Name: enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from human postmortem brain
Uploaded: 2017-10-24T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 35 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain at JoVE.com

著者は、有用なコメントや提案を夫妻ジム Lah とアランの売れ行き、エモリー神経内科をありがちましょう。この作品もあって資金が供給された医学パートナーシップの促進助成 (U01AG046161-02)、エモリー アルツハイマー病研究センター (P50AG025688)、国立老化研究所 (R01AG053960-01) に与える N.T.S.この研究はだった一部のエモリー神経組織プラスミノーゲンアクテベータ中核施設助成金、P30NS055077 の神経病理コアでもサポートされます。

倫理の声明: すべての脳組織がエモリー アルツハイマーから得られた &#39; s 病研究センター (ADRC) ブレイン バンク。人間の死後の組織は適切な制度審査委員会 (IRB) プロトコルの下で買収された。
 1 均質化と分別 <ol><li>組織選択 注: AD 症例は、エモリーから選ばれた健康管理 (Ctl) からと思われる死後の前頭皮質組織を凍結。アジア防災センター ブレイン バンク (n = 2)。アルツハイマー病のためレジストリを確立するコンソーシアムによるとアミロイド斑の分布の事後神経病理学的評価を行った &#39; 病半定量が基準 24 を得点神経昆布病理学は、ブラークのステージング システムに従って評価されました。 16 <ol><li>取得健康管理 (Ctl) から病理組織学的の死後脳組織の凍結は、広告の場合を確認しました。ドライアイス、鉗子、かみそりの刃の容器を利用して、消費税 〜 250 mg tared 使い捨ての各組織サンプルから灰白質部ボート、組織が融解するを防ぐために世話の重量を量る。均質にする各お荷物の重量を記録します</li>。
		<li>消費税 〜 目視で鉗子やかみそりを使用して外側の灰白質と内部の白質間のインタ フェースを検索する灰白質の 250 mg。白質ともっと重要なは、いずれかを避けるため大きな血管や血地域、髄膜、またはくも膜。迅速に作業し、よく乾燥氷のポリスチレン容器に脳組織と計量ボートを置くことによって切削過程における凍結組織を維持</li>
		<li>は、分析用天秤を使用して各固定部分から摘出した灰白質の正確な重量を記録します。低ソルト (LS) バッファーのボリュームを計算する dounce 均質化 (5 mL/g または 20% の w/v) のために必要 (表 1 を参照).</li>
		<li>準備 10 mL LS バッファー プロテアーゼとホスファターゼ阻害剤カクテルや氷に興じ x 1</li>
		<li>は、雪解けの季節からドライアイスと約 2 × 2 mm の部分にサイコロの重量を量られた組織と計量ボートを削除します。氷上 2 mL 中古冷蔵 dounce ホモジナイザー チューブへの転送</li>
		<li>5 mL/g (20 %w/v) ホスファターゼとプロテアーゼ抑制剤のカクテル × 1 と冷たい低塩 (LS) バッファーを追加します</li>。
		<li>Homogenize 脳組織の高クリアランス杵と杵低クリアランス B. 15 ストロークの約 10 ストロークを使って氷の上</li>
		<li>は、すべての磨砕液をガラス パスツール ピペット 2 mL ポリプロピレン チューブに転送します。ラベルを持つ管 &#8220; TH &#8221; (総磨砕液)、ティッシュ ラベル付き 1.5 mL チューブに番号、およびホモジネート ボリューム。 因数 0.8 mL の場合。避けようと-80 に格納されて任意の過剰の磨砕液を同様にすることができます ° C</li>
		<li>各 0.8 mL を分注、追加 100 μ L 各 5 M の塩化ナトリウムの 10% (w/v) sarkosyl 濃度の 0.5 M と 1 %w/v、それぞれ。逆転でよく管を混ぜるし、15 分ラベル チューブを氷中でインキュベート &#34; TH S &#34; (総磨砕液-Sarkosyl)、乳剤は、sarkosyl バッファー (表 1) を示す</li>。
		<li>氷の上の 30% の振幅で 3 つ 5 のパルスの各チューブを超音波 (最大強度 = 40%) を使用して各プローブ</li> <li>ビシンコニン酸 (BCA) を使用して磨砕液のタンパク質濃度測定 25 決定。メソッド 。
		注: 組織の 1 グラムあたり 5 mL LS で作製した TH S 乳剤の平均蛋白質の集中は 15-20 mg/mL です。ホモジネートをすぐに分別や使用まで-80 ° C で保存することができます</li>。
		<li>を 10 mg/mL の冷たいサーク バッファー (表 1) を用いたプロテアーゼおよびホスファターゼ阻害剤 × 1 回-S の希釈乳剤</li>。
		500 μ L ポリカーボネート遠心管にサーク バッファーとのペア バランス各 TH S ホモジネートの <li>転送 5 mg タンパク質 (0.5 mL)。中古冷蔵ローターと 1.5 mL チューブに 4 ° C sarkosyl 可溶性転送清 (S1) で 30 分間 180,000 × g で遠心管に読み込むし、-80 デパート ° C 
		注: (任意選択洗浄) 追加 200 μ L、遠心するサーク バッファーの管洗剤不溶性画分 (P1) を含む、200 μ L ピペット チップを用いた遠心管の底からペレット (P1) を外します</li>。
		2-3 s 用 <li>簡単にパルス スピン逆管 (&#8804; 2,500 x g) 以下 1.5 mL チューブにペレット (P1) とバッファー転送する遠心機に。ペレットは中断するように、上下にピペッティングでサーク バッファーで (P1) の不溶性のペレットを再懸濁します</li>。
		<li>ペア バランスと 4 でさらに 30 分間 180,000 × g で遠心する ° C</li>
		<li>(S2) の任意選択洗浄滅菌蒸留水し、1 sarkosyl 不溶性のペレット (P2) 尿素バッファー (表 1) の 50-75 μ L を孵化させなさい室温で 30 分間の可溶化、(プロテアーゼとホスファターゼ阻害剤カクテル) PIC x、ペレット 。
		SDS 析出を避けるため使用する前に室温に注意: 暖かい尿素バッファー。洗剤に敏感なアプリケーションの尿素バッファーから SDS を省略し、尿素バッファーに再する前に低い塩バッファーで不溶性のペレット (P2) の洗浄を検討します</li>。
		<li>0.5 mL チューブに再懸濁のペレット (P2) を転送し、簡単な使用 (1 s) 20% 振幅で陰極超音波 (最大強度 = 40%) 完全にペレットの可溶化</li>。
		<li>Sarkosyl 可溶性 (S1) のタンパク質濃度を決定する・ BCA を使用して不溶性 (P2) 分画測定法。すぐにこれらの分数を使用または使用するまで-80 ° C で保存します</li>。
	</ol></li></ol> 2。免疫ブロット <ol>西部にしみが付くこと <li> 注: わずかな修正と以前に報告された手順に従って行われた西部にしみが付くこと 。5 , 10 <ol><li>合計乳剤 (TH 秒)、サーク可溶性 (S1) と 5 mM TCEP pH 7 で 1 X 塩化物イオン sds-page サンプルバッファーでサーク不溶性 (P2) 分数の準備 40 μ g のサンプル。95 ° C で 5 分間のサンプルをインキュベート</li>
		<li>ロード サンプル プレキャスト 10 ウェル 4-12% ビス トリス SDS-PAGE のゲルします。80 最初センチメートル (10 分) のための V、120 V (60 分) 残りの部分または追跡色素がゲルの底まで electrophorese.</li>
		<li>は、開いている分割既製ゲル カセットに新鮮なかみそりの刃とゲル ナイフを使用します。櫛と新鮮なかみそりの刃とゲルの一番下を優しく切り取る</li>。
		<li>1 x ピペッティングの写真上下で 200 μ l サーク バッファーで (P1) の不溶性のペレットを再懸濁します</li>。
		<li>あぶらとりマシン上乾燥の転送方法を使用して 0.2 μ m 硝酸セルロースの膜への転送 (材料表を参照してください).</li>
		<li>ブロック BB と続いて 0.05% Tween 20、30 分間なしバッファー (BB) の妨害で膜トゥイーン 20 (BB/T) 30 分間。ブロック後、TBS/T で膜をすすいでください (0.1% Tween 20) 余分なブロック バッファーを削除する 5 分</li>。
		一次抗体 pT231、タウ 2 (パン タウ)、AT8 の <li>準備縮尺希釈液BB/t EEA1 (0.05% Tween 20).</li>
		<li>では、円形撹拌で 4 ° C で一晩一次抗体溶液中膜を孵化させなさい。3 x 15 分 TBS/T の膜を洗浄</li>
		<li>は、シェーカーで暗闇の中で蛍光標識した近赤外線二次抗体 BB/T で室温で 60 分間の 1:20,000 希釈で膜をプローブします。TBS で TBS/T で、2 × 5 分の 3 × 10 分の膜を洗浄</li>
		<li>スキャン イメージング システム (例えば 700 nm (赤のチャネル) 赤外光吸収色素 680 ヤギ抗マウス IgG (H + L) セカンダリと 800 nm (グリーン チャンネル) 赤外光吸収色素 790 ロバ抗うさぎ IgG (H + L のための適切な励起波長の赤外線を用いた膜) セカンダリ).</li>
		<li>イメージング ソフトウェアを使用して信号強度を定量化し、メーカーごとのデンシトメトリーによる計測を実行 &#39; の指示、自動-背景の設定を確保する背景全体を平均に設定されます</li>。
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unique+pathological+tau+conformers+from+Alzheimer's+brains+transmit+tau+pathology+in+nontransgenic+mice.">Unique pathological tau conformers from Alzheimer's brains transmit tau pathology in nontransgenic mice.</a> J. Exp. Med. 213 (12), 2635-2654 (2016).</li><li>Matveev, S. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+distinct+subfraction+of+A&#946;+is+responsible+for+the+high-affinity+Pittsburgh+compound+B-binding+site+in+Alzheimer's+disease+brain.">A distinct subfraction of A&#946; is responsible for the high-affinity Pittsburgh compound B-binding site in Alzheimer's disease brain.</a> J Neurochem. 131 (3), 356-368 (2014).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

ここを紹介し、議論する省略形のシングル ステップ洗剤分別のプロトコルさまざまな試金の折りたたみ機能性タンパク質質量分析を用いたプロテオミクス解析に至る実験アプリケーションに適用されます。西部にしみが付くこと.5,6,7,10この方法論は、おそらく最も効果的なアルツハイマー病など...

アルツハイマー病 (AD)、パーキンソン病 (PD)、ハンチントン病 (HD)、筋萎縮性側索硬化症 (ALS)、密接に関連のプリオン病などの神経変性疾患はの漸進的な蓄積によって特徴付けられる proteinopathies脳内認知を伴う洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体を辞退します。1,2この共有の病理学的特徴は、病因とこれらの神経変性疾患の病態の中心的な役割を果たすと考えられています。2これらの凝集体は通常繰り返し誤って折りたたまれたタンパク質がβクロス展示の単位から成る高分子アミロイド線維の構成-構造。1,2,3,4生化学的、アミロイド凝集体は耐化学または熱変性と溶解、分析、浄化に特有の課題3と、従来の生化学的な手法で研究します。2,5,6,7,8,9,10,11当然、洗剤不溶性タンパク質画分されている誤って折りたたまれたタンパク質の蓄積を伴う神経変性疾患の病態生理に多くの研究の焦点。6,12,13,14
生化学的な分別の技術は、死後脳乳剤から洗剤不溶性分画を豊かにするためしばしば利用されています。6,12,13,14最も一般的な方法の 1 つを含むバッファーを持つ組織ホモジネートの連続抽出と水溶性と不溶性画分を分割する遠心続いて逼迫化洗剤。一般的に使用されるシーケンシャル分別プロトコル6,14を含む洗剤を用いない低塩 (LS) バッファーの凍結するティッシュ サンプルの均質化と結果不溶性のペレットが順番に抽出した、高い塩、非イオン性洗剤、高蔗糖を含むバッファー、界面活性剤そして chaotropes 尿素のような。6,14このような連続した分別のプロトコルの明らかな欠点はかなりの時間とそれらを完了するために必要な労働のコミットメントです。均質化と超遠心法を含む典型的な 5 つのステップ分別プロトコル取ることができるいくつか時間、あるいは日で完了します。4,6,7,10,15,16,17,18また、として多くの病理学的タンパク質凝集体残る過酷な条件19,20を除いてすべての不溶性生成された分数のほとんどは、限られた価値。したがって、高い塩の集中および非イオン性洗剤を利用したより少なく厳しい分別手順は主に冗長です。
以前の研究では、イオン洗剤 N ラウリルサルコシン (sarkosyl) が簡易のシングル ステップ洗剤分別のプロトコルのための優秀な候補者であることを示しています。5,6,12,13,14,21,22,23変化洗剤として sarkosyl は β-アミロイド (a β)6,11 から成る誤って折りたたまれたタンパク質凝集体を可なし脳内ネイティブ折られた蛋白質の大半を可溶化に十分に厳格リン酸化タウ (pTau)、6タール DNA 結合蛋白質 43 (TDP-43)、14 α-シヌクレイン、12,13スクレイピー、23または U1 小さなに原子力 ribonucleoproteins (U1 snRNPs) U1-70 K など。5,21,22Sarkosyl ユビキタス陰イオン洗剤ナトリウム dodecyl 硫酸塩 (SDS) よりより少なく厳しいが、SDS の処置に耐えることはできません誤って折りたたまれたタンパク質の凝集体の堅牢性の低いオリゴマー フォームを保存します。9
以前より面倒の順次分別方法論に匹敵する結果を達成する省略形の洗剤-分別のプロトコルについて述べる。5以下の厳しい分別手順を省略するが死後の人間の脳から洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体の濃縮の安易なシングル ステップ分別のプロトコルを開発することができました。5記載この詳細なプロトコルは西部にしみが付くことから、さまざまな実験的用途の広い範囲のために適して、プロテオミクスの質量分析を用いた機能性タンパク質の折りたたみと集計のシードを試金します。5,6,21

<table><tbody><tr><td>Protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail, EDTA-free (100X)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>78441</td><td>protease &amp;amp; phosphatase inhibitor cocktail</td></tr><tr><td>Sonic Dismembrator System (ultrasonicator)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>FB505110</td><td>microtip ultrasonicator</td></tr><tr><td>Optimax TLX Ultracentrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>361545</td><td>refrigerated ultracentrifuge</td></tr><tr><td>TLA120.1 rotor</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>362224</td><td>ultracentrifuge rotor</td></tr><tr><td>500 ul (8 x 34 mm) polycarbonate tubes, thickwall</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>343776</td><td>ultracentrifuge tubes for TLA120.1 rotor</td></tr><tr><td>4X SDS sample buffer</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A</td><td>SDS-PAGE</td></tr><tr><td>TCEP solution, neutral pH</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>77720</td><td>reducing agent</td></tr><tr><td>(TBS) blocking buffer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>37542</td><td>blocking buffer</td></tr><tr><td>(TBS) blocking buffer + 0.05% Tween 20</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>37543</td><td>blocking buffer and antibody diluent</td></tr><tr><td>4-12% Bolt Bis-Tris Plus gels, 10-well</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>NW04120BOX</td><td>precast SDS-PAGE gels</td></tr><tr><td>MES SDS Running Buffer (20X)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>B0002</td><td>SDS-PAGE running buffer</td></tr><tr><td>N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt (sarkosyl)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L5777-50G</td><td>detergent</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Tau-2 (pan tau) antibody</td><td>Chemicon</td><td>MAB375</td><td>antibodies</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-phospho-threonine 231 Tau antibody</td><td>Millipore</td><td>MAB5450</td><td>antibodies</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-phospho-seroine 202 and threonine 205 Tau antibody (AT8)</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>MN1020</td><td>antibodies</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) antibody</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab2900</td><td>antibodies</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 680 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>A21058</td><td>antibodies</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 790 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>A11374</td><td>antibodies</td></tr><tr><td>iBlot2 Dry Blotting System</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>IB21001</td><td>Gel transfer</td></tr><tr><td>iBlot2 Transfer Stacks, Nitrocellulose, mini</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>IB23002</td><td>Gel transfer</td></tr></tbody></table>

enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from human postmortem brain

本研究ではヒトの死後脳から洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体の濃縮のため短縮されたシングル ステップ分別プロトコルについて述べる.イオン洗剤 N ラウリルサルコシン (sarkosyl) は効果的に脳組織の変性 proteinopathies の広い範囲から洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体の濃縮を許可するようにネイティブで折られた蛋白質を可溶性します。アルツハイマー病 (AD)、パーキンソン病、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、プリオン病。人間の制御と広告死後脳組織病理学的リン酸化タウ、原線維変化のコア コンポーネントを含む洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体を豊かにする sarkosyl の存在下で超遠心法による均質化と堆積をいた広告のもつれ。集約されたリン酸化タウと洗剤水溶性タンパク質、初期エンドソーム抗原 1 (EEA1) コントロール、AD 脳での差分の溶解性を示した西部にしみが付くこと。プロテオーム解析も明らかに豊かなβ-アミロイド (a β)、タウ、snRNP70 (U1-70 K)、およびコントロール、前組織分別戦略と一貫性のあるのに比べて AD 脳の sarkosyl 不溶性画分におけるアポリポ蛋白 E (アポ).したがって、この単純な濃縮プロトコルは質量分析を用いたプロテオミクス共同凝集アッセイ西部にしみが付くこと機能性タンパク質からまで実験用アプリケーションの広い範囲に最適です。

省略されたシングル ステップ sarkosyl-分別のプロトコルは、管理と広告死後脳 (図 1) から洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体を豊かにする使用されました。TH S、S1、S2、P2 の一部分からの蛋白質は、SDS-PAGE、Coomassie 青い固定バッファー続けて Coomassie ブリリアント ブルー G-250 染色バッファーと穏やかな染色で 15 分間固定によって解決されました。S2 画?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain at JoVE.com

Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain

ひと死後脳から洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体の強化のため、省略された分別のプロトコルを説明します。

人間の死後脳から洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体の濃縮

In this study, we describe an abbreviated single-step fractionation protocol for the enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from human ...

enrichment-detergent-insoluble-protein-aggregates-from-human

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

12.0K ビュー.  Emory School of Medicine. ひと死後脳から洗剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体の強化のため、省略された分別のプロトコルを説明します。

ビデオ: Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain

SDS-PAGE/Immunoblot Detection of A&beta; Multimers in Human Cortical Tissue Homogenates using Antigen-Epitope Retrieval

The anomalous folding and polymerization of the &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;) peptide is thought to initiate the neurodegenerative cascade in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis1. A&beta; is predominantly a 40- or 42-amino acid peptide that is prone to self-aggregation into &beta;-sheet-rich amyloid fibrils that are found in the cores of cerebral senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Increasing evidence suggests that low molecular weight, soluble A&beta; multimers are more toxic than fibrillar A&beta; amyloid2. The identification and quantification of low- and high-molecular weight multimeric A&beta; species in brain tissue is an essential objective in Alzheimer's disease research, and the methods employed also can be applied to the identification and characterization of toxic multimers in other proteopathies3. Naturally occurring A&beta; multimers can be detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting with A&beta;-specific antibodies. However, the separation and detection of multimeric A&beta; requires the use of highly concentrated cortical homogenates and antigen retrieval in small pore-size nitrocellulose membranes. Here we describe a technique for the preparation of clarified human cortical homogenates, separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE, and antigen-epitope retrieval/Western blotting with antibody 6E10 to the N-terminal region of the A&beta; peptide. Using this protocol, we consistently detect A&beta; monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher molecular weight multimers in cortical tissue from humans with Alzheimer's pathology.

SDS-PAGE/Immunoblot Detection of A&#946; Multimers in Human Cortical Tissue Homogenates using Antigen-Epitope Retrieval

We describe a technique for the preparation of clarified human cortical homogenates, protein separation by SDS-PAGE, antigen retrieval and immunoblotting with an antibody to the A&beta; peptide. Using this protocol, we consistently detect monomeric and multimeric A&beta; in cortical tissue from humans with Alzheimer's pathology.

ヒト皮質組織におけるAβ多量体のSDS-PAGE/Immunoblotの検出は、抗原エピトープの検索を使用してホモジネート

The anomalous folding and polymerization of the &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;) peptide is thought to initiate the neurodegenerative cascade in Alzheimer's ...

神経科学

Isolation of Soluble and Insoluble PrP Oligomers in the Normal Human Brain

The central event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases involves a conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein PrPC into its pathogenic isoform PrPSc 1. PrPC is detergent-soluble and sensitive to proteinase K (PK)-digestion, whereas PrPSc forms detergent-insoluble aggregates and is partially resistant to PK2-6. The conversion of PrPC to PrPSc is known to involve a conformational transition of &alpha;-helical to &beta;-sheet structures of the protein. However, the in vivo pathway is still poorly understood. A tentative endogenous PrPSc, intermediate PrP* or "silent prion", has yet to be identified in the uninfected brain7.
Using a combination of biophysical and biochemical approaches, we identified insoluble PrPC aggregates (designated iPrPC) from uninfected mammalian brains and cultured neuronal cells8, 9. Here, we describe detailed procedures of these methods, including ultracentrifugation in detergent buffer, sucrose step gradient sedimentation, size exclusion chromatography, iPrP enrichment by gene 5 protein (g5p) that specifically bind to structurally altered PrP forms10, and PK-treatment. The combination of these approaches isolates not only insoluble PrPSc and PrPC aggregates but also soluble PrPC oligomers from the normal human brain. Since the protocols described here have been used to isolate both PrPSc from infected brains and iPrPC from uninfected brains, they provide us with an opportunity to compare differences in physicochemical features, neurotoxicity, and infectivity between the two isoforms. Such a study will greatly improve our understanding of the infectious proteinaceous pathogens. The physiology and pathophysiology of iPrPC are unclear at present. Notably, in a newly-identified human prion disease termed variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, we found a new PrPSc that shares the immunoreactive behavior and fragmentation with iPrPC 11, 12. Moreover, we recently demonstrated that iPrPC is the main species that interacts with amyloid-&beta; protein in Alzheimer disease13. In the same study, these methods were used to isolate Abeta aggregates and oligomers in Alzheimer's disease13, suggesting their application to non-prion protein aggregates involved in other neurodegenerative disorders.

A new species of cellular prion protein (PrPC) has recently been identified in uninfected human brains using the methods described here. These methods can be used to isolate various PrP species, while some of them are also useful in isolating other misfolded protein aggregates from human brains.

正常なヒト脳内の可溶性および不溶性のPrPオリゴマーの分離

The central event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases involves a conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein PrPC into its pathogenic isoform ...

医学

Neuronal Nuclei Isolation from Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, little is known about changes in neuronal chromatin and nuclear organization during the course of development and aging, or in chronic neuropsychiatric disease. However, to date most chromatin and DNA based assays (other than FISH) lack single cell resolution. To this end, the considerable cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation, because typically various subpopulations of neurons are intermingled with different types of glia and other non-neuronal cells. One possible solution would be to grow cell-type specific cultures, but most CNS cells, including neurons, are ex vivo sustainable, at best, for only a few weeks and thus would provide an incomplete model for epigenetic mechanisms potentially operating across the full lifespan.  Here, we provide a protocol to extract and purify nuclei from frozen (never fixed) human postmortem brain. The method involves extraction of nuclei in hypotonic lysis buffer, followed by ultracentrifugation and immunotagging with anti-NeuN antibody. Labeled neuronal nuclei are then collected separately using fluorescence-activated sorting. This method should be applicable to any brain region in a wide range of species and suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation studies with site- and modification-specific anti-histone antibodies, and for DNA methylation and other assays. 

The cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation for the study of epigenetic markings in chromatin because most assays lack single cell resolution. Neurons typically are intermingled with glia and other non-neuronal cells. We provide a protocol to extract and collect neuronal nuclei from human brain.

人間の死後の脳組織から神経細胞核の単離

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, ...

生物学

Consensus Brain-derived Protein, Extraction Protocol for the Study of Human and Murine Brain Proteome Using Both 2D-DIGE and Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is a powerful tool to uncover proteome modifications potentially related to different physiological or pathological conditions. Basically, this technique is based on the separation of proteins according to their isoelectric point in a first step, and secondly according to their molecular weights by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In this report an optimized sample preparation protocol for little amount of human post-mortem and mouse brain tissue is described. This method enables to perform both two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mini 2DE immunoblotting. The combination of these approaches allows one to not only find new proteins and/or protein modifications in their expression thanks to its compatibility with mass spectrometry detection, but also a new insight into markers validation. Thus, mini-2DE coupled to western blotting permits to identify and validate post-translational modifications, proteins catabolism and provides a qualitative comparison among different conditions and/or treatments. Herein, we provide a method to study components of protein aggregates found in AD and Lewy body dementia such as the amyloid-beta peptide and the alpha-synuclein. Our method can thus be adapted for the analysis of the proteome and insoluble proteins extract from human brain tissue and mice models too. In parallel, it may provide useful information for the study of molecular and cellular pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases as well as potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

A common protein extraction protocol using urea/thiourea/SDS buffer for human and mice brain tissue allows indentification of proteins by 2D-DIGE and their subsequent characterization by mini 2DE immunoblotting. This method enables one to obtain more reproducible and reliable results from human biopsies and experimental models.

コンセンサス脳由来のタンパク質、2D-DIGEとミニ2DEイムノ両方を使用して、ヒトおよびマウスの脳プロテオーム研究のための抽出プロトコール

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is a powerful tool to uncover proteome modifications potentially related to different physiological or ...

Sequential Extraction of Soluble and Insoluble Alpha-Synuclein from Parkinsonian Brains

Alpha-synuclein (&#945;-syn) protein is abundantly expressed mainly within neurons, and exists in a number of different forms - monomers, tetramers, oligomers and fibrils. During disease, &#945;-syn undergoes conformational changes to form oligomers and high molecular weight aggregates that tend to make the protein more insoluble. Abnormally aggregated &#945;-syn is a neuropathological feature of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Biochemical characterization and analysis of insoluble &#945;-syn using buffers with increasing detergent strength and high-speed ultracentrifugation provides a powerful tool to determine the development of &#945;-syn pathology associated with disease progression. This protocol describes the isolation of increasingly insoluble/aggregated &#945;-syn from post-mortem human brain tissue. This methodology can be adapted with modifications to studies of normal and abnormal &#945;-syn biology in transgenic animal models harbouring different &#945;-syn mutations as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases that feature aberrant fibrillar deposits of proteins related to their respective pathologies.

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of increasingly insoluble/aggregated alpha-synuclein (&#945;-syn) from post-mortem human brain tissue. Through the utilization of buffers with increasing detergent strength and high-speed ultracentrifugation techniques, the variable properties of &#945;-syn aggregation in diseased and non-diseased tissue can be examined.

パーキンソン脳からの可溶性および不溶性のα-シヌクレインの逐次抽出

Alpha-synuclein (&#945;-syn) protein is abundantly expressed mainly within neurons, and exists in a number of different forms - monomers, tetramers, ...

A Time-Efficient Fluorescence Spectroscopy-Based Assay for Evaluating Actin Polymerization Status in Rodent and Human Brain Tissues

Actin, the major component of cytoskeleton, plays a critical role in the maintenance of neuronal structure and function. Under physiological states, actin occurs in equilibrium in its two forms: monomeric globular (G-actin) and polymerized filamentous (F- actin). At the synaptic terminals, actin cytoskeleton forms the basis for critical pre- and post-synaptic functions. Moreover, dynamic changes in the actin polymerization status (interconversion between globular and filamentous forms of actin) are closely linked to plasticity-related alterations in synaptic structure and function. We report here a modified fluorescence-based methodology to assess polymerization status of actin in ex vivo conditions. The assay employs fluorescently labelled phalloidin, a phallotoxin that specifically binds to actin filaments (F-actin), providing a direct measure of polymerized filamentous actin. As a proof of principle, we provide evidence for the suitability of the assay both in rodent and post-mortem human brain tissue homogenates. Using latrunculin A (a drug that depolymerizes actin filaments), we confirm the utility of the assay in monitoring alterations in F-actin levels. Further, we extend the assay to biochemical fractions of isolated synaptic terminals wherein we confirm increased actin polymerization upon stimulation by depolarization with high extracellular K+.

We report a simple, time-efficient and high-throughput fluorescence spectroscopy-based assay for the quantification of actin filaments in ex vivo biological samples from brain tissues of rodents and human subjects.

げっ歯類とヒト脳組織におけるアクチン重合状態評価のための時間効率の高い蛍光分光法ベースアッセイ

Actin, the major component of cytoskeleton, plays a critical role in the maintenance of neuronal structure and function. Under physiological states, actin ...

Nuclei Isolation and Super-Resolution Structured Illumination Microscopy for Examining Nucleoporin Alterations in Human Neurodegeneration

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a complex macromolecular structure comprised of multiple copies of ~30 different nucleoporin proteins (Nups). Collectively, these Nups function to regulate genome organization, gene expression, and nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT). Recently, defects in NCT and alterations to specific Nups have been identified as early and prominent pathologies in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD)/Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), and Huntington&#39;s Disease (HD). Advances in both light and electron microscopy allow for a thorough examination of sub-cellular structures, including the NPC and its Nup constituents, with increased precision and resolution. Of the commonly used techniques, super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) affords the unparalleled opportunity to study the localization and expression of individual Nups using conventional antibody-based labeling strategies. Isolation of nuclei prior to SIM enables the visualization of individual Nup proteins within the NPC and nucleoplasm in fully and accurately reconstructed 3D space. This protocol describes a procedure for nuclei isolation and SIM to evaluate Nup expression and distribution in human iPSC-derived CNS cells and postmortem tissues.

This protocol describes an optimized workflow for nuclei isolation and super-resolution structured illumination microscopy to evaluate individual nucleoporins within the nucleoplasm and NPCs in induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons and postmortem human tissues.

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a complex macromolecular structure comprised of multiple copies of ~30 different nucleoporin proteins (Nups). ...

Biochemical Purification and Proteomic Characterization of Amyloid Fibril Cores from the Brain

Proteinaceous fibrillar inclusions are key pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), amyloid-beta peptides form protofibrils in the extracellular space, which act as seeds that gradually grow and mature into large amyloid plaques. Despite this basic understanding, current knowledge of the amyloid fibril structure, composition, and deposition patterns in the brain is limited. One major barrier has been the inability to isolate highly purified amyloid fibrils from brain extracts. Affinity purification and laser capture microdissection-based approaches have been previously used to isolate amyloids but are limited by the small quantity of material that can be recovered. This novel, robust protocol describes the biochemical purification of amyloid plaque cores using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilization with sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and ultrasonication and yields highly pure fibrils from AD patients and AD model brain tissues. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based bottom-up proteomic analysis of the purified material represents a robust strategy to identify nearly all the primary protein components of amyloid fibrils. Previous proteomic studies of proteins in the amyloid coronae have revealed an unexpectedly large and functionally diverse collection of proteins. Notably, after refining the purification strategy, the number of co-purifying proteins was reduced by more than 10-fold, indicating the high purity of the isolated SDS insoluble material. Negative staining and immuno-gold electron microscopy allowed confirmation of the purity of these preparations. Further studies are required to understand the spatial and biological attributes that contribute to the deposition of these proteins into amyloid inclusions. Taken together, this analytical strategy is well-positioned to increase the understanding of amyloid biology.

This biochemical purification method with mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis facilitates the robust characterization of amyloid fibril cores, which may accelerate the identification of targets for preventing Alzheimer's disease.

脳からのアミロイド線維コアの生化学的浄化とプロテオミクス特性評価

Proteinaceous fibrillar inclusions are key pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease ...

Isolation of Amyloid Fibrils from Brain Tissue Extract

Source: Upadhyay, A. et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/63816">Biochemical Purification and Proteomic Characterization of Amyloid Fibril Cores from the Brain.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the protocol for isolating&#160; amyloid fibrils from mouse brain tissue extract using density gradient centrifugation and digestion of non-amyloid proteins.

脳組織抽出物からのアミロイド線維の単離

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Tissue harvesting and ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuropathology

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Isolation of Detergent-Insoluble Protein Aggregates From Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

Source: Diner, I., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/55835">Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video explains the process of isolating and enriching detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from frozen postmortem human brain tissue. It demonstrates key steps, including homogenization, detergent treatment, sonication, and ultracentrifugation to separate and purify the insoluble aggregates. The final step involves solubilizing the aggregates in urea buffer for further analysis.

ヒト死後脳組織からの界面活性剤不溶性タンパク質凝集体の単離

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.&#160;&#160;
1. Homogenization and ...