Name: maintaining biological cultures and measuring gene expression in aphis nerii: a non-model system for plant-insect interactions
Uploaded: 2018-08-31T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 20 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions at JoVE.com

우리는 사진에 대해 미셸 달 (밴 더 빌 트 대학교)를 감사 하 고 싶습니다. PA와 SSLB를 제공 하는 밴 더 빌 트 대학 지원 DGE-1445197에 의해 지원 됩니다.

<ol>
	<li>Brisson, J. A., Stern, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pea+aphid,+Acyrthosiphon+pisum.:+an+emerging+genomic+model+system+for+ecological,+developmental+and+evolutionary+studies.">The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.: an emerging genomic model system for ecological, developmental and evolutionary studies.</a> BioEssays. 28, 747-755 (2006).</li><li>Dixon, A. F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Aphid Ecology: An Optimization Approach. , (1985).</li><li>Consortium, T. I. A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+Sequence+of+the+Pea+Aphid+Acyrthosiphon+pisum.">Genome Sequence of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum.</a> PLoS Biology. , 1000313 (2010).</li><li>Srinivasan, D. G., Brisson, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aphids:+A+Model+for+Polyphenism+and+Epigenetics.">Aphids: A Model for Polyphenism and Epigenetics.</a> Genetics Research International. 2012, 1-12 (2012).</li><li>Wenger, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+genome+sequence+of+the+soybean+aphid,+Aphis+glycines.">Whole genome sequence of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines.</a> Insect Biochememistry and Molecular Biology. , 1-10 (2017).</li><li>Li, Z. -. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecological+adaption+analysis+of+the+cotton+aphid+(Aphis+gossypii)+in+different+phenotypes+by+transcriptome+comparison.">Ecological adaption analysis of the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) in different phenotypes by transcriptome comparison.</a> PLoS ONE. 8, 83180 (2013).</li><li>Wang, D., Liu, Q., Jones, H. D., Bruce, T., Xia, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+transcriptomic+analyses+revealed+divergences+of+two+agriculturally+important+aphid+species.">Comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed divergences of two agriculturally important aphid species.</a> BMC Genomics. 15 (1), 1023-1024 (2014).</li><li>Wu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+characterization+of+the+pine+aphid+Cinara+pinitabulaeformis+Zhang+et+Zhang+transcriptome+and+analysis+of+genes+relevant+to+pesticides.">De novo characterization of the pine aphid Cinara pinitabulaeformis Zhang et Zhang transcriptome and analysis of genes relevant to pesticides.</a> PLoS ONE. 12, 0178496-0178517 (2017).</li><li>Birnbaum, S. S. L., Rinker, D. C., Gerardo, N. M., Abbot, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+profile+and+differential+fitness+in+a+specialist+milkweed+insect+across+host+plants+varying+in+toxicity.">Transcriptional profile and differential fitness in a specialist milkweed insect across host plants varying in toxicity.</a> Molecular Ecology. , (2017).</li><li>Dixon, A. F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Insect Herbivore-Host Dynamics. , (2005).</li><li>Goggin, F. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant-aphid+interactions:+molecular+and+ecological+perspectives.">Plant-aphid interactions: molecular and ecological perspectives.</a> Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 10, 399-408 (2007).</li><li>Will, T., Furch, A., Zimmermann, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+phloem-feeding+insects+face+the+challenge+of+phloem-located+defenses.">How phloem-feeding insects face the challenge of phloem-located defenses.</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 4, 1-12 (2013).</li><li>Webster, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+olfaction+in+aphid+host+location.">The role of olfaction in aphid host location.</a> Physiological Entomology. 37, 10-18 (2012).</li><li>Agrawal, A. A., Petschenka, G., Bingham, R. A., Weber, M. G., Rasmann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxic+cardenolides:+chemical+ecology+and+coevolution+of+specialized+plant-herbivore+interactions.">Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant-herbivore interactions.</a> New Phytologist. 194, 28-45 (2012).</li><li>Dobler, S., Petschenka, G., Pankoke, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coping+with+toxic+plant+compounds-+the+insect's+perspective+on+iridoid+glycosides+and+cardenolides.">Coping with toxic plant compounds- the insect's perspective on iridoid glycosides and cardenolides.</a> Phytochemistry. 72, 1593-1604 (2011).</li><li>Opitz, S. E. W., M&#252;ller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+chemistry+and+insect+sequestration.">Plant chemistry and insect sequestration.</a> Chemoecology. 19, 117-154 (2009).</li><li>Birnbaum, S. S. L., Abbot, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insect+adaptations+toward+plant+toxins+in+milkweed-herbivores+systems+-+a+review.">Insect adaptations toward plant toxins in milkweed-herbivores systems - a review.</a> Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 58, 579-610 (2018).</li><li>Rothschild, M., von Euw, J., Reichstein, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+glycosides+in+the+oleander+aphid,+Aphis+nerii.">Cardiac glycosides in the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 16, 1141-1145 (1970).</li><li>Harrison, J. S., Mondor, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+an+invasive+aphid+'superclone':+extremely+low+genetic+diversity+in+oleander+aphid+(Aphis+nerii)+populations+in+the+southern+United+States.">Evidence for an invasive aphid 'superclone': extremely low genetic diversity in oleander aphid (Aphis nerii) populations in the southern United States.</a> PLoS ONE. 6, 17524 (2011).</li><li>Mooney, K. A., Halitschke, R., Kessler, A., Agrawal, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+trade-offs+in+plants+mediate+the+strength+of+trophic+cascades.">Evolutionary trade-offs in plants mediate the strength of trophic cascades.</a> Science. 327, 1642-1644 (2010).</li><li>Grabherr, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-length+transcriptome+assembly+from+RNA-Seq+data+without+a+reference+genome.">Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 29, 644-652 (2011).</li><li>Haas, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+transcript+sequence+reconstruction+from+RNA-seq+using+the+Trinity+platform+for+reference+generation+and+analysis.">De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from RNA-seq using the Trinity platform for reference generation and analysis.</a> Nature Protocols. 8, 1494-1512 (2013).</li><li>Finn, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Pfam+protein+families+database:+towards+a+more+sustainable+future.">The Pfam protein families database: towards a more sustainable future.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 44, 279-285 (2016).</li><li>The UniProt Consortium. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UniProt:+the+universal+protein+knowledgebase.">UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 45, 158-169 (2017).</li><li>Johnson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NCBI+BLAST:+a+better+web+interface.">NCBI BLAST: a better web interface.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 1 (36), 5-9 (2008).</li><li>Fu, L., Niu, B., Zhu, Z., Wu, S., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD-HIT:+accelerated+for+clustering+the+next+generation+sequencing+data.">CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next generation sequencing data.</a> Bioinformatics. 28 (23), 3150-3152 (2012).</li><li>Sim&#227;o, F. A., Waterhouse, R. M., Ioannidis, P., Kriventseva, E. V., Zdobnov, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BUSCO:+assessing+genome+assembly+and+annotation+completeness+with+single-copy+orthologs.">BUSCO: assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs.</a> Bioinformatics. 31, 3210-3212 (2015).</li><li>Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M., Usadel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trimmomatic:+a+flexible+trimmer+for+Illumina+sequence+data.">Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data.</a> Bioinformatics. 30, 2114-2120 (2014).</li><li>Langmead, B., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+gapped-read+alignment+with+Bowtie+2.">Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2.</a> Nature Methods. 9, 357-359 (2012).</li><li>Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sequence+Alignment/Map+format+and+SAMtools.">The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools.</a> Bioinformatics. 25, 2078-2079 (2009).</li><li>Love, M. I., Huber, W., Anders, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderated+estimation+of+fold+change+and+dispersion+for+RNA-seq+data+with+DESeq2.">Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2.</a> Genome Biology. 15, 31 (2014).</li><li>Rieu, I., Powers, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+quantitative+RT-PCR:+design,+calculations,+and+statistics.">Real-time quantitative RT-PCR: design, calculations, and statistics.</a> Plant Cell. 21, 1031-1033 (2009).</li><li>Malcolm, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defence+in+chewing+and+sucking+insect+herbivores:+plant-derived+cardenolides+in+the+monarch+butterfly+and+oleander+aphid.">Chemical defence in chewing and sucking insect herbivores: plant-derived cardenolides in the monarch butterfly and oleander aphid.</a> Chemoecology. 1, 12-21 (1990).</li><li>Agrawal, A. A., Underwood, N., Stinchcombe, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraspecific+variation+in+the+strength+of+density+dependence+in+aphid+populations.">Intraspecific variation in the strength of density dependence in aphid populations.</a> Ecological Entomology. 29, 521-526 (2004).</li><li>Zehnder, C. B., Hunter, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+maternal+effects+and+current+environment+on+vital+rates+of+Aphis+nerii,+the+milkweed-oleander+aphid.">A comparison of maternal effects and current environment on vital rates of Aphis nerii, the milkweed-oleander aphid.</a> Ecological Entomology. 32, 172-180 (2007).</li><li>Hartbauer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collective+defense+of+Aphis+nerii+and+Uroleucon+hypochoeridis+(Homoptera,+Aphididae)+against+natural+enemies.">Collective defense of Aphis nerii and Uroleucon hypochoeridis (Homoptera, Aphididae) against natural enemies.</a> PLoS ONE. 5, 10417 (2010).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

그것은 오래는 aposematic A. nerii 패턴 및 식물 방어와 특히 화학 격리18,37의 메커니즘을 제공할 수 있습니다 인식 하고있다. 다양 한 게놈 자료 최근 A. nerii10, A. nerii 모델에 사용 하는 생태 및 기능성 게놈 연구를 위한 새로운 기회를 제공 하 고 나왔다. 우리는 진딧물 식물 문화 및 분자 게놈 기법,이 종에 미래의 일 가...

Aphids는 전세계 다양 한 식물 가족에서 식민지 작고, hemimetabolous 곤충. 그들은 몇 가지 기능에 대 한 독특한 가장 주목할만 하 게 순환적인 단성 및 개별 polyphenisms, 그리고 그들의 의무 영양 공생 박테리아 또는 효 모 endosymbionts에서 누락 된 영양소를 공급 하는와 관련 된 그들의 복잡 한 라이프 사이클 그들의 다이어트 수액 공장1의입니다. 대부분 aphids 호스트 식물 전문가 인 하는 동안 일부 일반 종 중요 한 작물 해충, 상당한 경제 손상을 주는 작물에도 직접 또는 병원 균과 바이러스를 통해 그들은 벡터2. 곤충의에 대 한 주소 지정 질문에 대 한 게놈 리소스를 제공 하기 때문에 첫 번째 진딧물 게놈 2010 년 Acyrthosiphon pisum3, 완두콩 진딧물의 간행물 진딧물 생물학의 연구에 중요 한 이정표를 표시 그는 더 나은 제어 전략4으로 이어질 수 있는 포함 하 여 초 식 생활에 적응. 그 시간 이후 추가 게놈 자원 콩 진딧물 진딧물 glycines5, 주석된 게놈과 다른 진딧물 3 종 (Myzus에 대 한 공개적으로 사용 가능한 전체 게놈 자원으로 축적 cerasi (블랙 체리 진딧물), Myzus persicae (복숭아 감자 진딧물), Rhopalosiphum 다이빙 (조류 체리 귀리 진딧물)6. 귀중 한 데 노 보 transcriptomic 리소스 뿐만 아니라 다른 진딧물의 숫자에 대 한 사용할 수 있습니다 (e.g.,Aphis gossypii (목화 진딧물)7, Sitobion avenae (곡물 진딧물)8, Cinara pinitabulaeformis (소나무 진딧물)9, 진딧물 nerii (유-서양 협 죽도 진딧물)10).
Aphids는 또한 식물11식물 곤충 상호 작용 및 생활의 생태의 우리의 이해에 지속적인 기여를 했다. 한 지역은 어디 aphids 특히 중요 한 기여를 만든 호스트 공장 상호 작용의 화학 생태학에 대 한 우리의 이해에 있다. 초 식 곤충 익스프레스 다양 한 적응 극복 식물 방어, 그리고 일부도 선임 그들의 자신의 대 한 식물 방어에 대 한12,,1314혜택. 예를 들어 유 서양 협 죽도 진딧물, 진딧물 nerii는 밝은 노란색, 침략 진딧물 전세계 온대와 열 대 지역에서 발견 colonizes 유 가족 (협죽도과)에서 식물에는 이다. 가족 협죽도과 식물 진화 밀키 라텍스와 cardenolides, 양이온 캐리어 Na, K ATPase 바인딩할 고 일반 herbivores15, 에 효과적인 제 지로 알려진 심장 배당 체를 포함 하 여 다양 한 화학 방어 16. 유 전문가 cardenolides에 저항의 다양 한 모드를 표현 하 고 일부 선택적으로 또는 수 동적으로 축적 하거나 또는 다른 혜택17포식을 억제 하는 수단으로 그들의 조직에서 cardenolides를 수정. A. nerii 메커니즘 및 기능적 혜택 불분명10,18남아 있지만이 방법에서는, cardenolides 격리 하 생각 된다.
게놈 자원 닥을 감안할 때, A. nerii 모델 제공 합니다는 우수한 실험 독성 호스트 식물과 그들의 전문가 간의 항 암 치료-생태 상호 작용에 관련 된 분자 및 유전적 메커니즘의 연구에 대 한 herbivores를. 그것은, 일부 A. nerii 그 이후, cardenolides19의 격리에 초점을 맞춘의 초기 연구의 A. nerii 의 연구 제공 광범위 한 진화 및 생태 질문에 협조할 침략 적인 곤충20 및 초 밀도21에 상향식 및 하향식 규칙 사이 상호 작용의 유전자 구조를 포함 하 여. A. nerii 는 따라서 좋은 후보는 특히 광범위 한 곤충-식물 상호 작용의 연구에 대 한 실험 모델입니다. 중요 한 A. nerii 와 모든 연구의 성공 주의 문화가 이다 진딧물의 인구, 식물 aphids 의존의 문화를 포함, 뿐만 아니라 높은-품질-omic 데이터의 효율적인 생성. 우리의 목표는 둘 다를 통해 독자를 안내 하는. 생성 및 온실과 실험실, DNA 및 RNA 추출, microsatellite 분석, 드 노 보 transcriptome 어셈블리 및 주석, transcriptome 플랜트 및 진딧물 문화권의 유지 보수에 대 한 메서드는 아래에 설명 된 차동 식 분석 및 정량 확인의 차동 유전자 표현. 이러한 메서드는 A. nerii에 대 한 작성, 동안 진딧물 종의 다양 한 일반 재배, 추출, 및 분석 방법을 확장할 수 있습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sun Gro Fafard Germination Mix</td><td>Hummert International</td><td>10-0952-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sun Gro Fafard 3B/ Metro Mix</td><td>Hummert International</td><td>10-0951-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2&quot; x 4&quot; Round Standard Pot</td><td>Anderson Pots</td><td>1503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DreamTaq DNA Polymerase</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>EP0701</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trizol</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>15596026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SuperScript&amp;reg; III First-Strand Synthesis kit</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>18080051</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>4367659</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

maintaining biological cultures and measuring gene expression in aphis nerii: a non-model system for plant-insect interactions

진 디는 다양 한 공생의 진화 및 polyphenisms의 개발에서 그들의 호스트 식물 들과 곤충의 상호 작용을 포위 하는 질문에 이르기까지 생물학 질문에 대 한 우수한 실험 모델. 게놈 자원 여러 진딧물 종, 사용할 수 있으며 진보와 함께 차세대 시퀀싱, transcriptomic 연구는 유전자 부족 비 모델 생물 확장 되 고. 또한, 진딧물 문화 분야에서 수집 하 고 생태 및 유전적 연구 사이의 격차를 해소 하는 organismal 분자 실험에 사용 하기 위해 실험실에서 양육 될 수 있습니다. 마지막으로, 많은 진 디는 그들의 기본 설정된 호스트 식물에 실험실에서 asexually genotypes 재현의 비교에 대 한 허용 하는 영원한, parthenogenic 라이프 사이클에서 유지 될 수. 진딧물 nerii, 유-서양 협 죽도 진딧물 organismal와 분자 실험을 사용 하 여 독성 식물 곤충 상호 작용을 공부 등 하나의 모델을 제공 합니다. 생성 및 온실과 실험실, DNA 및 RNA 추출, microsatellite 분석, 드 노 보 transcriptome 어셈블리 및 주석, transcriptome 차동 식에서 플랜트 및 진딧물 문화의 유지 보수 방법 분석 및 차동 표현한 유전자의 정량 확인 설명 하 고 여기 논의.

식물 문화: 씨앗은 계절에 따라 약 2 ~ 4 주 걸릴 것입니다, 그리고 큰 성장을 충분히 다시 화분그림 1(A). 다시 화분된 묘 진딧물 문화 (그림 1B)에 대 한 최적의 크기를 다른 2 ~ 4 주 걸릴 것입니다.
진딧물 문화: 성인 A. nerii 일?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions at JoVE.com

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

진딧물 진딧물 nerii 벌레 가족 (Apocyanaceae)에 높은 방어 식물에 colonizes 고 식물 곤충 상호 작용을 공부 하는 수많은 기회를 제공 합니다. 문화, 그리고 생성 및 분자의 분석 및 진딧물의 유지 보수에 대 한 프로토콜의 시리즈 제시 하는 여기, 그리고 A. nerii에 대 한-omic 데이터.

생물 학적 문화와 진딧물 nerii에 유전자 발현 측정 유지: 식물 곤충 상호 작용에 대 한 비-모델 시스템

Aphids are excellent experimental models for a variety of biological questions ranging from the evolution of symbioses and the development of polyphenisms ...

maintaining-biological-cultures-measuring-gene-expression-aphis-nerii

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

7.5K 조회수.  Vanderbilt University. 진딧물 진딧물 nerii 벌레 가족 (Apocyanaceae)에 높은 방어 식물에 colonizes 고 식물 곤충 상호 작용을 공부 하는 수많은 기회를 제공 합니다. 문화, 그리고 생성 및 분자의 분석 및 진딧물의 유지 보수에 대 한 프로토콜의 시리즈 제시 하는 여기, 그리고 A. nerii에 대 한-omic 데이터.

비디오: Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative without tools to study gene function. The development and sharing of detailed protocols for the establishment of new model systems in laboratories, and for tools to carry out functional studies, is thus crucial for leveraging the power of genomics. Coleoptera (beetles) are the largest clade of insects and occupy virtually all types of habitats on the planet. In addition to providing ideal models for fundamental research, studies of beetles can have impacts on pest control as they are often pests of households, agriculture, and food industries. Detailed protocols for rearing and maintenance of D. maculatus laboratory colonies and for carrying out dsRNA-mediated interference in D. maculatus are presented. Both embryonic and parental RNAi procedures-including apparatus set up, preparation, injection, and post-injection recovery-are described. Methods are also presented for analyzing embryonic phenotypes, including viability, patterning defects in hatched larvae, and cuticle preparations for unhatched larvae. These assays, together with in situ hybridization and immunostaining for molecular markers, make D. maculatus an accessible model system for basic and applied research. They further provide useful information for establishing procedures in other emerging insect model systems.

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Here, we present protocols for rearing an intermediate-germ beetle, Dermestes maculatus (D. maculatus) in the lab. We also share protocols for embryonic and parental RNAi and methods for analyzing embryonic phenotypes to study gene function in this species.

양육 및 숨기기 비틀에 RNA 매개 유전자 최저를 두 번 좌초,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

연구

유전학

Identification of Critical Conditions for Immunostaining in the Pea Aphid Embryos: Increasing Tissue Permeability and Decreasing Background Staining

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, with a sequenced genome and abundant phenotypic plasticity, has become an emerging model for genomic and developmental studies. Like other aphids, A. pisum propagate rapidly via parthenogenetic viviparous reproduction, where the embryos develop within egg chambers in an assembly-line fashion in the ovariole. Previously we have established a robust platform of whole-mount in situ hybridization allowing detection of mRNA expression in the aphid embryos. For analyzing the expression of protein, though, established protocols for immunostaining the ovarioles of asexual viviparous aphids did not produce satisfactory results. Here we report conditions optimized for increasing tissue permeability and decreasing background staining, both of which were problems when applying established approaches. Optimizations include: (1) incubation of proteinase K (1 &#181;g/ml, 10 min), which was found essential for antibody penetration in mid- and late-stage aphid embryos; (2) replacement of normal goat serum/bovine serum albumin with a blocking reagent supplied by a Digoxigenin (DIG)-based buffer set and (3) application of methanol rather hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for bleaching endogenous peroxidase; which significantly reduced the background staining in the aphid tissues. These critical conditions optimized for immunostaining will allow effective detection of gene products in the embryos of A. pisum and other aphids.

A protocol of whole-mount immunostaining on aphid embryos is presented, in which critical conditions for decreasing background staining and increasing tissue permeability are addressed. These conditions are specifically developed for effective detection of protein expression in the embryonic tissues of aphids.

완두콩 진딧물 태아의 면역 염색을위한 중요한 조건의 확인 : 조직 투과성을 증가 및 배경 염색을 감소

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, with a sequenced genome and abundant phenotypic plasticity, has become an emerging model for genomic and developmental ...

발생학

Testing the Physiological Barriers to Viral Transmission in Aphids Using Microinjection

Potato loafroll virus (PLRV), from the family Luteoviridae infects solanaceous plants. It is transmitted by aphids, primarily, the green peach aphid. When an uninfected aphid feeds on an infected plant it contracts the virus through the plant phloem. Once ingested, the virus must pass from the insect gut to the hemolymph (the insect  blood ) and then must pass through the salivary gland, in order to be transmitted back to a new plant. An aphid may take up different viruses when munching on a plant, however only a small fraction will pass through the gut and salivary gland, the two main barriers for transmission to infect more plants. In the lab, we use physalis plants to study PLRV transmission. In this host, symptoms are characterized by stunting and interveinal chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves between the veins with the veins remaining green). The video that we present demonstrates a method for performing aphid microinjection on insects that do not vector PLVR viruses and tests whether the gut is preventing viral transmission.
The video that we present demonstrates a method for performing Aphid microinjection on insects that do not vector PLVR viruses and tests whether the gut or salivary gland is preventing viral transmission.

Aphids are effective transmitters of plant viruses. Aphid microinjection of virus, the procedure we will show you today, is a technique allowing researchers to inject virus directly into the hemocoel of the aphid, bypassing the gut, one of the 2 major barriers for virus transmission in a circulative manner. The same technique is also used to inject dsRNA for RNAi.

Microinjection을 사용 Aphids에 바이러스성 전송 생리 장벽을 테스트

Potato loafroll virus (PLRV), from the family Luteoviridae infects solanaceous plants. It is transmitted by aphids, primarily, the green peach aphid. When ...

생물학

Testing Nicotine Tolerance in Aphids Using an Artificial Diet Experiment

Plants may upregulate the production of many different seconday metabolites in response to insect feeding. One of these metabolites, nicotine, is well know to have insecticidal properties. One response of tobacco plants to herbivory, or being gnawed upon by insects, is to increase the production of this neurotoxic alkaloid. Here, we will demonstrate how to set up an experiment to address this question of whether a tobacco-adapted strain of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, can tolerate higher levels of nicotine than the a strain of this insect that does not infest tobacco in the field.

In this video and assay is demonstrated that tests the tolerance of nicotine to two types of aphids one that infests tobacco plants in the field and one that does not.

인공 다이어트 실험을 사용하여 Aphids에 니코틴 공차 테스트

Plants may upregulate the production of many different seconday metabolites in response to insect feeding. One of these metabolites, nicotine, is well ...

Detached Leaf Assays to Simplify Gene Expression Studies in Potato During Infestation by Chewing Insect Manduca sexta

The multitrophic nature of gene expression studies of insect herbivory demands large numbers of biological replicates, creating the need for simpler, more streamlined herbivory protocols. Perturbations of chewing insects are usually studied in whole plant systems. While this whole organism strategy is popular, it is not necessary if similar observations can be replicated in a single detached leaf. The assumption is that basic elements required for signal transduction are present within the leaf itself. In the case of early events in signal transduction, cells need only to receive the signal from the perturbation and transmit that signal to neighboring cells which are assayed for gene expression.
The proposed method simply changes the timing of the detachment. In whole plant experiments, larvae are confined to a single leaf which is eventually detached from the plant and assayed for gene expression. If the order of excision is reversed, from last in whole plant studies, to first in the detached study, the feeding experiment is simplified.
Solanum tuberosum var. Kennebec is propagated by nodal transfer in a simple tissue culture medium and transferred to soil for further growth if desired. Leaves are excised from the parent plant and relocated to Petri dishes where the feeding assay is conducted with the larval stages of M. sexta. Damaged leaf tissue is assayed for the expression of relatively early events in signal transduction. Gene expression analysis identified infestation-specific Cys2-His2 (C2H2) transcription factors, confirming the success of using detached leaves in early response studies. The method is easier to perform than whole plant infestations and uses less space.

The presented method creates natural herbivore damaged plant tissue through the application of Manduca sexta larvae to detached leaves of potato. The plant tissue is assayed for expression of six transcription factor homologs involved in early responses to insect herbivory.

분리 된 잎 어설아는 곤충 만두카 sexta를 츄잉에 의해 감염 하는 동안 감자에 유전자 발현 연구를 단순화 하기 위해

The multitrophic nature of gene expression studies of insect herbivory demands large numbers of biological replicates, creating the need for simpler, more ...

환경과학

Analysis of Gene Expression in Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Using Quantitative Real Time-PCR

Emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is an exotic invasive pest, which has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp) in North America. EAB continues to spread rapidly and attacks ash trees of different ages, from saplings to mature trees. However, to date very little or no molecular knowledge exists for EAB. We are interested in deciphering the molecular-based physiological processes at the tissue level that aid EAB in successful colonization of ash trees. In this report we show the effective use of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to ascertain mRNA levels in different larval tissues (including midgut, fat bodies and cuticle) and different developmental stages (including 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-, 4th-instars, prepupae and adults) of EAB. As an example, a peritrophin gene (herein named, AP-PERI1) is exemplified as the gene of interest and a ribosomal protein (AP-RP1) as the internal control. Peritrophins are important components of the peritrophic membrane/matrix (PM), which is the lining of the insect gut. The PM has diverse functions including digestion and mechanical protection to the midgut epithelium.

Analysis of Gene Expression in Emerald Ash Borer Agrilus planipennis Using Quantitative Real Time-PCR

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is an effective tool to diagnose mRNA levels in different insect tissues and developmental stages. In this report we show the use of qRT-PCR to ascertain mRNA levels in different larval tissues and developmental stages of the invasive insect species, emerald ash borer.

에메랄드 애쉬 보러에서 유전자 발현 분석 ( Agrilus planipennis)를 사용하여 정량 리얼 타임 PCR

Emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is an exotic invasive pest, which has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp) in North America. EAB ...

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar Drosophila Melanogaster

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield deleterious consequences, yet the current methods for recording nervous system activity of an individual animal is costly and laborious. This suction electrode preparation of the third-instar larval central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, is a tractable system for testing the physiological effects of neuroactive agents, determining the physiological role of various neural pathways to CNS activity, as well as the influence of genetic mutations to neural function. This ex vivo preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of insect neuronal activity. A wide variety of chemical modulators, including peptides, can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline to measure the influence on the CNS activity. Further, genetic technologies, such as the GAL4/UAS system, can be applied independently or in tandem with pharmacological agents to determine the role of specific ion channels, transporters, or receptors to arthropod CNS function. In this context, the assays described herein are of significant interest to insecticide toxicologists, insect physiologists, and developmental biologists for which D. melanogaster is an established model organism. The goal of this protocol is to describe an electrophysiological method to enable the measurement of electrogenesis of the central nervous system in the model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, which is useful for testing a diversity of scientific hypotheses.

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar  Drosophila Melanogaster

This protocol describes a method to record the descending electrical activity of the Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system to enable the cost-efficient and convenient testing of pharmacological agents, genetic mutations of neural proteins, and/or the role of unexplored physiological pathways.

제 3-탈피 초파리 Melanogaster 의 중앙 신 경계 활동의 electrophysiological 녹음

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield ...

신경과학

Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor

Calcium ions are predicted to be key signaling entities during biotic interactions, with calcium signaling forming an established part of the plant defense response to microbial elicitors and to wounding caused by chewing insects, eliciting systemic calcium signals in plants. However, the role of calcium in vivo during biotic stress is still unclear. This protocol describes the use of a genetically-encoded calcium sensor to detect calcium signals in plants during feeding by a hemipteran pest. Hemipterans such as aphids pierce a small number of cells with specialized, elongated sucking mouthparts, making them the ideal tool to study calcium dynamics when a plant is faced with a biotic stress, which is distinct from a wounding response. In addition, fluorescent biosensors are revolutionizing the measurement of signaling molecules in vivo in both animals and plants. Expressing a GFP-based calcium biosensor, GCaMP3, in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana allows for the real-time imaging of plant calcium dynamics during insect feeding, with a high spatial and temporal resolution. A repeatable and robust assay has been developed using the fluorescence microscopy of detached GCaMP3 leaves, allowing for the continuous measurement of cytosolic calcium dynamics before, during, and after insect feeding. This reveals a highly-localized rapid calcium elevation around the aphid feeding site that occurs within a few minutes. The protocol can be adapted to other biotic stresses, such as additional insect species, while the use of Arabidopsis thaliana allows for the rapid generation of mutants to facilitate the molecular analysis of the phenomenon.

Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor

This protocol outlines a simple method for analyzing calcium signals in plants generated by feeding hemipteran insects, such as aphids. Arabidopsis thaliana transformed with the GFP calcium biosensor GCaMP3 allow for the real-time in vivo imaging of calcium dynamics with a high temporal and spatial resolution.

실시간 Vivo에서 녹음 애기 칼슘 신호의 곤충 먹이 형광 바이오 센서를 사용 하 여 중

Calcium ions are predicted to be key signaling entities during biotic interactions, with calcium signaling forming an established part of the plant ...

Preparing and Rearing Axenic Insects with Tissue Cultured Seedlings for Host-Gut Microbiota Interaction Studies of the Leaf Beetle

Insect guts are colonized by diverse bacteria that can profoundly impact the host&#39;s physiological traits. Introducing a particular bacterial strain into an axenic insect is a powerful method to verify gut microbial function and elucidate the mechanisms underlying gut microbe-host interactions. Administering antibiotics or sterilizing egg surfaces are two commonly used methods to remove gut bacteria from insects. However, in addition to the potential adverse effects of antibiotics on insects, previous studies indicated that feeding antibiotics could not eliminate gut bacteria. Thus, germ-free artificial diets are generally employed to maintain axenic insects, which is a tedious and labor-intensive process that cannot fully resemble nutritional components in natural food. Described here is an efficient and simple protocol to prepare and maintain axenic larvae of a leaf beetle&#160;(Plagiodera versicolora). Specifically, surfaces of the beetle eggs were sterilized, following which germ-free poplar leaves were used to rear axenic larvae. The axenic status of the insects was further confirmed via culture-dependent and culture-independent assays. Collectively, by combining egg disinfection and germ-free cultivation, an efficient and convenient method was developed to obtain axenic P. versicolora, providing a readily transferable tool for other leaf-eating insects.

To obtain an axenic insect, its egg surface is sterilized, and the hatched larva is subsequently reared using axenic leaves. This method provides an efficient way for axenic insect preparation without administering antibiotics or developing an artificial diet, which can also be applied to other leaf-eating insects.

잎 딱정벌레의 숙주 - 장 microbiota 상호 작용 연구를위한 조직 배양 묘목으로 축 곤충 준비 및 사육

Insect guts are colonized by diverse bacteria that can profoundly impact the host&#39;s physiological traits. Introducing a particular bacterial strain ...

Maintaining Laboratory Cultures of Gryllus bimaculatus, a Versatile Orthopteran Model for Insect Agriculture and Invertebrate Physiology

Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer)&#160;is a large-bodied cricket distributed throughout Africa and Southern Eurasia where it is often wild-harvested as human food. Outside its native range, culturing G. bimaculatus is feasible due to its dietary plasticity, rapid reproductive cycle, lack of diapause requirement, tolerance for high-density rearing, and robustness against pathogens. Thus, G. bimaculatus can be&#160;a versatile model for studies of insect physiology, behavior, embryology, or genetics.
Cultural parameters, such as stocking density, within-cage refugia, photoperiod, temperature, relative humidity, and diet, all impact cricket growth, behavior, and gene expression and should be standardized. In the burgeoning literature on farming insects for human consumption, these crickets are frequently employed to evaluate candidate feed admixtures derived from crop residues, food-processing byproducts, and other low-cost waste streams.
To support ongoing experiments evaluating G. bimaculatus growth performance and nutritional quality in response to variable feed substrates, a comprehensive set of standard protocols for breeding, upkeep, handling, measurement, and euthanasia in the laboratory was developed and is presented here. An industry-standard cricket feed has proven nutritionally adequate and functionally appropriate for the long-term maintenance of cricket breeding stocks, as well as for use as an experimental control feed. Rearing these crickets at a density of 0.005 crickets/cm3 in screen-topped 29.3 L polyethylene cages at an average temperature of 27 &#176;C on a 12 light (L)/12 dark (D) photoperiod, with moistened coconut coir serving both as hydration source and oviposition medium has successfully sustained healthy crickets over a 2-year span. Following these methods, crickets in a controlled experiment yielded an average mass of 0.724 g 0.190 g at harvest, with 89% survivorship and 68.2% sexual maturation between stocking (22 days) and harvest (65 days).

Maintaining Laboratory Cultures of Gryllus bimaculatus, a Versatile Orthopteran Model for Insect Agriculture and Invertebrate Physiology

This paper outlines basic methods to standardize important factors such as density, feed availability, hydration source, and environmental controls for the long-term rearing of laboratory cultures of the edible cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus.

Gryllus bimaculatus의 실험실 문화 유지, 곤충 농업 및 무척추 동물 생리학을위한 다목적 orthopteran 모델

Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer)&#160;is a large-bodied cricket distributed throughout Africa and Southern Eurasia where it is often wild-harvested as human ...