Los autores agradecen a Pieter Schiphorst por su papel en el diseño de la instalación y para proporcionar los gráficos de las figuras 1 y 3 y Marnix Naber de discusión útil y su contribución a la figura 6. Los autores también reconocen investigadores y editores de reutilización de figura 1 y 6 de un documento publicados1.

este protocolo ha sido aprobado por el institucional de juntas de la Universidad Estatal de Michigan.
 1. construcción del sistema <ol><li>fundamento <ol><li>preparar la configuración de espejo, una variante del clásico Wheatstone estereoscopio 28 ilustrado en figura 1 , que consiste en dos espejos colocados en un ángulo de 45° en relación con el participante &#39; línea media s. Los espejos reflejan estímulos de dos pantallas que se colocan en extremos opuestos de una mesa, uno frente al otro.</li>
		<li>Asiento a un participante frente a los espejos y que ve una pantalla diferente, reflejada por un espejo diferente, con cada ojo. Para mejores resultados, utilice un soporte de cabeza para estabilizar el participante &#39; cabeza.</li>
		<li>Colocar un rastreador sensibles al infrarrojo basado en video ojo, incluyendo una cámara y un iluminador, frente al participante, pero detrás de los espejos. El perseguidor del ojo está representado por un cuadro en la figura 1. 
		Nota: Uno de los desafíos cuando se trata de un seguimiento de los ojos en las configuraciones normales de este tipo, es que los ojos estén bloqueados por los espejos.</li>
		<li>Utiliza dos espejos de frente a la superficie, a menudo anunciados como &#34; espejos fríos &#34; (ángulo de incidencia: 45°), que cuentan con reflectancia casi completo de longitudes de onda visibles y casi total transmisión de longitudes de onda de infrarrojo cercano (ver tabla 1 para una detallada información acerca de los espejos). 
		Nota: Tales espejos se pueden obtener a través de compañías suministradoras de equipos ópticos con fines científicos e industriales, que generalmente componentes tales como &#39; espejos fríos &#39; o como un tipo de &#39; espejos dicroicos &#39; (ver más detalle en materiales / Tabla de equipamiento).
		<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>instalación 1</td> <td>Configuración 2</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="3"> espejos de</td> <td>dimensiones</td> <td>10.10 × 12,70 cm</td> <td>10.10 cm x 12,70 cm</td></tr> <tr><td>reflectancia</td> <td>400 ~ 690 nm</td> <td>425 ~ 650 nm</td></tr> <tr><td>transmisión</td> <td>750 ~ 1200 nm</td> <td>800 ~ 1200 nm</td></tr> < tr &gt; <td rowspan="2"> eye Tracker</td> <td>marca</td> <td>investigación final Eye Tracker</td> <td>cliente grado Eye Tracker</td></tr> <tr><td>transmisión</td> <td>890 ~ 940 nm</td> <td>alrededor 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>
		 Tabla 1. Detalles de las dos versiones de la configuración con la que hemos trabajado. 
		El rastreador de ojos &#39; rango de longitud de onda de transmisión de s es cubierta por los espejos &#39; rango de transmisión en un ángulo de incidencia de 45°, pero fuera de su rango de reflectancia.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Estructura de la configuración <ol><li>construir la instalación encima de un escritorio. Además de los espejos y ojos, consta sólo de tres elementos a la medida hechos de fibra de madera (ver figura 2 para una guía de montaje) y tiendas de suministros de dos monitores de pantalla plana monitor-armas disponibles de oficina normal.</li>
		<li>Elementos de fibra de madera <ol><li>construir el marco de la instalación de tres componentes de tableros de fibras: un componente central y tablas de referencia dos en cada lado (ver figura 1 para el posicionamiento general, mesa 2 dimensiones detalladas, y figura 2 para una guía de montaje de cada componente). Pintar todas las piezas en negro mate para reducir la dispersión de la luz. 
			Nota: El componente central (ver figura 2B y 2D) tiene los espejos y ojos. Ambos están en la misma meseta, manteniendo así el tracker ojo participantes &#39; ojo nivel.</li>
			<li>Colocar el elemento superior de este componente que deja 8 cm de profundidad en el frente de la mesa. Tal arreglo permite suficiente espacio para que el participante &#39; s cara cuando se estabilizó en el soporte de cabeza y evita la condensación en los espejos durante la espiración, reduciendo al mínimo la distancia entre el participante &#39; ojos s y los espejos para maximizar la posible uso del participante &#39; campo de visión de s.</li>
			<li>Posición de los dos tableros de referencia directamente por debajo de los monitores (ver figura 1 para la colocación y paneles de la figura 2 A y C para una guía de montaje) para la fácil calibración manual de las pantallas. Tenga en cuenta que el desplazamiento aparente en la figura 1 entre pantalla y teclado es debido a la profundidad limitada de señales en la imagen; los tableros están directamente por debajo de los monitores en ambos lados.</li>
			<li>Exactamente alinear los horizontals largo con los bordes de la mesa, mientras que las verticales largo dejan 4 cm más allá del frente de la mesa para facilitar la estabilización de una tabla de calibración (véase abajo) para estos tableros. Las dos verticales pequeños asegurará la permanencia larga vertical vertical como referencia para los monitores de.</li>
			<li>, Utilizar otro pedazo de fibra de madera como una tabla de calibración (ver figura 3). En este caso, después de obtener una posición óptima de un monitor, coloque la placa de calibración contra la Junta de referencia e indicar las posiciones de la tabla de referencia y el monitor en la placa de calibración estando en su lugar (en el ejemplo de < fuerte clase = "xfig" &gt; Figura 3, listones de madera proporcionan estas indicaciones).</li>
			<li>Cuando este lo desee la posición del monitor se pierde (accidentalmente o porque otros experimentos requieren una posición diferente), recuperar esa posición mediante el uso de las marcas en la placa de calibración para volver a poner la tabla de calibración en el mismo lugar relativo a la Junta de referencia que tiene una posición fija en el escritorio. Subir el monitor nuevamente a línea con las marcas correspondientes (véase el paso 2.1.1. para más detalles).
			<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td>componente</td> <td>dimensiones (cm)</td> <td>número de</td> <td>observación</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4"> componente Central < / TD &gt; <td>80 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>tapa Horizontal</td></tr> <tr><td>23 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>Horizontal inferior</td></tr> <tr><td>21 × 32 × 2</td> <td>1</td>
						<td>Vertical central</td></tr>
					<tr><td>32 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>frontal vertical</td></tr>
					<tr><td rowspan="3"> Tablas de referencia</td> <td>61 × 11 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>largo horizontal</td></tr>
					<tr><td>66 × 29 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>vertical largo</td></tr>
					<tr><td>11 × 15 × 2</td> <td>4</td> <td>vertical pequeño</td>
					</tr></tbody></table> Tabla 2. Detalles de los componentes de fibra de madera.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Monitores y espejos <ol><li>Coloque la instalación encima de un escritorio de oficina estándar.</li>
			<li>Montar dos monitores de pantalla plana en brazos del monitor estándar fijados al lado de la mesa (sujeción de la Junta de referencia y el escritorio). Estas armas permiten traducción en tres dimensiones, así como rotación en el plano de la pantalla. Los monitores CRT convencionales son claramente también es compatible con la configuración, pero no la misma flexibilidad en términos de posicionamiento y reposicionamiento.</li>
			<li>Montar los espejos en soportes de espejo que se venden con la finalidad de los mismos proveedores que stock espejos fríos. Conectar estas monturas a la Junta de fibra que sostiene el espejo en participantes &#39; nivel del ojo. Posición de los espejos para tocar en un 90° de ángulo en el centro, justo antes del participante &#39; nariz de s.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Restante elementos Nota: algunos experimentos requieren participantes no ver las pantallas de la esquina de sus ojos, para que una línea de vista directa a las pantallas (las líneas punteadas en la Figura 4A) debe evitarse.
		<ol><li>En ese caso, crear &#34; anteojeras &#34; de cartón negro y correas de agujero acolchado pintadas en negro y fijar a los postes de la cabeza del resto (ver Figura 4B). Ajuste de las anteojeras en altura y ángulo para dar cabida a participantes individuales. Si la pared de enfrente el participante tiene de alta reflectancia, cuelga un trozo de tela negra ayudará a remediar esto.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. Utilizando el sistema <ol><li>calibración de Hardware Nota: el propósito de la calibración es lograr una alineación satisfactoria de los dos monitores para facilitar la fusión de los dos monitores &#39; imágenes para cada participante. Esto se logra en dos pasos: calibración de hardware (descrito aquí) y calibración del software (descrito a continuación).
	<ol><li>Cuando se utiliza una tabla de calibración, como se describe arriba, alinear con una de las tablas de referencia, en lugar con una abrazadera en C si es necesario, y luego mover el monitor correspondiente a alinearse con las líneas de referencia deseada en la tabla de calibración. Los monitores deben ser paralelos entre sí, y cada uno debe estar directamente por encima de su Junta de referencia.</li>
		<li>Al usar anteojeras, moverlos al participante &#39; s nivel de ojos y les haga una ligera rotación hacia la línea media, es decir, más hacia el interior, en comparación con la orientación de los monitores. Asegúrese de que cada ojo puede ver el estímulo conjunto visual en el espejo sin ver nada de eso directamente. Girar la venda de los ojos hacia el, y no lejos de la línea media reducirá al mínimo los participantes &#39; exposición a otros entrada visual.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Calibración del software <ol><li>ya que los participantes pueden variar en su posición del ojo en relación con los espejos a pesar del uso de un soporte de cabeza, calibrar más antes de hacer experimentos. Esta parte es más fácil de hacer en el software, es decir, sin mover la configuración &#39; s partes cualquier aún más. Hay dos métodos posibles.
		<ol><li>Para la primera, presentan un punto en cada una de las dos pantallas en alternancia, y dar instrucciones al participante para eliminar el cambio de percepción de la posición moviendo el punto en una de las pantallas (o ambos en direcciones opuestas).</li>
			<li>Para el segundo método, instruir al participante para alinear los marcos de estímulos experimentales en vez de dos puntos para que ambos ojos &#39; se alinean los campos de visión críticos al experimento particular.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Después de aplicar cualquier método, centro de los estímulos en el experimento en el que las posiciones en la pantalla. Otros aspectos de la configuración de pantallas y estímulos para dicópticos presentación en general se puede encontrar en otros lugares 5.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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K., Bartels, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+Parietal+Function+Prolongs+Dominance+Durations+in+Binocular+Rivalry.">Disrupting Parietal Function Prolongs Dominance Durations in Binocular Rivalry.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (23), 2106-2111 (2010).</li><li>Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+of+Measuring+Eye+Movemnent+Using+a+Scieral+Search+Coil+in+a+Magnetic+Field.">A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field.</a> IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Electron. 10 (4), 137-145 (1963).</li><li>Kalisvaart, J. P., Goossens, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Retinal+Image+Shifts+and+Extra-Retinal+Eye+Movement+Signals+on+Binocular+Rivalry+Alternations.">Influence of Retinal Image Shifts and Extra-Retinal Eye Movement Signals on Binocular Rivalry Alternations.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e61702 (2013).</li><li>Fr&#228;ssle, S., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Naber, M., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry:+frontal+activity+relates+to+introspection+and+action+but+not+to+perception.">Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception.</a> J. Neurosci. 34 (5), 1738-1747 (2014).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+Eye+Tracking+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Inspection+Training.">Binocular Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality for Inspection Training.</a> Proc. 2000 Symp. Eye Track. Res. Appl. , 89-96 (2000).</li><li>Hayashi, R., Tanifuji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+image+is+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry?+Reading+perceptual+status+from+eye+movements.">Which image is in awareness during binocular rivalry? Reading perceptual status from eye movements.</a> J. Vis. 12 (3), 5-5 (2012).</li><li>van Dam, L. C. J., van Ee, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+image+shifts,+but+not+eye+movements+per+se,+cause+alternations+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry.">Retinal image shifts, but not eye movements per se, cause alternations in awareness during binocular rivalry.</a> J. Vis. 6 (11), 3-3 (2006).</li><li>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Solari, F., Bex, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+disparity+and+peripheral+blur+interact+during+binocular+fusionShort+Title??.">Simulated disparity and peripheral blur interact during binocular fusionShort Title??.</a> J. Vis. 14 (8), 13-13 (2014).</li><li>Vinnikov, M., Allison, R. S., Fernandes, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+depth+of+field+simulation+on+visual+fatigue:+Who+are+impacted?+and+how?.">Impact of depth of field simulation on visual fatigue: Who are impacted? and how?.</a> Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 91, 37-51 (2016).</li><li>Tsuchiya, N., Wilke, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Lamme, V. A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No-Report+Paradigms:+Extracting+the+True+Neural+Correlates+of+Consciousness.">No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.</a> Trends Cogn. Sci. 19 (12), 757-770 (2015).</li><li>Naber, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+Rivalry:+Reflexes+Reveal+the+Gradual+Nature+of+Visual+Awareness.">Perceptual Rivalry: Reflexes Reveal the Gradual Nature of Visual Awareness.</a> PLOS ONE. 6 (6), e20910 (2011).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Presentamos una guía paso a paso para la construcción y el uso de una instalación experimental que permite el seguimiento simultáneo de ambos ojos y dicópticos presentación de estímulos visuales. En muchas situaciones donde se utiliza la estimulación dicópticos, la cuestión crítica prevención seguimiento ocular eficaz es que los espejos para presentación dicópticos bloquean la vista de los seguidores de ojo basado en video. Esto se resuelve aquí mediante espejos infrarrojos-transparente y un rastreador de ...

Bajo condiciones de visión normal cada uno de nuestros ojos recibe una entrada visual ligeramente diferente. Esta entrada es procesada para producir una representación coherente y tridimensional del mundo. Dicópticos presentación, la práctica de controlar independientemente la entrada presentada a cada uno de los dos ojos, por lo tanto permite a los investigadores estudiar cómo los seres humanos reconstrucción una representación tridimensional de dos imágenes retinianas bidimensional2 ,3,4. Además, si las imágenes de los dos ojos son demasiado disímiles, esta combinación interocular falla y observadores en su lugar Informe percepción de sólo una de las imágenes a la vez mientras la otra permanece suprimida, en fenómenos como rivalidad binocular5 y supresión continua de flash6. Los investigadores de tal supresión interocular, también utilizan dicópticos presentación, en este caso para examinar cuestiones relacionadas a temas como el lugar geométrico de nervios de conciencia7, selección perceptual8,9e inconsciente procesamiento de10.
Dinámica de la mirada y la pupila se registra para múltiples propósitos en la investigación sobre comportamiento humano y la percepción. Dirección de la mirada puede informar sobre, por ejemplo, atención asignación11,10,13 y decisión de hacer14, mientras que el tamaño de la pupila puede revelar aspectos de procesamiento visual15, 16, tarea compromiso17o18de la inteligencia fluida.
Combinación de eye tracking con dicópticos presentación es útil en la investigación en, por ejemplo, tres dimensiones (3D) percepción19,20,21,22 o respuestas oculares a visual de entrada durante la supresión interocular23,24,25. Por ejemplo, movimientos de los ojos se han encontrado para revelar procesamiento inconsciente sin percepción subjetiva durante la continua supresión de flash23. Clínicos investigadores visuales pueden utilizar la capacidad para realizar un seguimiento de ambos ojos durante presentación dicópticos para investigar enfermedades oculares que afectan los dos ojos asimétrico, por ejemplo, para controlar las distorsiones visuales monoculares y binoculares en la ambliopía26 y maculopathy27.
Recientemente hemos descrito un configuración1 que permite la combinación de alta calidad basada en video ojo seguimiento y estimulación dicópticos con poca limitación en el tamaño o el color de los estímulos, y se evaluó su desempeño. A continuación vamos a resumir la construcción y el uso de esta configuración.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 1</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>&amp;nbsp;#64-452</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 400 ~ 690 nm; Transmission: 750 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 2</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>Item discontinued</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Other Mirror Option</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>#62-634</td><td>dimensions 12.50 &amp;times; 12.50 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 1</td><td>SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</td><td>Eyelink 1000</td><td>Transmission: 890 ~ 940 nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 2</td><td>The Eye Tribe Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark</td><td>Eye Tribe (item discontinued)</td><td>Transmission: around 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker

La presentación de diferentes estímulos a los dos ojos, presentación dicópticos, es esencial para estudios con visión 3D y la supresión interocular. Hay una creciente literatura sobre el único valor experimental de medidas pupilares y oculomotoras, especialmente para la investigación sobre la supresión interocular. Aunque la obtención de medidas de seguimiento de ojo así se beneficiarían estudios que utilizan dicópticos presentación, el hardware esencial para dicópticos presentación (p. ej. espejos) a menudo interfiere con la alta calidad ojo de seguimiento, especialmente cuando se usa un ojo basado en video Tracker. Recientemente hemos descrito un montaje experimental que combina un sistema de presentación de dicópticos estándar con un perseguidor del ojo infrarrojo utilizando espejos infrarrojos transparente1. La configuración es compatible con monitores estándar y ojo seguidores, fáciles de implementar y económicos (del orden de US$ 1.000). Comparado con los métodos existentes tiene las ventajas de no requerir equipo especial y plantear algunos límites en la naturaleza y la calidad del estímulo visual. Aquí ofrecemos a una guía visual para la construcción y uso de nuestra configuración.

Después de la calibración descrita en el protocolo, se realizó un procedimiento de calibración validación sin problemas con los espejos en el lugar. La eficacia del método es ilustrada claramente por figura 5, que muestra la imagen de la cámara (usando un ojo de final de la investigación sistema de seguimiento) con los retrovisores. Los dos conjuntos de líneas paralelas a lo largo de la nariz de los participantes y las líneas por encima de las cejas...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Recientemente hemos propuesto un método que permite la presentación de estímulos visuales dicópticos y binocular ojo al mismo tiempo de seguimiento1. La clave es la combinación de un tracker de ojo infrarrojo y los espejos infrarrojos transparente correspondientes. Este manuscrito ofrece un detallado protocolo de configuración inicial y operación diaria.

Cómo construir un sistema de presentación de dicópticos que incluye un Eye Tracker

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

how-to-build-dichoptic-presentation-system-that-includes-an-eye

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K vistas.  Michigan State University. Recientemente hemos propuesto un método que permite la presentación de estímulos visuales dicópticos y binocular ojo al mismo tiempo de seguimiento1. La clave es la combinación de un tracker de ojo infrarrojo y los espejos infrarrojos transparente correspondientes. Este manuscrito ofrece un detallado protocolo de configuración inicial y operación diaria.

Video: How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

Uso de movimientos oculares para evaluar los procesos cognitivos involucrados en la comprensión de texto

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank yesterday."), however such reports can often be unreliable or sensitive to response bias 1, and may be unobtainable in some participant populations. Furthermore, explicit reports only reveal when information has reached consciousness and cannot comment on when memories were accessed during processing, regardless of whether the information is subsequently accessed in a conscious manner. Eye movement monitoring (eye tracking) provides a tool by which memory can be probed without asking participants to comment on the contents of their memories, and access of such memories can be revealed on-line 2,3. Video-based eye trackers (either head-mounted or remote) use a system of cameras and infrared markers to examine the pupil and corneal reflection in each eye as the participant views a display monitor. For head-mounted eye trackers, infrared markers are also used to determine head position to allow for head movement and more precise localization of eye position. Here, we demonstrate the use of a head-mounted eye tracking system to investigate memory performance in neurologically-intact and neurologically-impaired adults. Eye movement monitoring procedures begin with the placement of the eye tracker on the participant, and setup of the head and eye cameras. Calibration and validation procedures are conducted to ensure accuracy of eye position recording. Real-time recordings of X,Y-coordinate positions on the display monitor are then converted and used to describe periods of time in which the eye is static (i.e. fixations) versus in motion (i.e., saccades). Fixations and saccades are time-locked with respect to the onset/offset of a visual display or another external event (e.g. button press). Experimental manipulations are constructed to examine how and when patterns of fixations and saccades are altered through different types of prior experience. The influence of memory is revealed in the extent to which scanning patterns to new images differ from scanning patterns to images that have been previously studied 2, 4-5. Memory can also be interrogated for its specificity; for instance, eye movement patterns that differ between an identical and an altered version of a previously studied image reveal the storage of the altered detail in memory 2-3, 6-8. These indices of memory can be compared across participant populations, thereby providing a powerful tool by which to examine the organization of memory in healthy individuals, and the specific changes that occur to memory with neurological insult or decline 2-3, 8-10.

Eye movement monitoring (or eye tracking) reveals where in space the eyes linger, when and for how long. Here, we demonstrate how eye tracking can be used to investigate the integrity of memory in multiple participant populations, without requiring verbal, or otherwise explicit, reports.

Ojo vigilancia de los movimientos de la Memoria

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

Neurociencias

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes: Un sistema de software modular para experimentación oculomotor

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

Eye Tracking niños pequeños con autismo

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Medicina

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

Eye Tracking durante la comprensión del lenguaje visual situado: Flexibilidad y las limitaciones de descubrir efectos de contexto Visual

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

Eye-tracking para distinguir movimientos oculares regresivos comprensión y Oculomotor durante la lectura

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

Registrar eficientemente la coordinación ojo-mano al espectro de incoordinación

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

Explorar la sensibilidad infantil al lenguaje visual mediante el seguimiento ocular y el paradigma de aspecto preferencial

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency sensors, such as eye-trackers, electrodermal activity wristbands, EEG bands, and motion sensors provide observations at the millisecond level. This level of precision allows researchers to collect large datasets on social interactions. In this paper, I discuss how multiple eye-trackers can capture a fundamental construct in social interactions, joint visual attention (JVA). JVA has been studied by developmental psychologists to understand how children acquire language, learning scientists to understand how small groups of learners work together, and social scientists to understand interactions in small teams. This paper describes a methodology for capturing JVA in colocated settings using mobile eye-trackers. It presents some empirical results and discusses implications of capturing microobservations to understand social interactions.

Using multimodal sensors is a promising way to understand the role of social interactions in educational settings. This paper describes a methodology for capturing joint visual attention from colocated dyads using mobile eye-trackers.

Una metodología para capturar la atención visual conjunta mediante rastreadores oculares móviles

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

Evaluación del campo visual binocular central y los movimientos oculares binoculares en una condición de visualización dicopética

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...