Name: how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker
Uploaded: 2017-09-06T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 48 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

저자 피터 쉽 호스트 설치 설계에 그의 역할에 대 한 및 그림 1과 3의 그래픽을 제공 하 고 유용한 토론 판 네이버와 그림 6에 그의 기여 감사 합니다. 저자는 또한 그림 1과 6 게시 종이1에서 재사용에 대 한 연구자와 게시자 인정 합니다.

이 프로토콜은 제도적 검토 보드의 미시간 주립 대학에 의해 승인 되었습니다.
 1. 시스템 구축 <ol><li>근거 <ol><li>준비 거울 설치에서 고전적인 휘트스톤 stereoscope 28의 변종 그림 1 , 참가자를 기준으로 45 ° 각도로 위치 하는 2 개의 거울으로 구성 된 &#39; s 중간. 서로 마주보는 테이블의 반대 끝에 위치 하는 두 개의 화면에서 자극을 반영 하는 거울.</li>
		<li>거울 앞 참가자 좌석 그리고 각 눈으로 다른 미러를 통해 반영 다른 화면을 볼 그들. 최상의 결과 얻으려면 사용 머리 나머지 참가자 안정화 &#39; s 머리.</li>
		<li>는 적외선-민감한 비디오 기반 눈 추적, 카메라 등 한 조명 기, 참가자 앞 하지만 거울 뒤에 위치. 눈 추적자 그림 1에서 상자에 의해 표시 됩니다. 
		참고: 이런이 종류의 일반 설정에서 눈을 추적 하려고 할 때 한 가지 문제는 눈은 거울에 의해 차단 됩니다.</li>
		<li>사용으로 종종 광고 2 개의 전면 표면 거울 &#34; 찬 거울 &#34; (입사 각도: 45 °), 그 눈에 보이는 파장의 가까운 완전 한 반사율과 가까운 적외선 파장 (참조 표 1 자세한의 가까운 완전 한 전송 기능 거울에 대 한 정보). 
		참고: 이러한 거울은 과학 및 산업 목적, 일반적으로 다음과 같은 구성 요소 목록에 대 한 광학 장비를 공급 하는 회사를 통해 얻을 수 있습니다 &#39; 찬 거울 &#39;의 형식으로 또는 &#39; dichroic 거울 &#39; (참조 자료에서 자세히 / 장비 테이블)입니다.
		<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 설치</td> <td>설치 2</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="3"> 거울</td> <td>크기</td> <td>10.10 × 12.70 cm</td> <td>10.10 × 12.70 c m</td></tr> <tr><td>반사율</td> <td>400 ~ 690 nm</td> <td>425 ~ 650 nm</td></tr> <tr><td>전송</td> <td>750 ~ 1200 nm</td> <td>800 ~ 1200 nm</td></tr> < tr > <td rowspan="2"> 눈 추적자</td> <td>브랜드</td> <td>연구-엔드 눈 추적자</td> <td>고객 등급 눈 추적자</td></tr> <tr><td>전송</td> <td>890 ~ 940 nm</td> <td>약 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>
		 표 1. 우리가 일 하는 설치의 두 가지 버전의 세부 사항. 
		눈 추적자 &#39; s 전송 웨이브 길이 범위는 거울에 의해 덮여 있다 &#39; 전송 범위는 45 ° 각도로 발생률, 하지만 그들의 반사율 범위 밖에.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>구조 설치의 <ol><li>책상 위에 설치를 구축. 거울과 눈 추적자, 게다가 그것은 요소로 이루어진 3 사용자 섬유판의 만든 (조립 가이드에 대 한 그림 2 참조)와 모니터-무기에 사용할 수 있는 일반 사무실에서 두 명의 평면 스크린 모니터 공급 상점.</li>
		<li>섬유판 요소 <ol><li>fiberboards의 세 가지 구성 요소에서 설치 프로그램의 프레임 워크를 구축: 하나의 중앙 구성 요소 및 두 참조 보드 각 측면 (참조 그림 1 일반적인 위치, 테이블에 대 한 2 상세한 크기 및 그림 2 각 부품의 조립 가이드에 대 한). 매트 블랙 가벼운 살포를 줄이기 위해 모든이 조각을 페인트. 
			참고: 거울과 눈 추적자 중심 구성 요소 보유 하고있다 ( 그림 2B와 2D 참조). 모두는 동일한 고원에 따라서 참가자에 눈 추적자 유지 &#39; 눈높이.</li>
			<li>그런 책상 앞에 8 cm 나뭇잎이 구성의 최상위 요소를 배치 합니다. 이러한 배열은 참가자에 대 한 충분 한 공간이 허용 &#39; 얼굴 머리 받침대에 안정 하 고 참가자 사이의 거리를 최소화 하면서 만료 동안 거울에 응축을 방지 &#39; s 눈을 최대화 하기 위해 미러는 참가자의 가능한 사용 &#39; s 시야.</li>
			<li>위치는 스크린의 쉬운 수동 보정에 대 한 모니터 (조립 가이드에 대 한 위치 및 그림 2 패널 A와 C 그림 1 참조) 아래 바로 두 참조 보드. 스크린과 보드 사이의 그림 1에서 명백한 오프셋 때문에 제한 된 깊이 단서 이미지; 보드 양쪽에 모니터 바로 같습니다.</li>
			<li>긴 수직 보정 보드 (아래 참조)이이 보드를 안정화의 쉽도록 책상의 앞에 넘어 4 cm를 두고 하는 동안 정확 하 게 긴 horizontals 책상의 가장자리를 맞춥니다. 두 개의 작은 수직 세로로 긴 체류 보장 합니다 모니터에 대 한 참조로 수직.</li>
			<li>필요에 따라 사용 별도 섬유판의 캘리브레이션 보드 ( 그림 3 참조). 이 경우에, 취득 후 모니터의 최적의 위치, 참조 보드에 대 한 캘리브레이션 보드 놓고 장소에 동안 참조 보드와 캘리브레이션 보드에 모니터의 위치를 나타내는 (의 예제에서 < 강한 클래스 = "xfig" > 그림 3,이 표시를 제공 하는 나무로 되는 판금).</li>
			<li>가 원하는 모니터 위치 때마다 손실 됩니다 (실수로 또는 다른 실험 다른 위치를 요구 하기 때문에), 상대적으로 같은 장소에서 다시 캘리브레이션 보드를 넣어 보정 보드에 표시를 사용 하 여이 위치를 검색 합니다 책상에 고정 된 위치를 참조 보드. 이동 모니터 다시 라인 적절 한 표시와 함께 (2.1.1 단계를 참조 하십시오. 자세한 내용은).
			<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td>구성 요소</td> <td>크기 (cm)</td> <td>번호</td> <td>비고</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4"> 중앙 구성 요소 < / td > <td>80 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>수평 상단</td></tr> <tr><td>23 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>수평 하단</td></tr> <tr><td>21 × 32 × 2</td> <td>1</td>
						<td>중앙 수직</td></tr>
					<tr><td>32 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>전면 수직</td></tr>
					<tr><td rowspan="3"> 참조 보드</td> <td>61 × 11 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>긴 수평</td></tr>
					<tr><td>66 × 29 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>긴 수직</td></tr>
					<tr><td>11 × 15 × 2</td> <td>4</td> <td>작은 수직</td>
					</tr></tbody></table> 표 2. 섬유판 구성 요소 세부 정보.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>모니터와 거울 <ol><li>표준 사무실 책상 위에 설치 위치.</li>
			<li>(클램핑 참조 보드와 책상) 책상의 측면에 고정 하는 표준 모니터 팔에 두 명의 평면 스크린 모니터를 탑재 합니다. 이러한 무기 3 개 차원에서 번역 뿐만 아니라 스크린의 평면에서 회전 수 있습니다. 기존의 CRT 모니터는 명확 하 게 설치, 또한 호환 위치와 위치 같은 유연성을 감당할 것 이다 하지만.</li>
			<li>찬 거울을 재고 동일한 공급자에 의해 목적을 위해 판매 되는 미러 마운트에 거울을 탑재 합니다. 참가자에는 거울을 들고 섬유 보드에 이러한 마운트를 연결 &#39; 눈 수준. 센터, 참가자의 앞에 90 °에 터치 거울 각도 위치 &#39; s 코.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>남은 요소 참고: 일부 실험 필요 참가자 그들의 눈의 모퉁이에서 화면에 표시 되지 않는 있도록 화면 ( 그림 4A에서 점선)에 시력의 직접적인 라인 피해 야 한다.
		<ol><li>만들 경우 &#34; 블 &#34; 검은 판지와 거품 패딩 구멍 스트랩 블랙, 그린의 하 고 머리의 게시물에 첨부 ( 그림 4B 참조) 휴식. 조정 높이 개별 참가자에 맞게 각도에 씌여 져. 참가자의 앞에 벽에 높은 반사율, 경우이 도움이 될 것입니다 검은 직물의 조각을 매달려.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. 시스템을 사용 하 여 <ol><li>하드웨어 캘리브레이션 참고: 교정의 목적은 두 모니터의 융합의 용이성에 대 한 두 명의 모니터의 만족 스러운 맞춤을 달성 하기 위해 &#39; 각 참가자에 대 한 이미지. 이 두 단계에서 달성 될 수 있다: 하드웨어 캘리브레이션 (여기에 설명 된) 및 소프트웨어 보정 (아래 설명 참조).
	<ol><li>때 위에서 설명한 대로 보정 보드를 사용 하 여 참조 보드 중 하나 그것을 정렬, 필요한 경우, C 클램프와 함께 놓고 해당 모니터 캘리브레이션 보드에 원하는 레퍼런스 라인 일렬로 이동에 들고. 모니터, 서로 평행 하 게 해야 하 고 각각의 참조 보드 위에 바로 되어야 합니다.</li>
		<li>씌여 져를 사용 하 여 참가자 이동 &#39; s 눈높이 고 즉 약간은 중간 선으로 그들을 회전 더 안쪽으로, 모니터의 방향에 비해. 각 눈이 직접 그것을 보고 하지 않고 거울에서 전체 시각적 자극을 볼 수 있는지 확인 합니다. 참가자 최소화 쪽으로 보다는 중간에서 방해를 터 닝 &#39; 다른 시각 입력에 노출.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>소프트웨어 보정 <ol><li>참가자 머리 나머지의 사용에도 불구 하 고 거울을 기준으로 그들의 눈 위치에 다를 수 있습니다, 이후 보정 실험을 하기 전에 더. 이 부분은 가장 쉽게 이루어집니다 소프트웨어, 즉 설치를 이동 하지 않고 &#39; s 부품 하나 더. 두 가지 가능한 방법이 있습니다.
		<ol><li>처음, 각 교대에 두 개의 화면에 도트를 제시 하 고 참가자는 화면 (또는 반대 방향에서 둘 다) 중에 점을 이동 하 여 인식된 위치 변화 제거 지시.</li>
			<li>두 번째 방법 지시 참가자가 두 점 대신 실험 자극의 프레임을 정렬 있도록 두 눈 &#39; 특정 실험에 중요 한 시각 필드 정렬 됩니다.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>센터 결과에 실험에서 자극 화면 배치 방법 중 하나를 적용 한 후. Dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션 일반적으로 찾을 수 있습니다 다른 5 대 한 디스플레이 자극을 설정의 다른 측면.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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P., Goossens, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Retinal+Image+Shifts+and+Extra-Retinal+Eye+Movement+Signals+on+Binocular+Rivalry+Alternations.">Influence of Retinal Image Shifts and Extra-Retinal Eye Movement Signals on Binocular Rivalry Alternations.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e61702 (2013).</li><li>Fr&#228;ssle, S., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Naber, M., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry:+frontal+activity+relates+to+introspection+and+action+but+not+to+perception.">Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception.</a> J. Neurosci. 34 (5), 1738-1747 (2014).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+Eye+Tracking+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Inspection+Training.">Binocular Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality for Inspection Training.</a> Proc. 2000 Symp. Eye Track. Res. Appl. , 89-96 (2000).</li><li>Hayashi, R., Tanifuji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+image+is+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry?+Reading+perceptual+status+from+eye+movements.">Which image is in awareness during binocular rivalry? Reading perceptual status from eye movements.</a> J. Vis. 12 (3), 5-5 (2012).</li><li>van Dam, L. C. J., van Ee, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+image+shifts,+but+not+eye+movements+per+se,+cause+alternations+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry.">Retinal image shifts, but not eye movements per se, cause alternations in awareness during binocular rivalry.</a> J. Vis. 6 (11), 3-3 (2006).</li><li>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Solari, F., Bex, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+disparity+and+peripheral+blur+interact+during+binocular+fusionShort+Title??.">Simulated disparity and peripheral blur interact during binocular fusionShort Title??.</a> J. Vis. 14 (8), 13-13 (2014).</li><li>Vinnikov, M., Allison, R. 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저자는 공개 없다.

우리 건설 및 양쪽 눈의 동시 추적을 허용 하는 실험적인 체제의 사용에 대 한 단계별 가이드 제시 및 시각적 자극의 dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션. Dichoptic 자극 사용 됩니다 대부분의 경우에 효과적인 눈 추적을 방지 하는 중요 한 문제는 dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션에 대 한 거울 비디오 기반 눈 추적자의 차단입니다. 이 여기 적외선 투명 한 거울과 적외선-민감한 눈 추적기를 사용 하 여 확인 됩니다. 이 ?...

정상적인 시청 조건 하에서 각각 우리의 눈의 약간 다른 시각 입력을 받습니다. 이 세계의 하나의 일관 된, 3 차원 표현 생산 처리 입력. Dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션, 두 눈의 각각에 게 제공 하는 입력 키를 독립적으로 제어 연습 따라서 인간 두 개의 2 차원 망막 이미지2 3 차원 표현을 재구성 하는 방법을 연구 하는 연구원을 가능 ,34. 또한, 두 눈의 이미지는 너무 비슷하지, interocular 조합이 실패 하 고 관측 대신 동안 한 번에 이미지 하나만의 지 각을 보고 다른 남아 두 눈 경쟁5 같은 현상에서 억제 하 고 연속 플래시 억제6. 이러한 interocular 억제의 연구원도, dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션,이 경우에 시험 하는 사용 인식7, 지 각 선택8,9, 그리고 무 의식의 신경 로커 스 같은 주제와 관련 된 질문 처리10.
시선을 눈동자 역학은 인간 행동 및 인식에 대 한 연구에서 여러 목적을 위해 기록 됩니다. 시선 방향에 대해, 예를 들어, 주의 할당11,,1013 결정 알릴 수 있다14, 눈동자 크기 시각 처리15의 측면을 보여줄 수 있는 하는 동안 만들기 16, 작업 참여17또는 액체 정보18.
안구 추적 dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션을 결합 하는 것입니다로, 예를 들어, 3 차원 (3D) 인식19,20,,2122 또는 눈 응답 시각적 연구에 유용 interocular 억제23,,2425동안 입력. 예를 들어 눈 행동 연속 플래시 억제23동안 주관적 인식 없이 무의식적인 처리를 공개 발견 되었습니다. 임상 시각 연구 dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션에 영향을 주는 두 눈 비대칭으로, 예를 들어 모니터링 단 안 하 고 두 눈 시각 왜곡에서 발생 하는 눈 질병을 조사 하는 동안 두 눈을 추적 하는 능력을 사용할 수 있습니다. 약시26 및 maculopathy27.
우리 최근 설치1 높은 품질 비디오 기반 안구 추적 및 크기에 약간 제한 dichoptic 자극의 조합 또는 자극, 색상에 대 한 수를 설명 하 고 우리는 그것의 성능 평가. 아래 우리는 건설 및이 설정 사용 하 여 요약 됩니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 1</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>&amp;nbsp;#64-452</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 400 ~ 690 nm; Transmission: 750 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 2</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>Item discontinued</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Other Mirror Option</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>#62-634</td><td>dimensions 12.50 &amp;times; 12.50 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 1</td><td>SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</td><td>Eyelink 1000</td><td>Transmission: 890 ~ 940 nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 2</td><td>The Eye Tribe Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark</td><td>Eye Tribe (item discontinued)</td><td>Transmission: around 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker

Dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션, 두 눈에 다른 자극의 프레 젠 테이 션 3D 비전과 interocular 억제 관련 연구에 대 한 필수적입니다. 특히 연구 interocular 억제에 대 한 동 공 및 oculomotor 조치의 독특한 실험 값에는 성장 한 문학이 이다. 비록 따라서 도움이 될 것 이라고 취득 하는 눈-추적 대책 연구 dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션, dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션 (예: 미러)에 대 한 필수 하드웨어를 자주 사용 하는 높은-품질 눈 추적, 비디오 기반으로 눈을 사용 하는 경우에 특히 방해 추적자입니다. 우리는 최근 적외선 투명 거울1을 사용 하 여 표준 dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션 시스템을 적외선 눈 추적기에 결합 하는 실험적인 체제를 설명 합니다. 설치 표준 모니터와 눈 추적자, 구현 하기 쉽고 저렴 한 가격 (미국 $1000)의 순서와 호환 됩니다. 기존의 방법에 상대 하지 특별 한 장비가 필요 하 고 자연과 시각적 자극의 품질에 몇 가지 제한을 포즈의 혜택은 있습니다. 여기 우리 건설을 우리의 설치를 사용 하 여 시각적 가이드 제공.

프로토콜에서 설명 하는 교정 후 우리는 장소에 거울과 문제 없이 교정 유효성 검사 절차를 수행 합니다. 방법의 효과 명확 하 게 그림 5, (를 사용 하 여 추적 시스템 연구 끝 눈) 카메라의 이미지를 보여주는 자리에 거울으로 표시 되어 있습니다. 참가자 코 따라 병렬 라인 및 눈 썹 위 라인의 두 거울의 가장자리 하지만, 그럼에도 불구 하 고, 얼굴은 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

우리는 최근 dichoptic 시각적 자극 프레 젠 테이 션 및 추적 동시에1눈 눈 수는 방법을 제안 했다. 열쇠는 적외선 눈 추적기와 해당 적외선 투명 한 거울의 조합 이다. 이 원고는 깊이 제공 한다 초기 설정 및 일상적인 작업에 대 한 프로토콜.

눈 추적을 포함 하는 Dichoptic 프레 젠 테이 션 시스템을 구축 하는 방법

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

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JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K 조회수.  Michigan State University. 우리는 최근 dichoptic 시각적 자극 프레 젠 테이 션 및 추적 동시에1눈 눈 수는 방법을 제안 했다. 열쇠는 적외선 눈 추적기와 해당 적외선 투명 한 거울의 조합 이다. 이 원고는 깊이 제공 한다 초기 설정 및 일상적인 작업에 대 한 프로토콜.

비디오: How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

눈 의 움직임을 사용하여 텍스트 이해에 관련된 인지 프로세스를 평가합니다.

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

연구

행동분석학

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank yesterday."), however such reports can often be unreliable or sensitive to response bias 1, and may be unobtainable in some participant populations. Furthermore, explicit reports only reveal when information has reached consciousness and cannot comment on when memories were accessed during processing, regardless of whether the information is subsequently accessed in a conscious manner. Eye movement monitoring (eye tracking) provides a tool by which memory can be probed without asking participants to comment on the contents of their memories, and access of such memories can be revealed on-line 2,3. Video-based eye trackers (either head-mounted or remote) use a system of cameras and infrared markers to examine the pupil and corneal reflection in each eye as the participant views a display monitor. For head-mounted eye trackers, infrared markers are also used to determine head position to allow for head movement and more precise localization of eye position. Here, we demonstrate the use of a head-mounted eye tracking system to investigate memory performance in neurologically-intact and neurologically-impaired adults. Eye movement monitoring procedures begin with the placement of the eye tracker on the participant, and setup of the head and eye cameras. Calibration and validation procedures are conducted to ensure accuracy of eye position recording. Real-time recordings of X,Y-coordinate positions on the display monitor are then converted and used to describe periods of time in which the eye is static (i.e. fixations) versus in motion (i.e., saccades). Fixations and saccades are time-locked with respect to the onset/offset of a visual display or another external event (e.g. button press). Experimental manipulations are constructed to examine how and when patterns of fixations and saccades are altered through different types of prior experience. The influence of memory is revealed in the extent to which scanning patterns to new images differ from scanning patterns to images that have been previously studied 2, 4-5. Memory can also be interrogated for its specificity; for instance, eye movement patterns that differ between an identical and an altered version of a previously studied image reveal the storage of the altered detail in memory 2-3, 6-8. These indices of memory can be compared across participant populations, thereby providing a powerful tool by which to examine the organization of memory in healthy individuals, and the specific changes that occur to memory with neurological insult or decline 2-3, 8-10.

Eye movement monitoring (or eye tracking) reveals where in space the eyes linger, when and for how long. Here, we demonstrate how eye tracking can be used to investigate the integrity of memory in multiple participant populations, without requiring verbal, or otherwise explicit, reports.

메모리 아이 운동 모니터링

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

신경과학

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes : 안구 운동 실험을위한 모듈 형 소프트웨어 시스템

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

자폐증과 어린 아이를 추적 눈

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

의학

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

시각적으로 위치한 언어 이해 동안 눈 추적: 유연성과 잠복 시각적 컨텍스트 효과에 한계

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

눈-추적 읽기 중 이해 및 기반 Oculomotor 역행 하는 안구의 움직임을 구별 하

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

눈 손 조화 Incoordination 스펙트럼을 효율적으로 기록

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

아이 트래킹과 우대 보이는 패러다임을 사용하여 시각적 언어에 대한 유아감도 탐색

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency sensors, such as eye-trackers, electrodermal activity wristbands, EEG bands, and motion sensors provide observations at the millisecond level. This level of precision allows researchers to collect large datasets on social interactions. In this paper, I discuss how multiple eye-trackers can capture a fundamental construct in social interactions, joint visual attention (JVA). JVA has been studied by developmental psychologists to understand how children acquire language, learning scientists to understand how small groups of learners work together, and social scientists to understand interactions in small teams. This paper describes a methodology for capturing JVA in colocated settings using mobile eye-trackers. It presents some empirical results and discusses implications of capturing microobservations to understand social interactions.

Using multimodal sensors is a promising way to understand the role of social interactions in educational settings. This paper describes a methodology for capturing joint visual attention from colocated dyads using mobile eye-trackers.

모바일 아이 트래커를 사용하여 공동 시각 주의를 포착하는 방법론

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

이방성 보기 조건에서 쌍안경 중앙 시야 및 쌍안경 눈 움직임 평가

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...