. 주의: 액체 질소를 사용 하 여 및 안전 절차를 따르십시오.</li>
	<li>튜브 액체 질소에 잠기 다 때, 진공 밸브를 열고 튜브의 headspace에서 공기를 제거 합니다. 참고:이 프로세스는 압력 진공 펌프의 압력 게이지에 100 mtorr 이하로 떨어질 때까지 지 속해야 한다.</li>
	<li>밸브 바꿉니다, 그리고 액체 질소에서 튜브를 제거 하 고 실 온까지 따뜻하게 튜브를 하자. 부드럽게 headspace에 솔루션에서 나머지 기포 출시 튜브의 아래쪽을 누릅니다.</li>
	<li>두 번 더에 대 한 위의 동결-펌프-해 동 주기를 반복 하 고 튜브의 다른 쪽 끝을 밀봉 하기 전에 액체 질소에 튜브를 유지. 진공 라인 닫고 oxyhydrogen 불꽃 폐쇄 전체 튜브를 사용 하 여. 참고: 때 튜브 열 수 실험을 거쳐, 튜브의 headspace 볼륨 액체 물 확장으로 인해 감소 합니다. 예를 들어 물의 밀도 약 30% 감소 상 온에서 300 ° c 계산 하 고 튜브를 밀봉 할 경우 충분히 headspace 볼륨을 둡니다.</li>
</ol>2. 열 수 실험 설정
<ol><li>씰링 단계 후 실리 카 튜브에 넣어 작은 강철 파이프 (길이 직경에서 1.5 cm ~ 30 cm) 느슨한 나사 모자, 압력 건물 또는 파이프 내부에 튜브 실패에서 손상을 방지 하기 위해.</li>
	<li>파이프를 잘 온도 제어로 또는 오븐에 놓고 원하는 온도 (예를 들어, 이 작품에서 150 ° C)까지 열 합니다. 오븐 내부는 열전대를 사용 하 여 열 수 반응을 통해 온도 모니터링.</li>
	<li>반응 시간 (예를 들어, 이 작품의 2 시간)에, 신속 하 게 파이프를 넣어서 얼음 물 목욕으로 실리 카 튜브를 끄다. 참고: 냉각 과정 잠재적인 퇴행 성 반응을 방지 하는 실내 온도에 아래로 냉각 하기 위하여 1 분 미만 소요 됩니다.</li>
</ol>3. 실험 후 샘플 분석
<ol><li>튜브 커터를 사용 하 여 실리 카 튜브를 열고 파스퇴르 피 펫을 사용 하 여 10ml 유리 약 병에 모든 제품 (예를 들어, 작은 실리 카 튜브에 ~0.3 mL)를 신속 하 게 전송 합니다.</li>
	<li>가스 크로마토그래피 (GC)에 대 한 내부 표준으로 8.8 m m dodecane를 포함 하는 3 mL dichloromethane (DCM) 솔루션으로 유기농 제품을 추출 합니다. 유리병 및 그것으로 손을 2 분 및 소용돌이 1 분 동안 흔들어 모자. 참고:이 유기 단계에 유기농 제품의 적 출을 촉진 하기 위하여 도움이 됩니다. 또한, 제품 복구 되도록 DCM와 실리 카 튜브의 전송 피펫으로 및 안 벽을 씻어 내어 주세요. 높은 미네랄 내용을 샘플에 대 한 더 나은 추출 DCM 솔루션에 sonicate.</li>
	<li>신중 하 게 GC 유리병에 DCM 레이어 (즉, 하단 레이어)에서 샘플의 ~ 1 mL을 전송 하는 파스퇴르 피 펫 5 분 사용에 대 한 무기물 입자 추출 솔루션 (즉, dodecane과 DCM)에 정착을 허용 합니다.</li>
	<li>폴 리-모 세관 칼럼 (예: 5% diphenyl/95% dimethylsiloxane)와 불꽃 이온화 검출기 GC를 사용 하 여 유기 제품 유통 분석. 설정 프로그램을 50 ° C에서 시작 하 고 8 분 동안, 220 ° C에 10 ° C/min에서 증가 10 분 동안, 300 ° C에 20 ° C/min에서 증가 300 ° c 5 분 세트 인젝터 온도 대 한 개최와 GC 오븐 참고: 변경 하는 데 필요한 GC 프로그램 분석 되 고 유기 화합물의 종류에 기반.</li>
	<li>분석의 농도와 내부 표준 분석의 피크 면적 비율을 그려서 GC 보정 곡선을 빌드하십시오.</li>
	<li>반응, 즉, 전환 % 전후 시작 유기 물질의 농도에 따라 반응 변환 계산 = ([초기]-[최종]) / [초기] × 100%. 변환을 사용 하 여 광물을 용이 하 게 또는 열 수 유기 변환 속도가 느려집니다.</li>
</ol>

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저자는 공개 없다.

이 연구에서 우리가 사용 니트로 벤젠 무기물 자 철 광으로 예를 들어 열 수 유기 반응에 미네랄 효과 평가 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다. 높은 재현성 결과 자 실험, 니트로 벤젠 변환, 효과 및이의 안정성을 제안에 즉, 30.3 ± 1.4%에서에서 관찰 된다 비록 실험 작은 실리 카 유리 튜브에서 수행 됩니다, 열 수 프로토콜입니다. 노 광 실험 니트로 벤젠의 변환에서는 5.2 ± 2.1%, 미네랄 실험 보다 낮은...

열 수 환경 (즉, 높은 온도 압력에서 수성 미디어) 지구에 유비 쿼터 스 있습니다. 유기 화합물의 열 수 화학 유기 퇴적 분 지, 석유 저수지, 등 깊은 생물권1,2,3지구 화학 설정의 넓은 범위에서 필수적인 역할을 한다. 열 수 시스템에서 유기 탄소 변환 뿐만 아니라 지구-풍부한 미네랄 등 녹은 또는 단단한 무기 재료와 순수 수성 매체에서 뿐만 아니라 발생할. 미네랄 극적으로 선택적으로 다양 한 유기 화합물의 열 수 반응성에 영향을 발견 되었습니다1,,45 하지만 복잡 한 열 수 시스템에서 미네랄 효과 확인 하는 방법 아직도 도전으로 남아 있다. 이 연구의 목표 공부 열 수 유기 반응에 미네랄 효과 상대적으로 간단한 실험 프로토콜을 제공 하는 것입니다.
열 수 반응의 실험실 연구는 전통적으로 금, 티타늄, 또는 스테인레스 스틸6,7,,89의 만들어진 강력한 원자로 사용 합니다. 예를 들어 골드 가방 또는 캡슐 호의 사용 되었습니다, 때문에 골드 유연, 생성 시료 내 기상 방지 물 외부, 가압에 의해 제어 샘플 압력 수 있습니다. 그러나,이 원자로 비싸다 하 고 잠재적인 금속 촉매 효과10와 연결 될 수 있습니다. 따라서, 이러한 열 수 실험에 대 한 낮은 비용 하지만 높은 신뢰성과 다른 방법을 찾을 수 필수적입니다.
최근 몇 년 동안, 석 영 또는 융합 된 실리 카 유리는 반응 튜브는 열 수 실험11,,1213에 더 자주 적용 되었습니다. 귀중 한 금 또는 티타늄에 비해, 석 영 또는 실리 카 유리는 상당히 저렴 하지만 또한 강한 물자 이다. 더 중요 한 것은, 석 영 튜브 작은 촉매 효과 표시 하 고 불활성으로 될 수 있습니다 열 수 반응11,14금으로. 이 프로토콜에서 우리는 두꺼운 실리 카 튜브에서 소규모 열 수 유기-미네랄 실험을 실시 하는 일반적인 방법을 설명 합니다. 우리는 150 ° C 열 수 솔루션에서 산화 철 광물 (즉, 자 철 광)의 존재 또는 휴무 뿐만 아니라 미네랄 효과, 설명으로 보여 모델 화합물 (즉, 니트로 벤젠)를 사용 하 여 예제 실험을 제시 합니다 이 방법의 효과입니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals:&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>VWR</td><td>BDH23373.400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dodecane</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>297879</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrobenzene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>252379</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>310050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>637106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Supplies:&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silica tube</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump</td><td>WELCH</td><td>2546B-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum line</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oven</td><td>Hewlett Packard</td><td>5890</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocouple</td><td>BENETECH</td><td>GM1312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gas chromatography</td><td>Agilent</td><td>7820A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

an experimental protocol for studying mineral effects on organic hydrothermal transformations

유기-미네랄의 상호 작용은 널리 발생 온천, 등 열 수 환경에서 땅, 및 깊은 바다 열 수 환 풍에 간헐천. 미네랄의 역할은 많은 열 수 유기 지구 화학 프로세스에 중요 합니다. 전통적인 열 수 방법론, 금, 티타늄, 백 금, 또는 스테인레스 스틸의 원자로 사용 하 여 포함, 높은 비용 또는 원치 않는 금속 촉매 효과와 일반적으로 연결 됩니다. 최근에, 열 수 실험에서 비용 효율적이 고 불활성 석 영 또는 융합 된 실리 카 유리 튜브를 사용 하는 증가 경향이 있다. 여기, 우리 유기-미네랄 실리 카 튜브, 열 수 실험 수행에 대 한 프로토콜을 제공 하 고 우리가 샘플 준비, 실험 설치, 제품 분리 및 정량 분석에 필수적인 단계를 설명. 우리는 또한 실험 모델 유기 화합물, 니트로 벤젠를 사용 하 여 특정 열 수 조건 그것의 저하에는 포함 하는 철 광, 자 철 광의 효과 보여 보여 줍니다. 이 기술은 상대적으로 간단한 실험실 시스템에서 복잡 한 유기-미네랄 열 수 상호 작용 연구에 적용할 수 있습니다.

이 방법을 사용 하 여 복합 모델을 사용 하 여 간단한 실험 열 수 유기-미네랄에 대 한 상호 작용을 공부 하는 방법을 보여 주는, 니트로 벤젠, 광물 자 철 광 (철3O4) 150 ° C와 5의 열 수 상태에서 실시 했다 2 시간에 대 한 바입니다. 미네랄 효과 보여, 미네랄 없이 니트로 벤젠의 실험 또한 동일한 열 수 상태 하에서 수행 되었다. 그림 1a?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations at JoVE.com

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

지구-풍부한 미네랄 자연 열 수 시스템에 중요 한 역할을 재생합니다. 여기, 우리는 열 수 조건 하에서 유기 미네랄의 상호 작용의 실험 조사를 위한 안정적이 고 비용 효율적인 방법을 설명합니다.

유기 열 수 변환에 미네랄 효과 공부 하는 실험 프로토콜

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the ...

an-experimental-protocol-for-studying-mineral-effects-on-organic

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

5.6K 조회수.  Oakland University. 지구-풍부한 미네랄 자연 열 수 시스템에 중요 한 역할을 재생합니다. 여기, 우리는 열 수 조건 하에서 유기 미네랄의 상호 작용의 실험 조사를 위한 안정적이 고 비용 효율적인 방법을 설명합니다.

비디오: An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

조작 식물에 의한 토양의 이질성에 대한 실험 프로토콜

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

연구

환경과학

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

선캄브리아 해양 용승 시스템 광합성 박테리아의 성장을 탐구하는이 풍부한 철 (II)의 실험실 시뮬레이션

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

결합 문학, 지구 화학 및 미생물 조사를위한 토양 모형 매립 발굴

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Chemical Gardens as Flow-through Reactors Simulating Natural Hydrothermal Systems

Here we report experimental simulations of hydrothermal chimney growth using injection chemical garden methods. The versatility of this type of experiment allows for testing of various proposed ocean / hydrothermal fluid chemistries that could have driven reactions toward the origin of life in environments on the early Earth, early Mars, or even other worlds such as the icy moons of the outer planets. We show experiments that include growth of chemical garden structures under anoxic conditions simulating the early Earth, inclusion of trace components of phosphates / organics in the injection solution to incorporate them into the structure, a switch of the injection solution to introduce a secondary precipitating anion, and the measurement of membrane potentials generated by chemical gardens. Using this method, self-assembling chemical garden structures were formed that mimic the natural chimneys precipitated at submarine hydrothermal springs, and these precipitates can be used successfully as flow-through reactors by feeding through multiple successive &#8220;hydrothermal&#8221; injections.

We describe chemical garden formation via injection experiments that allow for laboratory simulations of natural chemical garden systems that form at submarine hydrothermal vents.

화학 정원으로 원자로 시뮬레이션 자연 열수 시스템 플로우를 통해

Here we report experimental simulations of hydrothermal chimney growth using injection chemical garden methods. The versatility of this type of experiment ...

화학

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

(옥 시) 철 수 산화물, 성분, 및 박테리아 혐 기성 생물 지구 화학적 상호 작용을 공부에 대 한 실험 열 설정

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Simulation of Early Earth Hydrothermal Chimneys in a Thermal Gradient Environment

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are self-organizing precipitates generated from geochemical disequilibria and have been proposed as a possible setting for the emergence of life. The growth of hydrothermal chimneys in a thermal gradient environment within an early Earth vent system was successfully simulated by using different hydrothermal simulants, such as sodium sulfide, which were injected into an early Earth ocean simulant containing dissolved ferrous iron. Moreover, an apparatus was developed to sufficiently cool the ocean simulant to near 0 &#176;C in a condenser vessel immersed in a cold water bath while injecting a sulfide solution at hot to room temperatures, effectively creating an artificial chimney structure in a temperature gradient environment over a period of a few hours. Such experiments with different chemistries and variable temperature&#160;gradients resulted in a variety of morphologies in the chimney structure. The use of ocean and hydrothermal fluid simulants at room temperature resulted in vertical chimneys, whereas the combination of a hot hydrothermal fluid and cold ocean simulant inhibited the formation of robust chimney structures. The customizable 3D printed condenser created for this study acts as a jacketed reaction vessel that can be easily modified and used by different researchers. It will allow the careful control of injection rate and chemical composition of vent and ocean simulants, which should help accurately simulate prebiotic reactions in chimney systems with thermal gradients similar to those of natural systems.

The goal of this protocol is to form simulated hydrothermal chimneys via chemical garden injection experiments and introduce a thermal gradient across the inorganic precipitate membrane, using a 3D printable condenser that can be reproduced for educational purposes.

열그라이드 환경에서 초기 지구 수열 굴뚝 시뮬레이션

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are self-organizing precipitates generated from geochemical disequilibria and have been proposed as a possible setting for the ...

Bioprospecting of Extremophilic Microorganisms to Address Environmental Pollution

Geothermal springs are rich in various metal ions due to the interaction between rock and water that takes place in the deep aquifer. Moreover, due to seasonality variation in pH and temperature, fluctuation in element composition is periodically observed within these extreme environments, influencing the environmental microbial communities. Extremophilic microorganisms that thrive in volcanic thermal vents have developed resistance mechanisms to handle several metal ions present in the environment, thus taking part to complex metal biogeochemical cycles. Moreover, extremophiles and their products have found an extensive foothold in the market, and this holds true especially for their enzymes. In this context, their characterization is functional to the development of biosystems and bioprocesses for environmental monitoring and bioremediation. To date, the isolation and cultivation under laboratory conditions of extremophilic microorganisms still represent a bottleneck for fully exploiting their biotechnological potential. This work describes a streamlined protocol for the isolation of thermophilic microorganisms from hot springs as well as their genotypical and phenotypical identification through the following steps: (1) Sampling of microorganisms from geothermal sites ("Pisciarelli", a volcanic area of Campi Flegrei in Naples, Italy); (2) Isolation of heavy metal resistant microorganisms; (3) Identification of microbial isolates; (4) Phenotypical characterization of the isolates. The methodologies described in this work might be generally applied also for the isolation of microorganisms from other extreme environments.

The isolation of heavy metal-resistant microbes from geothermal springs is a hot topic for the development of bioremediation and environmental monitoring biosystems. This study provides a methodological approach for isolating and identifying heavy metal tolerant bacteria from hot springs.

환경 오염을 해결하기위한 Extremophilic 미생물의 생물 탐사

Geothermal springs are rich in various metal ions due to the interaction between rock and water that takes place in the deep aquifer. Moreover, due to ...

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute

A two-step procedure is described for the synthesis of a carbon material with a similar composition and properties as peat. The produced hydrochar is made suitable for agricultural applications by removing plant growing inhibitory substances. Wet household waste such as fruit peel, coffee grounds, inedible vegetable parts, or wet lignocellulosic material in general, are treated in presence of water at 215 &#x00B0;C and 21 bar in an autoclave, i.e., by hydrothermal carbonization. All these leftovers have a considerable water content of up to 90 weight % (wt%). Adding water extends the procedure to drier materials such as nutshells or even garden prunings and compostable polymers, i.e., the plastic bag for collection of the leftovers.
Usually, the resulting carbon material, called hydrochar, produces a negative effect on plant growth when added to soil. It is supposed that this effect is caused by adsorbed phytotoxic compounds. A simple post-treatment under inert atmosphere (absence of oxygen) at 275 &#x00B0;C removes these substances. Therefore, the raw hydrochar is placed on a glass frit of a vertical tubular quartz reactor. A nitrogen gas flow is applied in down-flow direction. The tube is heated to the desired temperature by means of a heating mantle for up to one hour.
The success of the thermal treatment is easily quantified by thermogravimetry (TG), carried out in air. A weight loss is determined when the temperature of 275 &#x00B0;C is reached, since volatile content is desorbed. Its amount is reduced in the final material, in comparison to the untreated hydrochar.
The two-step treatment converts household leftovers, including compostable bags employed for their collection, into a carbon material that may serve as plant growth promoter and, at the same time, as a carbon sink for climate change mitigation.

A protocol for hydrothermal carbonization of vegetable food waste in an autoclave is presented, with subsequent dry thermal treatment at 275 &#x00B0;C in a continuous flow reactor desorbing volatile organic substances. The aim is to produce a carbon material suitable as soil amendment product or substrate component.

유기농 가정용 남은 것을 이탄 대체품으로 전환

A two-step procedure is described for the synthesis of a carbon material with a similar composition and properties as peat. The produced hydrochar is made ...

Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging obstacles, including the special environmental conditions that need to be replicated, e.g., high pressure and in some cases acidic solutions. The former requires an experimental setup suitable for pressurization up to 100 bar, while the latter demands a fluid container with high chemical resistance against corrosion and unwanted chemical reactions with the container wall. To meet these conditions for an application in the field of in situ biomining, a special flexible gold-titanium reaction cell inside a rocking high-pressure reactor was used in this study. The described system allowed simulation of in situ biomining through sulfur-driven microbial iron reduction in an anoxic, pressure-controlled, highly chemically inert experimental environment. The flexible gold-titanium reaction cell can accommodate up to 100 mL of sample solution, which can be sampled at any given time point while the system maintains the desired pressure. Experiments can be performed on timescales ranging from hours to months. Assembling the high-pressure reactor system is fairly time consuming. Nevertheless, when complex and challenging (microbiological) processes occurring in the earth&#39;s deep subsurface in chemically aggressive fluids have to be investigated in the laboratory, the advantages of this system outweigh the disadvantages. The results found that even at high pressure the microbial consortium is active, but at significantly lower metabolic rates.

This protocol describes microbial experiments under elevated pressures to study in situ biomining processes. The experimental approach employs a rocking high-pressure reactor equipped with a gold-titanium reaction cell containing a microbial culture in an acidic, iron-rich medium.

유연한 금-티타늄 반응 세포를 사용하여 지하 생물 광의 맥락에서 압력 의존미생물 활성 시뮬레이션

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging ...

공학

포스포네이트 기반 MOF의 합성 및 발견: 용융열 접근법

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods

High-throughput (HT) methods are an important tool for the fast and efficient screening of synthesis parameters and the discovery of new materials. This manuscript describes the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) from solution using an HT reactor system, resulting in the discovery of various phosphonate-based MOFs of the composition [Al2H12-x(PMP)3]Clx&#8729;6H2O (H4PMP = N,N &#39;-piperazine bis(methylenephosphonic acid)) for x = 4, 6, denoted as Al-CAU-60-xHCl, containing trivalent aluminum ions. This was accomplished under solvothermal reaction conditions by systematically screening the impact of the molar ratio of the linker to the metal and the pH of the reaction mixture on the product formation. The protocol for the HT investigation includes six steps: a) synthesis planning (DOE = design of&#160;experiment) within the HT methodology, b) dosing and working with in-house developed HT reactors, c) solvothermal synthesis, d) synthesis workup using in-house developed filtration blocks, e) characterization by HT powder X-ray diffraction, and f) evaluation of the data. The HT methodology was first used to study the influence of acidity on the product formation, leading to the discovery of Al-CAU-60&#8729;xHCl (x = 4 or 6).

저자 스포트라이트: 미세 다공성 재료 화학의 발견 가속화 

The targeted synthesis of new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is difficult, and their discovery depends on the knowledge and creativity of the chemist. High-throughput methods allow complex synthetic parameter fields to be explored quickly and efficiently, accelerating the process of finding crystalline compounds and identifying synthetic and structural trends.

고처리량 방법을 사용한 isoreticular al(III) phosphonate 기반 금속-유기 프레임워크 화합물의 발견 및 합성 최적화

High-throughput (HT) methods are an important tool for the fast and efficient screening of synthesis parameters and the discovery of new materials. This ...